phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | a literature that converges on one figure for a quantity it has never defined, and a policy apparatus that spends against that figure— “It is frequently stated that it takes an average of 17 years for research evidence to reach clinical practice. 1 , 3 , 15 Balas and Bohen, 16 Grant 17 and Wratschko 18 all estimated a time lag of 17 years measuring different points of the process. Such convergence around an ‘average’ time lag of 17 years hides complexities that are relevant… | |
| claim-type | critique— “There is a clear trend in the literature to seek a single answer to a single question through the calculation of an average. The variation found in the literature suggests that this is not possible (or even desirable), and variation matters. Moreover, many of the published ‘averages’ are derived from adding an empirically derived mean… | |
| method — evidence | — “This study aimed to review the literature describing and quantifying time lags in the health research translation process. Papers were included in the review if they quantified time lags in the development of health interventions. The study identified 23 papers. Few were comparable as different studies use different measures, of different… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “This study aimed to review the literature describing and quantifying time lags in the health research translation process. Papers were included in the review if they quantified time lags in the development of health interventions. The study identified 23 papers. Few were comparable as different studies use different measures, of different… | |
| research question — evidence | — “As is shown in Table 1 , studies of time lags in translation of research to practice often measure different points in the process. For example, Decullier et al. 28 and Stern and Simes 29 measure time between ethical approval and date of first publication; Grant et al. 30 and HERG et al. 13 look at publication to guideline; DiMasi calculated… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Limitations of the literature examined include the use of proxy measures. Much of the literature on lags focuses on dissemination and publication in peer-review journals in particular as these are the most measureable. If there are significant lags in, say, the grant or ethics process, this is less likely to be reflected in current total lag… | |
| transfer | from economics (returns to research and spillovers): the 17-year translation lag is a figure produced by an economic calculation of the returns to medical research, including spillovers to the wider economy— “(The remaining 30% arise from ‘spillovers’ benefiting the wider economy.) This level of benefit was calculated using an estimated lag of 17 years.” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | THREE STUDIES AGREE ON 17 YEARS, AND THE EXPLANATION OFFERED IS ABOUT THE INSTRUMENT RATHER THAN THE WORLD: `Using different endpoints, different domains and different approaches, Balas and Bohen and Grant et al. both estimate the time lag ... BEING 17 YEARS ... It is surprising that 17 is the answer to several related but differing questions. Is this coincidence or not? One possible reason for the convergence is the difficulty of measuring longer lags ... which provides a ceiling to such estimates.` Agreement between measurements is read as a property of the ruler, which is the strongest form of `an instrument's first output is itself`— “Using different endpoints, different domains and different approaches, Balas and Bohen 16 and Grant et al. 30 both estimate the time lag in health research being 17 years. Wratschko also suggested 17 years as the highest limit for the time taken from drug discovery to commercialization. It is surprising that 17 is the answer to several… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | AND THE CANONICAL 17 IS WRONG BY SIX YEARS ONCE ITS ASSEMBLY IS ACCOUNTED FOR: `Balas and Bohen calculate an average of 17 years from original research to practice formed from adding together a number of single studies of different phases including one that estimates a lag of 6-13 years. Accounting for this changes their estimate of the time lag between journal submission to use in practice from between 17 years to 23 years.` The most-quoted figure in translational research, restated as 23— “Some studies aggregate data from earlier studies without critical reflection or recognition of this. 16 , 25 For example, Balas and Bohen calculate an average of 17 years from original research to practice formed from adding… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | AND THE NUMBER SETS A NATIONAL RATE OF RETURN: `This level of benefit was calculated using an estimated lag of 17 years. Varying the lag time from 10 to 25 years produced rates of return of 13% and 6%, respectively.` An internal rate of return on thirty years of UK cardiovascular research moves by a factor of two on the choice of a definition nobody in the literature shares. This is the clearest case in the corpus of a definitional choice with a monetary consequence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | AND THE STUDIES ARE NOT MEASURING ONE QUANTITY: `Much of the literature on lags focuses on dissemination and publication in peer-review journals in particular as these are the most measureable ... the variation in choice of proxy measures means that studies are almost never measuring the same thing, making valid aggregation and generalization difficult.` The proxy was chosen for being measurable, not for being the thing - and the consequence is that the figures cannot be added Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | AND A STATISTIC THAT CHANGED ITS NAME IN TRANSIT: `Decullier et al. report `MEAN` LAGS, and Dwan, in reporting Decullier et al., in their review refer to `MEDIAN` LAGS. NEITHER REPORTS DISTRIBUTIONS. Ranges - or even interquartile ranges as large as 221 YEARS - are seldom reported.` A mean becomes a median between a paper and its reviewer, and neither publishes the distribution that would settle it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | AND AN AVERAGE THAT HIDES A RANGE LARGER THAN ITSELF: `clinical trials with null or negative results `ON AVERAGE` took `JUST OVER A YEAR LONGER` to be published than those with positive results. This average is associated with A range of six to eight years for studies with a negative or null result, compared with four to five years for those with positive results. Comparing the slowest negative publication with the fastest positive publication MAKES A potential difference of four years - half of the maximum lag.` The headline is one year; the spread is four Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | AND THE FIELD'S HABIT IS NAMED: `There is a clear trend in the literature to seek a single answer to a single question through the calculation of an average. The variation found in the literature suggests that this is not possible (or even desirable), and variation matters. Moreover, many of the published `averages` are derived from adding an empirically derived mean duration for one section of journey from one point in time, in one topic, and adding it to other parts without reflection.