phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | food web robustness and fragility under species removal— “Here we analyse the response of these ecological graphs to both random and selective perturbations (directed to most connected species).” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “This complex organization entails some keys for ecological fragility.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We have simulated two kinds of species removals: random and directed.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “our study is limited to the three richest and best-described food webs available in the ecological literature” | |
| research question — evidence | — “How dependent is ecosystem fragility from graph architecture?” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “By using this method, it is the topology of the food web instead of the trophic position of species what determines which species are keystone.” | |
| transfer | from network science / statistical physics: the robustness/fragility (error- vs attack-tolerance) framework from complex networks applied to ecological food webs— “which have been shown to display a very high homeostasis against random removals of nodes” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from statistical physics of complex networks: the error-and-attack-tolerance analysis of scale-free graphs, applied to species loss in ecological communities— “The trophic organization of species-rich communities is similar to other complex network topologies (Albert et al 2000, Jeong et al 2000).” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | food webs are robust to random species loss but fragile to targeted removal of highly-connected (keystone) species - the error-tolerance / attack-vulnerability of heterogeneous networks— “Our results suggest that ecological networks are extremely robust against random removal but very fragile when selective attacks are used” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | a power-law degree distribution makes random removal almost always hit a sparsely connected species, so little follows from it— “Secondary extinctions remain at low values because the probability of being removed decreases with k according to P (k) ≈ k−γ, so it is unlikely that a highly connected species will be deleted.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | removing the most connected species instead fragments the web into disconnected clusters at a percolation threshold— “if most-connected nodes are successively eliminated, the structure of the network reveals an intrinsic fragility that eventually leads to a breaking into many small subgraphs” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the scale-free shape itself survives random loss but is destroyed by directed loss, so the web loses the property that protected it— “Our analysis shows that indeed, SF distributions are stable up to high values of f (more than 50% of species eliminated in the three food webs) when random removals occur, while those particular distributions quickly disappear under directed removal.” | mechanisms[3] |
| builds-on | scale-free network theory— “belonging to the SF class of networks” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | network error-and-attack tolerance results— “Our results suggest that ecological networks are extremely robust against random removal but very fragile when selective attacks are used” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Montoya and Solé (2000), small-world and scale-free patterns in food webs— “In a previous study, we have shown that these networks display small-world properties (Montoya and Sol´e, 2000).” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | Albert et al. (2000) and Jeong et al. (2000), error and attack tolerance of complex networks— “Previous studies have shown that the eventual effect of removal is network fragmentation, which takes place in very different ways depending on the type of removal used (Albert et al., 2000; Jeong et al., 2000).” | claim_relations[3] |
| builds-on | Bond (1993) and Davic (2000) on keystone species beyond top predators— “In this respect, not only top predators must be considered as keystone species but also other organisms from different trophic levels, in agreement with previous studies (Bond 1993; Davic 2000).” | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | Albert, Jeong and Barabasi (2000), error and attack tolerance of complex networks | claim_relations[5] |
| builds-on | Jeong et al. 2000, the metabolic-network analysis in this same corpus | claim_relations[6] |
| extends | WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED (RETRACTED AND RE-ADDED WITH THE FINDING CORRECTED) · Montoya and Sole (2000), which showed food webs are scale-free Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| extends | Montoya and Sole (2000), which showed these networks display small-world properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | network - a food web, whose nodes are species and whose links are trophic relations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | network - biological and technological networks generally, sharing one graph of interaction and one response to node removal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | fragility - in ecology, how a community responds to losing species, which the paper reads as the graph's response to losing nodes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| control | the ecological graphs subjected to RANDOM node removal as well as to selective removal aimed at the most connected species — held — rules out the fragility being a property of removing nodes at all rather than of removing the RIGHT nodes - random removal is the same operation without the targeting Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the behaviour compared against purely random networks, where the degree distribution is Poissonian — held — rules out a robustness property that any network would show - the random graph is the object the claim must beat, and it has to be constructed rather than observed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| retracted | WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED (RETRACTED AND RE-ADDED WITH THE FINDING CORRECTED) · Montoya and Sole (2000), which showed food webs are scale-free — RETRACTED AND RE-ADDED WITH THE FINDING CORRECTED. The target said the cited paper 'SHOWED FOOD WEBS ARE SCALE-FREE'. The span says '…DISPLAY SMALL-WORLD PROPERTIES (Montoya and Sole, 2000)…' SMALL-WORLD IS NOT SCALE-FREE - they are distinct properties and the difference is exactly what this literature argues about. The quote was exact, the anchor resolved and the endpoints were attested throughout: 'target' is the one field of the pair that nothing checks, and it is the fold key. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| audit | keystone species —operationalised-as→ topology — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says topology rather than trophic position determines which species are keystone; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | food web —is-a→ scale-free — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'scalefree distributions of connections'; endpoint variant, is-a loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | food web —is-a→ small world — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'these networks' = the three food webs (previous sentences); is-a is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · keystone species —causes→ secondary extinctions — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span reports extinction rates up to 95 times higher when keystone species are removed; 'secondary extinctions' is a variant. