Compared: the terms this corpus defines more than one way

expected information gain that motivates epistemic exploration

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

In Equation 5, expected free energy of a policy at a given time G(π,τ) decomposes into a pragmatic or instrumental term and an epistemic term, also known as extrinsic and intrinsic values. The pragmatic term, or extrinsic value constitutes the goal seeking component of expected free energy (often referred to as expected value or utility in psychology and economics) ( Kauder, 1953 ; Sutton and Bart

pixel-level contribution to a model classification

cirillo2021-bias-big-data-ai-open-science

The field of computer vision has dedicated a substantial effort in obtaining interpretable features and understanding the process of classification. 69 For example, the kernels or intermediate features of a trained neural network may shed light on the learned structure in different layers of the network, giving rise to methods like class activation mapping (CAM). 67 Other methods are gradient base

the priority of ideas visible in linguistic use and transmission

jackson2021-text-thought-language-psychological-science

It can be used to understand how humans view the salience of different ideas and how understanding of these ideas may change over time.

the uncertainty reduction afforded by sampling through action

constant2019-regimes-expectations-social-conformity

From the point of view of active inference, one can distinguish two aspects of attention: namely, salience and precision ( Parr and Friston, 2017 ). In the setting of policy selection, salience refers to the epistemic value or affordance of an action; i.e., the uncertainty reduction afforded by performing an action that may not have immediate pragmatic value, such as flipping a light switch to ill

agenda prominence produced by repetition and newsworthiness

kereselidze2016-pandemic-media-attention-risk-perception

Apart from the content, the magnitude of attention, an issue arouses in influenced by the frequency with which this issue is communicated and repeated in different media sources. A time-series analysis of 36 telephone surveys in the UK revealed that the level of worry of contracting swine-flu (which was quite low (9.6% to 32.9%)) was associated with the volume of media messages during the first su

an attentional spotlight that increases a dimension's decision weight

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

Thus, even if people have a strong preference for not sharing inaccurate content (i.e., β F is as large, or larger than, other β values), how accurate content is may still have little impact on what people decide to share if the context focuses their limited attention on other dimensions . The accuracy-based account of misinformation sharing, then, is the hypothesis that β F is not smaller than th

cultural moderation of the predictive weight of person and situation

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

This study lacked individual-level measures of S, but where these are also included we may anticipate that a variety of cross-level moderation effects will emerge. So, culture, however operationalized, might interact with P, with S, with P.S, or with any combination of factors to influence individual behavior, B. These cross-level moderations are referred to by Bond and van de Vijver (2011) as “cu

intensified awareness of unusual bodily sensations

milliere2018-psychedelics-meditation-self-consciousness

Although we have specifically focused on disruptions of self-consciousness in this paper, it is important to underline that both meditation and psychedelics can not only inhibit various aspects of self-experience, but may also increase their salience in other cases.

intensified response when visual and auditory trigger cues coincide

schroder2020-misophonia-phenomenology-large-sample

Visual triggers were often reported, e.g., repetitive movements (68%). We found visual triggers were often directly associated with auditory triggers (e.g., grinding teeth) in clinical interviews. When visual triggers were reported, they occurred secondary to auditory triggers and had less impact than the auditory triggers. When visual and auditory stimuli occurred simultaneously (e.g., hearing an

local relevance conferred by a state's first confirmed case

bento2020-information-seeking-local-covid-news

There was no observable trend in the search behavior in the days leading up to the announcements, suggesting the first “local” case indeed heightened the collective attention to the pandemic.

making a healthy option conspicuous through position, visibility, or signage

bucher2020-nudges-real-life-food-purchasing

So far, numerous nudging studies have been performed describing a wide range of interventions, for example placing healthier foods at convenient and visible locations in supermarkets (e.g., position nudge) or making healthy foods salient through the use of signage (e.g., information nudge). To establish more conceptual clarity regarding nudging interventions and to facilitate evidence synthesis, t

making vaccination top of mind

milkman2021-behavioural-nudges-covid-vaccinations

In both RCTs, we randomized whether participants received text-message-based reminders or not. All reminders shared two elements that were intended to address two barriers to action. First, all reminders made vaccination top of mind to curb forgetfulness and prompt people to adopt the target behaviour 8, 22 . Second, all reminders sought to reduce inconvenience as a potential source of friction 22

not defined in this paper's own words; model-weighted image region highlighted to a clinician

