(cid:NN). The PDF this text was extracted from encodes 3 characters in a way that names no letter, so the extractor could not say what they were. The quotes keep them because a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing — the marks are the source’s, not the tagging’s.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | separation of image content and style in CNN representations— “Here we present an artificial neural system that achieves a separation of image content from style, thus allowing to recast the content of one image in the style of any other image.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “The key finding of this paper is that the representations of content and style in the Convolutional Neural Network are separable.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here we introduce an artificial system based on a Deep Neural Network that creates artistic images of high perceptual quality.” | |
| transfer | from artificial intelligence (computer vision): convolutional neural networks trained for object recognition, repurposed to synthesize artistic images— “biologically inspired vision models called Deep Neural Networks” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | separating and recombining the content and style representations that a CNN learns across its layers— “two terms for content and style respectively, that are well separated” | mechanisms[0] |
| builds-on | Deep Neural Networks for object recognition— “Here we introduce an artificial system based on a Deep Neural Network that creates artistic images of high perceptual quality.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | the VGG-Network (ref. 22)— “The results presented in the main text were generated on the basis of the VGG-Network,22 a Convolutional Neural Network that rivals human performance on a common visual object recognition benchmark task23 and was introduced and extensively described in.22” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | the texture feature space of ref. 8— “To obtain a representation of the style of an input image, we use a feature space originally designed to capture texture information.8” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | earlier content/style separation work (refs. 12, 13)— “Previous work on separating content from style was evaluated on sensory inputs of much lesser complexity, such as characters in different handwriting or images of faces or small figures in different poses.12, 13” | claim_relations[3] |
| sense | style - AS CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FILTER RESPONSES: a Gram matrix over a layer's feature maps, which is a texture statistic and not an art-historical category, and which by construction throws away where things are in the picture— “The style representation computes correlations between the different features in different layers of the CNN” | senses[0] |
| sense | content - AS A LAYER'S FEATURE MAPS: what can be reconstructed from the network's responses in a particular layer, so 'the content of an image' means whatever survives that reconstruction— “We can visualise the information at different processing stages in the CNN by reconstructing the input image from only knowing the network’s responses in a particular layer” | senses[1] |
| sense | 'style transfer' IN THIS PAPER - THE PRIOR WORK IT IS NOT: the single occurrence names earlier non-parametric methods that manipulate pixels directly, and the sentence after it distinguishes this approach from them; the field's own name for this paper, 'neural style transfer', is absent— “Conceptually most closely related are methods using texture transfer to achieve artistic style transfer.15–19 However, these previous approaches mainly rely on non-parametric techniques to directly manipulate the pixel representation of an image” | senses[2] |
| audit | style representation —operationalised-as→ Gram matrix — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'These feature correlations' = the style representation (previous sentence). | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · style representation —distinct-from→ content representation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the representations of content and style ... are separable', not 'content representation'. | concept_edges[1] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · style representation —distinct-from→ content representation — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither representation as the edge writes them. This sentence names both and is the one that separates them - the method's whole premise is that a photograph's CONTENT and an artwork's STYLE can be matched independently. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that the method separates content from style: OF COURSE, IMAGE CONTENT AND STYLE CANNOT BE COMPLETELY DISENTANGLED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the separation is partial, and the paper says so in its own framing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every output image: THERE USUALLY DOES NOT EXIST AN IMAGE THAT PERFECTLY MATCHES BOTH CONSTRAINTS AT THE SAME TIME, so the result is a trade-off tuned per image pair Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any reading of this system's style as a style in the art-historical sense: it is computed in a feature space originally designed to capture texture information, and the resulting representation captures texture but not the global arrangement of the image Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that content and style are separable: what is shown is that the minimised loss function contains two well-separated terms for content and style, which is a property of the objective the authors wrote Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any output shown here as a result of the method: for a specific pair of source images the trade-off between content and style is adjusted by hand to create visually appealing images Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that this method is a tool for studying visual perception: the authors envision it being useful for such studies, from psychophysics to neural recordings, rather than reporting one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | image content and style cannot be completely disentangled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Content and style are not fully independent, so the separation is only partial. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | No image satisfies both the content and the style constraint perfectly; a trade-off has to be tuned per image pair. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | What the paper calls style is a texture statistic that discards the composition of the image, in a feature space built for something else. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The headline separability claim is demonstrated in the objective function, which is where the two terms are separated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Which image you get is set by a balance the user picks for each pair of sources. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The use for perception research is projected, not carried out. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The system uses neural representations to separate and recombine the content and style of arbitrary images, giving a neural algorithm for creating artistic images. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| evidence status note | finding — QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Style is represented by feature correlations given by the Gram matrix of the filter responses in each layer, so the emphasis on reconstructing content or style can be smoothly regulated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| not machine-vouched | finding — declared-ellipsis - An elided quote in three parts, joined with dots ('...'), each taken from the paper. The first part begins 'the feature correlations' where the paper has 'These feature correlations', and the last stops mid-word ('the sty'). | content_tags.findings[1] |
| definition | style representation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | convolutional neural network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| key-terms | style, content, image, convolutional, feature, neural, representations, texture, Gram |
| concept | style Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | style representation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | content representation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | Gram matrix Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | feature space Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| standard-error SE | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| evidence status note | standard-error — DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:126). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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