Equilibrium Points in N-Person Games — TEI-tagged view

John F. Nash · 1950 · economics · doi:10.1073/pnas.36.1.48 · full text at the source · TEI xml · tagged edition · index · concepts · authors
Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The extracted text is a raw PNAS page dump: Nash's note is preceded by the reference list of an unrelated MacLane/Whitehead paper and followed by the opening of a Polya note, and OCR has scrambled word order inside two sentences (the limitation quote is a contiguous but internally jumbled span, quoted exactly as it appears). method has no match in the suggested vocabulary - the whole contribution is a two-page existence proof, so 'mathematical-proof' is used. The paper also relates itself to the von Neumann-Morgenstern minimax result, but in the body that work is referred to only as 'the "main theorem"2', with the authors' names appearing solely in the (unquotable) footnote list, so no claim_relation is recorded for it. Replication status is 'untested' because a theorem is not the kind of claim the paper submits to replication and the text says nothing about replication.
The quality of the text these quotes were cut from. corrupt-text-layer: extraction lost inter-word spaces (wordsjammedtogether); 1950 PNAS scan, no clean OA source found. Not enriched. [AMENDED 2026-08-23 - THE COPY WAS NEVER NAMED AND IT IS THE WRONG ONE. The space loss is in the web page we fetched (space ratio 0.034). an internal file is intact at 0.171 and is the copy all 13 live quotes resolve against. 'Not enriched' therefore records a decision taken against the publishing artefact, not against the grounding text.]
Tags on this paper every tag the record carries, whether or not the words occur in the text below — a number is how many papers in the corpus carry that tag; a tag with no number is unique to this paper
Nash equilibrium non-cooperative game mixed strategy2 fixed-point theorem mathematical-proof27

Our tag layer for this paper

Cross-disciplinary analysis
content-tags & facets: phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text
phenomenonequilibrium points in n-person games— “A self-countering n-tuple is called an equilibrium point.”
claim-typeexistence— “Hence there is an equilibrium point.”
method — evidence— “Since the graph is closed and since the-image of each point under the mapping is convex, we infer from Kakutani's theorem' that the mapping has a fixed point (i.e., point contained in its…
transferfrom topology / fixed-point theory (Kakutani): The existence proof imports Kakutani's fixed-point theorem for convex-valued closed-graph set correspondences and applies it to the game's countering correspondence.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
transfers[0]
mechanismBecause the countering correspondence is convex-valued and has a closed graph, a fixed-point theorem applies to it, and any fixed point of that correspondence is by definition a self-countering n-tuple, i.e. an equilibrium.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
mechanisms[0]
builds-on Kakutani's fixed point theorem
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
claim_relations[0]
replicationuntested
limitationEquilibrium points are not interchangeable in general: outside the two-person zero-sum case, distinct equilibrium points need not give the players the same expectations.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[0]
Content tags
content-observations: finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text
findingEvery finite n-person game has at least one equilibrium point.
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content_tags.findings[0]
findingThe set of n-tuples that counter a given n-tuple is convex.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[1]
findingContinuity of the pay-off functions implies that the graph of the countering correspondence is closed.
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content_tags.findings[2]
findingOutside the two-person zero-sum case, different equilibrium points need not give the players the same expectations.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[3]
evidence status notefinding — THE QUOTE'S OPENING WAS MOVED BY THE TEXT EXTRACTION: the paper's sentence begins 'In this case any two equilibrium' (printed earlier in this copy, inside the sentence before), and 'this case' is the two-person zero-sum case.content_tags.findings[3]
findingIn the two-person zero-sum case, existence of an equilibrium point is equivalent to von Neumann's main theorem.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[4]
definitionn-person game
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content_tags.definitions[0]
definitionequilibrium point
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content_tags.definitions[1]
definitionpay-off functions
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content_tags.definitions[2]
definitionmapping of the product space
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content_tags.definitions[3]

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