fritts2022-doctors-ai-human-responsibility-artificial-risks

To tackle the problems of understanding what happens inside the black box of an ML system, a new subfield of AI, called XAI (eXplainable Artificial Intelligence, Gunning et al., 2019 ), has recently emerged. The basic idea is to enhance an existing ML system so that its output is accompanied by an “explanation” of the results. Such explanation is for the humans using the ML system, and it is meant

novelty or disposition-relative prominence that captures selective attention

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

Human attention is selective. In rich informational environments, attention will be drawn by the salient features of that environment, either as a function of the intrinsic qualities of that feature (for example, novelty), or as a function of the subject’s dispositions and attitudes (Taylor and Fiske 1978 , 253). As such, Vosoughi, Roy, and Aral hypothesize that misinformation is the salient infor

perceptual prominence created jointly by rhyme position and verse layout

fechino2020-jakobson-levi-strauss-neurocognitive-poetics

The eye movement patterns observed in the present study are also in line with the assumed role of top-down expectation effects [40] [52] . According to these authors, expectations as a consequence of the initial decision about a reading strategy influence the allocation of attention to different elements of the text. Moreover, depending on the visual presentation, features of the text are more or

prolonged fixation used to index perceptual importance within the installation

trondle2018-installation-art-aesthetic-experience

Due to lack of previous study and specific hypotheses, we were primarily interested in assessing general areas of attention (by placing attention on eye fixations), and considering whether viewers appreciated the installed elements as stand-alone artworks or as components that interact with the ambient environment. This latter approach was hypothesized to be an important aspect of installation art

prominence of non-basic appreciation emotions across existing aesthetic measures

menninghaus2017-measuring-aesthetic-emotions

Some emotions that typically are not considered in lists of general or basic emotions are highly salient in Table 1 . Several measures include emotions like being moved or being touched, fascination, captivation, awe, feelings of transcendence, wonder, and admiration. In the emotion literature, emotions like these (and also inspiration) have been characterized as appreciation [ 8 , 110 , 111 ], ot

social relevance that gives words interpersonal meaning

dove2022-social-semantics-abstract-concepts

Socialness gives words salience and gives meaning to the interactions and events that make up sources like Pride and Prejudice , and that occur in the personal and interpersonal complexities of our everyday lives.

societal-scale visibility among the most popular cultural items

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

Generally, we analyze groups of the most popular items, because we aim to observe topics that reach societal-scale awareness and avoid small and heterogeneous subgroups.

structural coreness that makes words frequent, early, concrete, and easily retrieved

stella2018-multiplex-mental-lexicon-learning

Next, we explore the impact of the presence of the LVC on cognitive aspects of language such as word processing. Our aim is to explore if words belonging to the empirical LVC (LVC-in) are processed differently than those words not in the LVC (LVC-out), more from a language use perspective rather than a developmental one (which was analysed with the previous null models). Hence, we turn to large-sc

the political or experiential prominence that changes perceived vaccine risk

baumgaertner2018-ideology-trust-vaccination

For example, there is a growing parental and public interest in natural products and even some have taken up the mantel to “green our vaccines” due to public fears of the relationship between MMR vaccine and autism (a relationship for which no credible empirical evidence has been found [ 11 ]). When vaccinations concern children, as in the case of MMR, parents lack control over the outcome of vacc

visibility of the mapping between body movement and spatial information

desutter2017-embodied-spatial-thinking-stem

High-fidelity actions present the dual benefit of permitting the learner to perform an action that would otherwise be simulated mentally and increasing the salience of the relationship between the embodied action and the spatial entities represented.

Bayesian judgment learned from experience

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

There are two research paradigms for studying Bayesian inference, the probability learning paradigm and the text problem paradigm.

context-sensitive statistical explanation of individual behavior

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

Context is thus defined as the normative structure for the group in which the individual is embedded and is acting in conjunction with other members of that group. Using these norms rather than the individual’s personal norms can yield better prediction of certain outcomes ( Wan et al., 2007b ). Using a person–context interaction to model behavior, we can deploy constructs and their associated mea

exogenous variation in friends' expression estimated from their rainfall

coviello2014-emotional-contagion-social-networks

Notice that we can use equation (2) to estimate the social contagion effect γ that appears in equation (1) . However, y gt and Y gt are still endogenous, so prior to estimation we use an instrument X gt , the aggregated rainfall of the friends of the people in subpopulation g , to predict exogenous variation in the friends' emotional expression Y gt : (3)

