phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | serum elimination of perfluoroalkyl acids that is slow enough in humans, and fast enough in every other species measured, that the interspecies gap is itself the finding— “Nevertheless, the present study data strongly indicate that humans are very slow eliminators of these three perfluoroalkyl acids compared with other species.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We used WinNonlin software, version 4.1 (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA) to calculate the half-life of elimination based on the mean value of the split analyses. The data were linear when plotted as the logarithm of serum concentration versus time. Therefore, we assumed a first order model.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at −80°C.” | |
| transfer | from pharmacokinetics: first-order elimination kinetics and the half-life construct, carried from single-dose animal pharmacokinetics onto an observational human cohort with no known dose and no defined time zero— “We used WinNonlin software, version 4.1 (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA) to calculate the half-life of elimination based on the mean value of the split analyses. The data were linear when plotted as the logarithm of serum concentration versus time. Therefore, we assumed a first order model.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from renal physiology: the renal transporter explanation, carried from rodent sex-difference studies to account for a between-species difference in humans— “The diversity of proximal tubular organic anion transporters and potential for genetic variation have indicated that the long elimination half-life in humans compared with that in other species may be due to differential expression of organic anion transporters and could be linked to either low-level transport into urine or increased tubular… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | saturable renal resorption a high-affinity transporter returns filtered perfluoroalkyl acid from the renal tubule to the blood; because it saturates, the elimination rate depends on concentration and on how much transporter a species expresses— “Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | differential expression of organic anion transporters species and sexes differ in which proximal-tubule anion transporters they express, so the same molecule is returned to the blood at different rates - offered as the reason the human half-life is years and the rat's is days— “The diversity of proximal tubular organic anion transporters and potential for genetic variation have indicated that the long elimination half-life in humans compared with that in other species may be due to differential expression of organic anion transporters and could be linked to either low-level transport into urine or increased tubular… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | metabolic stability of the carbon-fluorine bond the C-F bond's stability and the high electronegativity of perfluorinated alkyl acids make metabolism unfavourable, so elimination is the only route of loss and half-life is set entirely by excretion— “Because of the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond and the high electronegativity of perfluorinated alkyl acids, metabolism would not be favored; thus, perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS) is also not expected to be metabolized.” | mechanisms[2] |
| builds-on | Calafat et al.'s NHANES estimates of general-population serum concentrations, used here as the background floor the retirees had to stay above— “Furthermore, only four study subjects (subjects 1–4) had end-of-study PFOS concentrations that were below the upper 95% CI of the geometric mean of the 95th percentile as reported by Calafat et al. (97.5 ng/mL).” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | intravenous and repeated-oral-dose pharmacokinetic studies in cynomolgus monkeys, from which human persistence had previously been extrapolated— “The serum elimination half-life of PFOA in the present study’s 26 retired fluorochemical production workers is considerably longer than the elimination half-life in cynomolgus monkeys (approximately 14–40 days) after either repeated daily oral doses or a single intravenous injection.” | claim_relations[1] |
| qualifies | one-compartment first-order pharmacokinetic modelling of perfluoroalkyl acids in humans— “The actual pharmacokinetics of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA in humans is not likely to be consistent with a one-compartment distribution in spite of the present data fit to a… | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | half-life of serum elimination - the ARITHMETIC mean over the 26 subjects: 5.4 y for PFOS, 8.5 y for PFHS, 3.8 y for PFOA | senses[0] |
| sense | half-life of serum elimination - the GEOMETRIC mean over the same 26 subjects: 4.8 y for PFOS, 7.3 y for PFHS, 3.5 y for PFOA. These are the three numbers later papers quote as the half-life, without naming the statistic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | half-life of serum elimination - the arithmetic mean after removing the two longest-eliminating subjects, which collapses onto the geometric mean and shows the gap between the first two senses is two people Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| control | split analyses of the same blood collection, to separate assay variability from real decline — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out assay variability being read as a fall in serum concentration, since both halves of the split come from one blood collection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | spiked recovery and precision at three PFOA concentrations spanning the assay range — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a half-life derived from an assay that is accurate at one concentration and not across the decline it is measuring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | spiked recovery and precision for PFHS, the analyte with the longest and most variable half-life — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the same, for the analyte whose half-life is longest and most variable and therefore rests on the most measurements Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | blank rabbit or calf serum run with each batch, to detect contamination in a laboratory that also handled these compounds — held — rules out contamination of the samples in a laboratory that also handled these compounds - a blank that comes back clean on each run is what separates measured serum from carry-over Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | end-of-study concentrations checked against general-population reference values, to show the decline was not floored by background exposure — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out an elimination rate flattened by continuing background exposure, which would lengthen every half-life in the study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| control | the same check applied per subject rather than to the median, which is where it stops holding for four of the 26 — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a median that holds while individuals do not - the per-subject form is where the check stops holding, for four of twenty-six Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| control | regression of half-life on age, years worked, job and time since retirement, to test whether the estimate tracks anything about the person rather than the chemistry — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a half-life that tracks age, tenure, job or time since retirement rather than the chemistry of the compound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| control | self-reported disease and medication review, for renal or hepatic conditions that would alter clearance — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out altered renal or hepatic clearance in a subject being reported as the elimination rate of the compound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[7] |
| weight | Calafat et al.'s NHANES estimates of general-population serum concentrations, used here as the background floor the retirees had to stay above — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | intravenous and repeated-oral-dose pharmacokinetic studies in cynomolgus monkeys, from which human persistence had previously been extrapolated — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | one-compartment first-order pharmacokinetic modelling of perfluoroalkyl acids in humans — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | PFHS —contrasted-with→ PFOS — human serum elimination half-life and its dispersion | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | PFHS —contrasted-with→ PFOS — eliminates more slowly and more variably Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | PFHS —contrasted-with→ PFOS — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | retired fluorochemical production workers —contrasted-with→ cynomolgus monkeys — serum elimination half-life of PFOA | concept_edges[1] |