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · keystone species —causes→ secondary extinctions — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither endpoint. This sentence names both and states the causal link the edge asserts - removal of keystone species producing secondary extinctions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every fragility estimate in the paper: THIS APPROXIMATION TO COMMUNITY FRAGILITY HAS OBVIOUS CAVEATS DERIVED FROM A LACK OF DYNAMICS AND TAXONOMIC LIMITATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about who eats whom or how much: the analysis treats food webs as undirected, unweighted graphs - direction and magnitude are discarded before it begins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality of the food-web results: OUR STUDY IS LIMITED TO THE THREE RICHEST AND BEST-DESCR[ibed webs], BECAUSE OF THE LIMITATIONS OF THE AVAILABLE DATA IN TERMS OF BOTH TAXONOMIC RESOLUTION AND SIZE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — every fragility result: the analysis has no population dynamics in it, only the graph Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about interaction direction or strength: OUR FINDINGS ARE BASED ON A NON-DIRECTED, AND NON-WEIGHTED GRAPH Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality of the conclusion: OUR STUDY IS LIMITED TO THE THREE RICHEST AND BEST-DESCRIBED FOOD WEBS AVAILABLE IN THE ECOLOGICAL LITERATURE - three because three is all there was Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the degree distribution of that web: ONLY 31% OF NODES ARE REAL SPECIES, BEING MOST OF THE NODES GENERA-LEVEL (63%) AND THE REST CORRESPONDING TO HIGHER TAXA - connectivity depends partly on how finely each group was resolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The approach lacks population dynamics and is constrained by the taxonomic resolution of the webs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The analysis treats food webs as undirected, unweighted graphs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Only three food webs could be analysed, because of the scarcity of adequately resolved data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The analysis has no population dynamics in it at all - only the graph. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Interactions are treated as undirected and unweighted, so who eats whom and how strongly are both discarded. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Three food webs, chosen because they are the only ones well enough described - the sample is the whole available population, not a random draw from it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | One of the three webs resolves only 31% of its nodes to species, so its degree distribution is partly an artefact of taxonomy. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Ecological networks are extremely robust against random removal but very fragile under selective attacks. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | This robust-yet-fragile structure bears on biodiversity dynamics, extinction-rate estimates, and the definition of keystone species. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The food webs show high homeostasis under random species removal, with a slow, linear decrease in the fraction of species in the largest cluster. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Directed removal of the most connected species is catastrophic - extinction rates run up to 95 times higher than under random removal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The scale-free distribution itself is stable under random loss of more than half the species, and collapses after only a few directed removals. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The topology of the food web, rather than the trophic position of species, determines which species are keystone. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | three food webs — number of species-rich ecosystem food webs analysed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | P(k) ≈ k^-γ — scale-free power-law degree distribution of the food webs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| evidence status note | quantity — QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | Ns = 134 species — size of the Ythan estuary food web Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | <k> = 4.75 — average links per species in the Silwood Park web Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | <k> = 26.05 — average links per species in the Little Rock Lake web Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 95 times higher — ratio of extinction rate under directed removal to random removal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 88% real species — taxonomic resolution of the Ythan estuary web Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| variable | size of the largest species cluster (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | secondary extinctions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | keystone species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | power law distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| key-terms | network, species, scale-free, robust, fragile, extinction, nodes, connections, trophic, food web, keystone species, node, link, small world, secondary extinctions, homeostasis, random networks, power law, topology, percolation, graph |
| concept | food web Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | keystone species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | species — not defined in this paper's own words; the ecological unit that serves as a node of the food web Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | node — not defined in this paper's own words; an element of the graph; here a species, or a genus where the taxonomy is coarser Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | link — not defined in this paper's own words; a connection between two nodes; here a trophic relation between two species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | scale-free — not defined in this paper's own words; a network whose link distribution follows a power law, so most nodes have few links and very few have many Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | small world — not defined in this paper's own words; a topology in which nodes are highly clustered while the path between any two remains short Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | random networks — not defined in this paper's own words; a network with a Poisson link distribution, which is equally fragile whichever way its nodes are removed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | secondary extinctions — not defined in this paper's own words; species lost not by being removed but by being isolated when the species they depend on are removed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | homeostasis — not defined in this paper's own words; the network's capacity to absorb random removal of its nodes without fragmenting Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | topology — not defined in this paper's own words; the shape of the graph, taken here as the thing that determines fragility - as against the trophic position of a species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | percolation — not defined in this paper's own words; the critical fraction of removed species at which the web breaks into many disconnected sub-webs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| p-value p | as written: p < 0.01 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| power-law P(k) ~ k^-γ | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| poisson-distribution Poissonian | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| mean <k> | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| phenomenon | robustness of food webs to random species loss and fragility to loss of the most connected species — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: food web robustness and fragility under species removal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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