Bayesian categorization generated from a participant group's estimated prior

jacoby2024-cross-cultural-rhythm-priors-music-representation

To test whether the rhythm ‘categories’ (modes) in the measured priors could predict perceptual categorization, we simulated categorization judgements with a Bayesian model based on a Gaussian mixture model fit to the estimated priors from each group (in which each mixture component corresponds to a rhythm category). We then compared the results to previously published categorization judgements by

a democratic capacity eroded by epistemic distraction

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

Persuasive design creates different types of distractions. The first ones are functional, meaning we are directed away “from information and actions relevant to our immediate tasks and goals” (Williams 2018 , 50). This is the most common type of distraction and it happens, for example, when we interrupt our work flow in order to check email or other notifications. The second type of distractions a

a model-dependent group-reference estimate rather than an objectively measurable individual property

chen2020-predictably-unequal-algorithmic-clinical-prediction

Machine learning and statistical algorithms make predictions on individuals using mathematical models that are not explicitly programmed, but rather are developed using statistical rules that associate variables (or features) with outcomes (or labels) within a training data set. Machine learning is thus a form of “reference class forecasting” 9 whereby an individual’s risk of a given outcome is es

a sub-personal probabilistic density distribution across time

fabry2019-mind-wandering-reader-predictive-enculturation

Both “prediction” and “inference” refer to sub-personal probabilistic density distributions across time, rather than to cognitive processes ascribed to readers as a whole.

a testable expectation that an integrated course will change literacy and myth belief

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

A second limitation stems from using an educational psychology course that was conventional in content and structure. The disadvantage of using such a course is that it does not fully exploit the expanded model of educational neuroscience and teacher training shown in Fig 1C . This model proposes that educational psychology is critical for bridging between the lower-level constructs of neuroscienc

a time-lagged statistical relation in which earlier Facebook use estimates later affect while controlling prior affect

kross2013-facebook-wellbeing

We examined the relationship between Facebook use and affect using multilevel analyses to account for the nested data structure. Specifically, we examined whether T 2 affect (i.e., How do you feel right now? ) was predicted by T 1–2 Facebook use (i.e., How much have you used Facebook since the last time we asked? ), controlling for T 1 affect at level-1 of the model (between-day lags were excluded

an error between probabilistic expectation and uncertainty-resolving news

mellers2016-savouring-prediction-error-choice

In this framework, we hypothesize that the level of anticipation can be boosted by the (temporal difference) prediction errors caused by predictive cues that resolve reward uncertainty. Pigeons’ vigorous pecking following those cues is a sign of the boost. That is, the definitive reward cue following a partial target evokes a positive (temporal difference) prediction error – the difference between

an experimentally testable expectation about processing time under verse and prose layouts

fechino2020-jakobson-levi-strauss-neurocognitive-poetics

Visual Presentation processing of verse vs. prose: Inspired by an idea on poetry production proposed by Fabb [7] , we hypothesize that in poetry reception as well verse is translated in the brain into a sort of prose variant to facilitate comprehension of the ‘crazy syntax’ and obscure semantics of poetry. While this ‘translation’ process may take time, given that in ordinary language processing t

an output that should be independent of protected group membership

cirillo2021-bias-big-data-ai-open-science

To increase algorithmic fairness, protected attributes, such as gender or ethnicity, can be included during training in order to ensure that algorithmic predictions are statistically independent from these attributes. 34 Alternatively, loss functions can be defined per protected group, and may be forced to remain below a certain level for all defined groups, so that no single group is systematical

anticipating how another person will feel

norenzayan2012-mentalizing-deficits-belief-personal-god

We measured mentalizing with the short self-report version of the Empathy Quotient [28] (22 items, α = .88, M = 23.06, SD = 7.75), which assesses the ability to identify the mental states of others and to react appropriately to them (sample items: “I often find it difficult to judge if someone is rude or polite” (reverse scored). “I am good at predicting how someone will feel.”). We measured syste

classification of future community polarization from early comments

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

Now we want to characterize how the content attract users,—i.e. how users’ polarization evolves comment after comment. We consider random samples of 400 users who left at least 100 comments, and we compute the mobility of a user across different contents along time. On both Facebook and YouTube, we observe that some users interact with a specific kind of content, whereas others start their comment