` A summary statistic assembled from incommensurable parts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | AND THE TERM ITSELF MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE, ON THE RECORD: `Woolf has argued that `TRANSLATION RESEARCH MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE` and this is reflected in the various models and definitions found in the literature. However, as translational research also `SEEMS IMPORTANT TO ALMOST EVERYONE` there would seem to be benefit in trying to unify models and definitions.` The two halves of the problem in one sentence: maximum importance, minimum agreement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | AND ONE OF THE TWO PHASE NAMES IS FLAGGED BY ITS OWN USERS AS CONFUSING: `Type 1 translation, also somewhat confusingly called `BENCH TO BEDSIDE`, refers to the conversion of knowledge from basic science research into a potential clinical product for testing on human subjects` - while Type 2, `research into practice`, is the one that actually reaches the bedside. The metaphor names the wrong end of the pipeline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | AND THE GAPS THE POLICY TARGETS ARE THE LEAST WELL DEFINED PART: `Conceptual models typically include `TRANSLATIONAL GAPS`, which describe the movement from one phase of research to another. Each of these is also associated with delays, although precisely what and where these gaps are, and how long they are, is again not consistent in the literature. Policy measures to expedite the translation process typically focus on these gaps.` Intervention is aimed at the part with no agreed boundaries Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | AND THE VARIATION SURVIVES INSIDE A SINGLE TOPIC: `examining research relating to advances in neonatal care, Grant et al. traced research papers back through four `GENERATIONS` of publication. They found `the overall time between generations 1 to 4 RANGES FROM 13 YEARS (for artificial surfactant) TO 21 YEARS (for parenteral nutrition). The other three advances TOOK 17 YEARS to develop through four generations of citations`.` One method, one clinical area, five interventions, and an eight-year spread Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | AND THE LAG RUNS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS: `it took six years for a review of evidence supporting the use of thrombolytic drugs to result in a standard recommendation, whereas prophylactic lidocaine was used widely in practice for 25 years based on no evidence of effectiveness.` A field whose central complaint is that evidence reaches practice too slowly, with a case of practice arriving twenty-five years AHEAD of any evidence at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| critiques | Balas and Bohen's 17-year estimate, assembled by adding single studies of different phases; corrected here to 23 years Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| critiques | the practice of reporting a single average time lag at all - 'The variation found in the literature suggests that this is not possible (or even desirable)' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Trochim et al.'s 'process marker model', which the authors endorse as the framework for the operational markers their review says are missing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | `translational research` - `means different things to different people` (Woolf) and `seems important to almost everyone`; the paper's response is to build a model rather than to pick a definition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | `Type 1 translation` / `bench to bedside` - basic science to a clinical product FOR TESTING; the metaphor points at the bedside and the phase stops well short of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | `time lag` (as used across the 23 studies) - the interval between ANY two markers a study chose: ethical approval to publication, publication to guideline, chemical synthesis to FDA approval, trial registration to publication Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | `17 years` - three separate estimates of three different intervals, whose agreement the authors suggest may be A CEILING EFFECT of citation indexes rather than a fact about research Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | mapping each reviewed study's start point and end point onto one conceptual model before comparing any figures — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out adding or averaging intervals that do not denote the same quantity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | combining formal search with backward and forward citation tracking and targeted journal searches, after 'a formal search yielded few relevant papers' — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out missing a scattered literature that database indexing does not group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | reporting the range and the distribution alongside any average — failed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a headline figure that conceals a spread larger than itself Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| weight | Balas and Bohen's 17-year estimate, assembled by adding single studies of different phases; corrected here to 23 years — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | the practice of reporting a single average time lag at all - 'The variation found in the literature suggests that this is not possible (or even desirable)' — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | Trochim et al.'s 'process marker model', which the authors endorse as the framework for the operational markers their review says are missing — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| audit | time lags —operationalised-as→ durations of activities and waits — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says a conceptual model is needed so that durations can be measured; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | time lags —operationalised-as→ durations of activities and waits — 'Understanding time lags requires…' The operationalisation is the whole argument: 23 studies each picked two markers off an unstated model, and the figures cannot be added because the models were never the same Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | time lags —operationalised-as→ durations of activities and waits — a lag is only measurable once a conceptual model names the activities and the waits between them - which is why the paper builds the model before reviewing the figures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | time lags —operationalised-as→ durations of activities and waits — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | difficulty of measuring longer lags —causes→ convergence of average lags — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span offers this as 'one possible reason' for the convergence; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | difficulty of measuring longer lags —causes→ convergence of average lags — 'ONE POSSIBLE…' Weight 0.85 because the authors offer it as 'One possible reason' and do not test it. But the shape is the finding: agreement between independent measurements read as a property of the instrument rather than of the world Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| relation | difficulty of measuring longer lags —causes→ convergence of average lags — the ceiling on observable lags - citation indexes, records, recollection - is offered as a reason three studies of three different intervals all report 17 years Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | difficulty of measuring longer lags —causes→ convergence of average lags — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | Type 1 translation —renamed-across-fields→ bench to bedside — `Type 1 translation, also somewhat confusingly called `BENCH TO BEDSIDE`, refers to the conversion of knowledge from basic science research into a potential clinical product for testing on human subjects.