phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | subliminal affective priming from facial expressions— “Is this subliminal affective priming merely a transient phenomenon manifested in fleeting perceptual changes, or are long-lasting effects also induced?” | |
| claim-type | existence— “We conclude that behavioral biases induced by masked emotional expressions are not ephemeral, but rather can last at least 24 hours.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To address this question, we investigated memory for surprise faces 24 hours after they had been shown with 30-ms fearful, happy, or neutral faces.” | |
| mechanism | Unconsciously processed happy primes are proposed to shift attention toward the global configuration of the following face, which improves encoding and hence next-day recognition.— “In line with this reasoning, we speculate that happy primes may have led to better encoding and subsequent memory by preferentially engaging an attention focus on the global configuration of facial features, consistent with findings that happy mood can increase the use of global features to classify visual figures ( Bridge et al., 2009… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | The prime's expression is proposed to alter encoding and/or later rehearsal of the target face, rather than the memory difference arising from the conscious affective judgment the participant made about that face.— “Therefore, we suggest that the observed differences in memory were due to subliminal priming that led to differential processing at encoding and/or subsequent rehearsal as a function of facial expression.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Affect elicited by a masked stimulus is assumed to be diffuse and therefore to spill over onto whatever stimulus follows it in time, producing assimilation of prime valence into the target judgment.— “Presumably, the affect from a subliminal stimulus is diffuse in the sense that it can spill over onto a temporally adjacent stimulus.” | mechanisms[2] |
| replicates | Li, Zinbarg, Boehm, & Paller (2008)— “In particular, our findings replicate and extend the findings of Li and colleagues (2008) , though several design features differed between these two studies.” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Li, Zinbarg, Boehm, & Paller (2008)— “In particular, our findings replicate and extend the findings of Li and colleagues (2008) , though several design features differed between these two studies.” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | Charles, Mather, & Carstensen (2003)— “Our results differ from previous findings of better recognition memory among young adults for images of scenes depicting negative compared to positive affect ( Charles, Mather, & Carstensen, 2003 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | A TACIT ASSUMPTION NAMED AND TESTED - that subliminal affective priming is `a transient phenomenon manifested only in fleeting perceptual changes`. The paper does not dispute that the effect exists; it disputes how long it is entitled to last, and it says the short-lived reading was never argued for, only assumed. Second record this sitting whose target is a belief its field holds without evidence— “Although subliminal affective priming in these cases may be regarded as a transient phenomenon manifested only in fleeting perceptual changes, here we question the tacit assumption that such phenomena are short-lived. Might unconscious affective processing also have long-lasting effects” | senses[0] |
| sense | `long-lasting` OPERATIONALISED AS AN INTERVAL, not as a rhetorical claim: memory for the primed faces is tested 24 HOURS LATER, with the 30-ms primes absent at test and the target faces intermixed with new ones. The conclusion is stated as a floor - biases `are not ephemeral, but rather can last at least 24 hours` - which is the honest form for a study that measured one interval— “We conclude that behavioral biases induced by masked emotional expressions are not ephemeral, but rather can last at least 24 hours.” | senses[1] |
| sense | A TARGET CHOSEN FOR ITS AMBIGUITY, with the reasoning written out: surprise `derives its affective valence primarily through CONTEXT` - the same expression reads positive at a surprise birthday party and negative in a horror film. Because the target has no fixed value on the measured dimension, any value it takes can be attributed to the prime. The stimulus choice is doing the work a control usually does— “Emotionally ambiguous facial expressions, such as surprise, derive their affective valence primarily through context. For example, a face with a surprise expression can appear positive in the context of a surprise birthday party or negative in the context of a grisly murder in a horror film. This emotional ambiguity makes surprise expressions… | senses[2] |
| sense | the awareness split, and it runs OPPOSITE to Van-den-Bussche2013: participants `likely to have processed primes supraliminally did not respond differentially as a function of expression`. The effect belongs to the unaware group and vanishes in the aware one - whereas Van den Bussche, holding signal strength constant, found conscious trials strongest. Two records, opposite orderings, and the designs differ in exactly the way that matters— “Participants likely to have processed primes supraliminally did not respond differentially as a function of expression. These results converge with findings showing memory advantages with happy expressions, though here the expressions were displayed on the face of a different person, perceived subliminally, and not present at test. We… | senses[3] |
| control | an OSCILLOSCOPE was used to check that primes really were on screen for 30 ms and that the software log matched — held — rules out that the prime was actually visible - a subliminal effect claimed on a duration the software reported but the hardware never delivered— “We used an oscilloscope to verify that primes were presented for 30 ms and that the software log of prime durations was accurate.” | controls[0] |
| control | each face cropped with an elliptical stencil that removes the hair — held — rules out that participants respond to hair or head outline rather than to the emotionally relevant facial features— “Each face was cropped using an elliptical stencil to exclude hair, which can distract participants from emotionally relevant facial features ( Tyler & Chen, 2006 ).” | controls[1] |
| differs in | long-lasting —contrasted-with→ transient — HOW LONG THE EFFECT IS ENTITLED TO OUTLIVE ITS PRIME - the transient reading limits it to fleeting perceptual changes; this paper shows a bias surviving 24 hours with the prime absent at test. The whole dispute is a duration— “Although subliminal affective priming in these cases may be regarded as a transient phenomenon manifested only in fleeting perceptual changes, here we question the tacit assumption that such phenomena are short-lived. Might unconscious affective processing also have long-lasting effects”— “Although subliminal affective priming in these cases may be regarded as a transient phenomenon manifested only in fleeting perceptual changes” | concept_edges[0] |