commercial anticipation and influence of future user behavior

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

Modern online environments are replete with smart, persuasive choice architectures that are designed primarily to maximize financial return for the platforms, capture and sustain users’ attention, monetize user data, and predict and influence future behavior ( Zuboff, 2019 ). For example, Facebook’s business model relies on exploiting user data to the benefit of advertisers; the goal is to maximiz

culturally learned expectation about upcoming musical events

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

Research from cross-cultural studies suggest that familiarity and enculturation with a particular musical style shapes expectancy processes ( Curtis and Bharucha, 2009 ; for a review on cross-cultural music perception and cognition see: Stevens, 2012 ).

feedback that increases sensitivity to an expected external input

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

The excitatory and inhibitory feed-back connections in the segment/dot system serve a predictive function: they temporarily increase/decrease the sensitivity to similar/opposed stimuli, allowing weaker inputs (with a value of 1) to be detected as segments and dots if the weaker external input is in accordance with the feed-back from within the complex.

inference about future action consequences under a policy

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

(ii) Action planning problem: All the brain can work with are the sensory inputs it receives. If we are to engage adaptive action, we must not only infer the causes of our sensations (i.e., forming a sufficiently veridical perception – or conception – of the world in which we currently find ourselves), but we must also predict the consequences of engaging in this or that action in the future. In t

information processing that supports indirect paths beyond immediate local improvement

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

The degree of intelligence, or sophistication, of an agent in any space is roughly proportional to its ability to deploy memory and prediction (information processing) in order to avoid local maxima. Intelligence involves being able to temporarily move away from a simple vector toward one’s goals in a way that results in bigger improvements down the line; the agent’s internal complexity has to fac

pattern-based judgment over situations represented in training data

de-cremer2023-ai-tools-organizational-ethics

Even so, at first glance, these systems at least appear to be intelligent, in certain important ways. ML models can spot patterns in large and highly-dimensioned datasets that no human could reasonably parse, and base their predictions on complex patterns that would have been otherwise invisible to humans (cf. Burrell, 2016 ; Joque, 2022 ). Indeed, if humans were asked to parse comparably large am

probabilistic decision support requiring contextual and moral interpretation

lysaght2019-ai-assisted-decision-making-healthcare

Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in healthcare. AI software platforms are currently being developed or implemented for use in many targeted healthcare applications, including (but not limited to) medical diagnostics, patient monitoring, and learning healthcare systems. This domain focuses on AI algorithms and software being developed to support clinical decisi

the preregistered expectation that non-conscious framing would lower acceptance

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

Contrary to prediction, we found no evidence that highlighting the non-conscious processes by which nudge interventions may work decreases their acceptability.

top-down modulation of multisensory processing

milliere2018-psychedelics-meditation-self-consciousness

Given that a number of intracranial EEG and MEG studies have suggested that beta oscillations encode top-down modulations of predictions (Bauer et al., 2014 ; Michalareas et al., 2016 ; Sedley et al., 2016 ), it is intriguing to speculate that decreased beta power in the TPJ may relate to weakened top-down constraint on multisensory processing underlying self-location.

uncertain early projection of pandemic course before sufficient facts exist

kereselidze2016-pandemic-media-attention-risk-perception

The observed divergence of media attention and disease epidemiology poses a challenge for countries in such an epidemic situation. Firstly, it is very unlikely, that sufficient information about a new virus or an unusual strain of a virus, its potential spread and the disease’s severity is known early in a pandemic. At this stage generally only likely projections can be made about the course of th

not defined in this paper's own words; an individual's authority over mental states and interventions

ienca2021-on-neurorights

As we have seen earlier, cognitive liberty was a precursor to the neuro-rights debate. Albeit there are differences in its formulation, there is a general consensus in the literature that cognitive liberty entails a person’s autonomous, unhindered control over their mind. This is well-captured by Bublitz’s (2013) use of cognitive liberty as a synonym for “mental self-determination.” According to B

learned motor action over a responsive visualization

desutter2017-embodied-spatial-thinking-stem

The face-tracking technology at the center of this embodied interface was embedded into the design so that learners could progress from having a notional idea of the spatial operation of changing perspective to having direct experience of moving between multiple structural diagrams.