| relation | retired fluorochemical production workers —contrasted-with→ cynomolgus monkeys — eliminate PFOA on a scale of years rather than weeks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | retired fluorochemical production workers —contrasted-with→ cynomolgus monkeys — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | PFOS —operationalised-as→ ion ratios — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says quantification of PFOS was based on ion ratios; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | PFOS —operationalised-as→ ion ratios — serum concentration is quantified as an ion ratio against a labelled internal standard Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | PFOS —operationalised-as→ ion ratios — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | environmental exposure —causes→ rate of elimination — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says it is POSSIBLE that environmental exposure produced shallower slopes; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| effect direction (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | environmental exposure —causes→ rate of elimination — reduces | concept_edges[3] |
| relation | environmental exposure —causes→ rate of elimination — continuing background intake would flatten the observed decline, biasing the estimated half-life long Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | environmental exposure —causes→ rate of elimination — 0.45 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[7] |
| limitation | the authors state that human pharmacokinetics is not likely to be one-compartment, in the same discussion that reports half-lives fitted with a one-compartment first-order model - the model is disclaimed and its output is the paper's headline number Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | continuing non-occupational exposure could flatten the observed decline, so the half-lives may be biased long; the paper raises this and does not quantify it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | the model was selected by looking at a semi-log plot, not by comparing candidate models - linearity by eye is the entire justification for first-order kinetics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | 26 subjects, 24 of them male, all retired from two plants of one company; the two women are the whole basis for the sex comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | three of the original participants had post-baseline occupational exposure: one was dropped entirely, one truncated, one's start point moved for a single analyte - principled and disclosed, but the cohort is not the cohort recruited Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| quantity | arithmetic mean serum elimination half-life of PFOS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | geometric mean serum elimination half-life of PFOS - the value cited downstream Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | arithmetic mean serum elimination half-life of PFHS, the longest of the three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | geometric mean serum elimination half-life of PFHS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | arithmetic mean serum elimination half-life of PFOA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | geometric mean serum elimination half-life of PFOA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | lower limit of quantitation for every analyte and instrument Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | mean length of follow-up, 5.0 years Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| variable | initial and end-of-study perfluorochemical concentration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | age at study onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | years worked Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | years since retirement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | half-life of serum elimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | lower limit of quantitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | half-life of serum elimination — not defined in this paper's own words; the time for serum concentration to halve under a fitted first-order model - reported here under three different summary statistics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | first-order model — not defined in this paper's own words; the elimination model assumed because the semi-log plot looked linear, and disclaimed in the discussion as not describing the real distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | semi-log plot — not defined in this paper's own words; the visual test that selected the model: linearity here is the whole justification for first-order kinetics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | PFOS — not defined in this paper's own words; perfluorooctanesulfonate; the compound with the highest initial serum concentrations in this cohort Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | PFHS — not defined in this paper's own words; perfluorohexanesulfonate, this paper's abbreviation - written PFHxS elsewhere in the literature and in our own calafat2007 record. Longest and most variable half-life of the three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | PFOA — not defined in this paper's own words; perfluorooctanoate; the shortest human half-life of the three and the one with the largest interspecies gap Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | retired fluorochemical production workers — not defined in this paper's own words; chosen because exposure has stopped but concentrations remain far above background - a population selected so that one variable could be switched off Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | saturable renal resorption — not defined in this paper's own words; the proposed reason the half-life differs by species: a transporter that returns the compound to the blood until it is overwhelmed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | organic anion transporters — not defined in this paper's own words; the proximal-tubule proteins whose differential expression is offered as the species and sex difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | tubular resorption — not defined in this paper's own words; reabsorption of the filtered compound from the renal tubule back into blood - one of the two routes named for the long human half-life Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | internal standard — not defined in this paper's own words; an isotopically labelled analogue spiked into every sample, against which the analyte's ion ratio is quantified Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | lower limit of quantitation — not defined in this paper's own words; 10.0 ng/mL here - the floor below which a declining concentration stops being measurable, which is why a high-exposure cohort was needed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | split analyses — not defined in this paper's own words; the same blood collection assayed twice, so that measurement reproducibility could be reported alongside the estimate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | linear isomer — not defined in this paper's own words; the straight-chain form of PFOA, 78% of the standard - separated from the branched forms because they may eliminate at different rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | branched chain isomers — not defined in this paper's own words; the remaining 22% of the PFOA standard, integrated manually into the total peak where necessary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | cynomolgus monkeys — not defined in this paper's own words; the species the human half-life had been extrapolated from, and the comparison that makes the human number surprising: weeks against years Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | ion ratios — not defined in this paper's own words; the ratio of analyte to labelled-internal-standard peak area, which is what a reported serum concentration actually is Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | environmental exposure — not defined in this paper's own words; continuing background intake in a cohort defined by having stopped being exposed - the one route by which the estimate could be biased long Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | rate of elimination — not defined in this paper's own words; the slope of the fitted decline, the quantity the half-life is computed from Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | right skewness — not defined in this paper's own words; the shape of the half-life distribution, and the reason the arithmetic and geometric means disagree Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| arithmetic mean | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| geometric mean | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| 95% CI | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Pearson correlation coefficients | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Spearman Rho correlations | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| multiple regression | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| log-normal distribution | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| CVs | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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