` Type 2 - `research into practice` - is `THE ONE CLOSER TO THE NOTION OF THE BEDSIDE`. A metaphor naming the wrong end of its own interval, which matters because the two names are used interchangeably in policy and the intervals they denote are different lengths Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | Type 1 translation —renamed-across-fields→ bench to bedside — the same phase carries a technical name and a metaphor, and the paper flags the metaphor as confusing because the phase stops at testing rather than at the bedside Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | Type 1 translation —renamed-across-fields→ bench to bedside — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | publication to guideline —contrasted-with→ development to commercialization — 'SOME STUDIES REPORT…' A late sub-step of the pipeline exceeding a long earlier stretch of it - which is only possible because the two figures come from different studies of different things, and is exactly why the paper says they cannot be added Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| relation | publication to guideline —contrasted-with→ development to commercialization — some studies report the publication-to-guideline step as LONGER than others report the whole development-to-commercialization stretch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | publication to guideline —contrasted-with→ development to commercialization — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — failed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| limitation | ONLY ONE STUDY MEASURES THE THING EVERYONE QUOTES THE NUMBER FOR: `Table 1 also points to two substantive gaps in knowledge: the time lag involved in and between discovery and development (T1), and the time lag between publication to practice. Only one study has `IMPLEMENTATION` into practice as its endpoint.` The `17 years to reach clinical practice` figure rests on a single measurement of reaching clinical practice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | AND THE AUTHORS PUT THEIR OWN SEARCH'S WEAKNESS FIRST: `Despite our attempts to be comprehensive, however, we are aware that studies of time lags in health research are widely distributed and not easily identified using formal literature searches and we may have failed to capture relevant studies.` The Methods say the same before the results: `Our search was not intended to be exhaustive` Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | AND THE MODEL THEY BUILD IS LINEAR AND THEY SAY SO: `Clearly this model can be critiqued for being linear and we acknowledge the considerable literature that challenges this notion and accept that research translation is a messy, iterative and complex process ... At the same time, we would argue that for the purposes of understanding and conceptualising time lags the model is appropriate.` A simplification defended by its purpose rather than its accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | AND THE LAGS ARE NOT STABLE OVER TIME, SO A FIGURE ALSO HAS A DATE: `Pulido noted a difference of 0.9 years or 0.3 years from acceptance to publication in 1992 and 1982, respectively. DiMasi reported a slight shortening of the approval process between 1991 and 2003. Tsuiji and Tsutani reported reduced lags in the drug approval process in Japan following a change in policy to try and expedite it.` A quantity that moves when policy moves, quoted as a constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| quantity | 17 years, restated as 23 years once the added components are accounted for — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 13% at a 10-year lag against 6% at 25 years — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 221 years — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 13 to 21 years across five neonatal care advances, with three of the five at exactly 17 — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| variable | start point and endpoint Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| definition | time lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Type 1 translation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | Type 2 translation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| concept | time lags — not defined in this paper's own words; the interval between two markers in the translation pipeline, where every study picks its own two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | durations of activities and waits — not defined in this paper's own words; what a conceptual model has to expose before a lag can be measured at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | Type 1 translation — not defined in this paper's own words; basic science to a clinical product for testing on human subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | bench to bedside — not defined in this paper's own words; the metaphor for Type 1 translation that the authors call 'somewhat confusing' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | difficulty of measuring longer lags — not defined in this paper's own words; the limits of citation indexes, records and recollection - a ceiling on what any study can observe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | convergence of average lags — not defined in this paper's own words; three studies of three different intervals arriving at 17 years Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | publication to guideline — not defined in this paper's own words; one late-stage interval, measured by several studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | development to commercialization — not defined in this paper's own words; a much longer stretch of the pipeline, measured by others Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | positive results — not defined in this paper's own words; trial findings in the expected direction, published four to five years after start Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| an average whose spread is four times the effect it reports | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824