| note | long-lasting —contrasted-with→ transient — THE PAPER'S ARGUMENT IN ONE EDGE, and the fifth time this sitting that a priming effect's status turns on its time course rather than its size -— “Although subliminal affective priming in these cases may be regarded as a transient phenomenon manifested only in fleeting perceptual changes, here we… | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | long-lasting —contrasted-with→ transient — 0.95 | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | subliminal priming —causes→ affective evaluation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says priming 'had consequences for' affective evaluation; the direction is not stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| effect direction | subliminal priming —causes→ affective evaluation — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | subliminal priming —causes→ affective evaluation — The immediate half of the result. Grounded on the sentence that explains WHY the target can move at all - an expression whose valence comes from context is one a prime can supply context for. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | subliminal priming —causes→ affective evaluation — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | subliminal priming —causes→ memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says priming 'had consequences for' later memory; the direction is not stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| effect direction | subliminal priming —causes→ memory — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | subliminal priming —causes→ memory — THE LONG-LASTING HALF, and the span deliberately carries the awareness split with it: the same sentence pair reports the effect AND that it did not appear in participants likely to have seen the primes. Quoting the result without that qualifier would overstate it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | subliminal priming —causes→ memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Prime awareness may have gone undetected, so the strictly-subliminal grouping is not certain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The objective awareness check may have had too few trials per participant to estimate discrimination ability well. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The 24-hour gap before the subjective awareness questions may have affected the answers given. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | A single study cannot cover the range of effects that different facial expressions have on behaviour and cognition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Surprise faces preceded by masked happy primes were rated more positively than those preceded by fearful primes, but only among participants classified as strictly subliminal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | A day later, recognition of the same surprise faces was better for those that had been happy-primed than for fearful- or neutral-primed faces, with no fearful-versus-neutral difference. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Independently of priming, faces a participant had rated more negatively on Day 1 were better recognised on Day 2. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The awareness grouping moderated the memory effect: prime expression changed recognition in the strictly subliminal group but not in the not-strictly-subliminal group. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Affective priming was reliable only in the first half of the priming phase, weakening across blocks. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | How strongly a participant was primed was unrelated to how well that participant could objectively discriminate the prime expressions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The authors conclude that subliminal affective priming is not a transient perceptual effect but persists for at least a day. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| quantity | Forty-three — number of participants tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 15 of the 43 — size of the strictly subliminal subgroup, the only group showing both key effects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 30 ms — duration of the affective prime face before backward masking by the surprise face Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 21-27 hrs (mean = 23.9 hrs) — delay between the priming session and the surprise memory test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 2.64, 2.87, and 2.70 — mean confidence-weighted memory scores in the strictly subliminal group for fearful-, happy- and neutral-primed faces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | M = 0.24, SD = 0.31, t (14) = 2.99, p < .01 — size of the happy-minus-fearful rating difference over the first three blocks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | M = -0.22, SD = 0.30, t (42) = 4.88, p < .01 — mean per-participant regression slope relating affective rating to memory score, negative meaning better memory for more negatively rated faces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 23 participants — number showing above-chance objective discrimination of the prime expressions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| variable | emotional expression (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | prime duration (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | valence (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | recognition confidence (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | valence ratings (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| definition | Strictly-Subliminal (SS) group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Not-Strictly Subliminal (NSS) group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | magnitude of affective priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | memory score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| concept | subliminal affective priming — not defined in this paper's own words; the effect under test, and the paper's contribution is a claim about its DURATION rather than its existence - the tacit assumption it attacks is that this kind of priming is necessarily short-lived Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | transient — not defined in this paper's own words; the property the field assumed and this paper denies - 'fleeting perceptual changes', an effect that exists only while the situation lasts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | long-lasting — not defined in this paper's own words; the alternative, and it is operationalised as a specific interval rather than left rhetorical: memory tested 24 hours later, with the primes absent at test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | surprise faces — not defined in this paper's own words; the target, chosen for AMBIGUITY: surprise takes its affective value from context, so it has no fixed valence of its own and whatever valence it acquires can be attributed to the prime Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | subliminal priming — not defined in this paper's own words; the paper's working shorthand, and the form every RESULT is stated in - the discussion reports its consequences for immediate evaluation and for memory a day later Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | affective evaluation — not defined in this paper's own words; the immediate outcome - how positive or negative the ambiguous surprise face is judged to be, minutes after a 30-ms prime Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | memory — not defined in this paper's own words; the delayed outcome, and the one the title rests on: whether the same surprise face is recognised 24 hours later, with the prime absent at test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | valence — not defined in this paper's own words; the dimension the prime is claimed to move - and the reason surprise works as a target is precisely that its valence is not fixed in advance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | recognition memory — not defined in this paper's own words; the second dependent measure and the one that carries the paper's title - whether a face primed 24 hours earlier is remembered better, tested with the primes removed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| t-test t | as written: separate contrasts within each group as planned comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA F | as written: main effects ... interaction between group and prime expression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| chi-squared χ 2 | as written: χ 2 analyses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| correlation r | as written: was not associated with Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| regression | as written: a regression analysis, in which we computed the slope for the linear correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| median split | as written: a median split made separately for each participant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| p-value p | as written: significant χ 2 ( p < .05) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
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