not defined in this paper's own words; authorship and governance of action

bertolini2022-robots-ai-legal-subjects

In this sense, one’s action may be a candidate for moral evaluation, only if she i) could exercise control over her actions and dispositions, and ii) was aware of what she was bringing about. These are generally referred to as the control and the epistemic conditions ( Eshleman, 2016 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; comparison condition without lottery incentive

vlaev2019-financial-incentives-health-behavior

Patel et al. [ 46 ] tested the effect of different types of lottery-based financial incentives in increasing physical activity among University of Pennsylvania Employees with body mass index ≥27. All participants used smartphones to track their steps per day and received daily feedback on performance for 26 weeks (financial incentive for 13 weeks and then were follow up for 13 weeks without incent

context-sensitive selection and retrieval of social meaning

dove2022-social-semantics-abstract-concepts

This might be reflected in differential engagement of regions associated with controlled semantic selection and retrieval, such as the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; see [ 118 – 120 ] for related discussions).

preservation of a real museum encounter while testing equipment and order effects

trondle2018-installation-art-aesthetic-experience

Installation art also of course raises empirical issues relating to setting. Unlike many other art examples, installations require a site-specific viewing. This is in contrast to most empirical assessments which typically move the viewer to a laboratory and a computer screen for purposes of control and experimental focus ( Cela-Conde et al., 2011 ; Pelowski et al., 2017a ). However, this itself mi

the intervention level ranging from physical rewiring through reward to rational persuasion

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

The axis of persuadability. A proposed way to visualize a continuum of agency, which frames the problem in a way that is testable and drives empirical progress, is via an “axis of persuadability”: to what level of control (ranging from brute force micromanagement to persuasion by rational argument) is any given system amenable, given the sophistication of its cognitive apparatus? Here are shown on

governance mechanisms protecting patients and groups while preserving public benefit

lysaght2019-ai-assisted-decision-making-healthcare

Our analysis suggests it is important that developers and implementers of AI-assisted CDSS put in place control mechanisms to protect individuals and groups from harms arising through the tools. At the same time, these controls must not be so restrictive as to prevent the public benefits they can also deliver for health systems. For the purposes of this domain, ‘developers’ are the organisations a

behavioral regulation through self-regulatory processes

cane2012-theoretical-domains-behaviour-change

The study findings pointed to some changes in the framework, which had good face validity. First, there was a separation and clarification of a number of existing domains. The separation of ‘Motivation and Goals’ into two domains of ‘Intentions’ and ‘Goals’ was indicated by both the closed and open sort task results and was particularly apparent in the labels provided by the participants, with lab

competition over a finite shared informational resource

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

The model is based on Lotka–Volterra dynamics for species (topics) competing for a common resource (attention) 25 , 26 .

cross-site procedural standardization and explicit tests of alternative explanations

jacoby2024-cross-cultural-rhythm-priors-music-representation

Testing stations were created by local research team members according to a set of specifications (see the OSF repository) or created according to the same specifications by N.J. and sent to teams in different locations. A written procedure describing the process of hardware preparation, software installation, task instruction and participant training was delivered to each group (see the OSF repos

experimental equalization of reward probability while cue informativeness changes

mellers2016-savouring-prediction-error-choice

Subjects experienced blocks of trials with fixed delays (2.5 s, 7.5 s, 20 s and 40 s), where the blocks were indicated by target colors. We set the chance of reward to p B =0.5, consistent with the macaque experiments ( Bromberg-Martin and Hikosaka, 2009 ; 2011 ). Subjects were not told the exact reward probabilities, merely that rewards would be ‘random’.

experimental isolation of metacognition from prior knowledge, performance, and motivation

rollwage2018-metacognitive-failure-radical-beliefs

Our use of a simple perceptual decision task enables us to rule out effects of previous knowledge, task performance, and motivational factors underpinning differences in metacognition.

fixed effects and announcement-timing adjustments that isolate an event response

bento2020-information-seeking-local-covid-news

where Announcement i , k is an indicator variable set to 1 if the first case of state i was announced k days ago. The reference category was 1 d prior to the first case announcement, and we created single indicators Announcement i , 31 , for any k ≥ 30 , and Announcement i , − 41 , for any k ≤ − 40 . We controlled for state fixed effects to allow for time-invariant differences in search patterns b

individuals retaining authority and anonymity over locally trained data

cirillo2021-bias-big-data-ai-open-science

One example of such a framework is the federated learning systems, which enable the training of AI algorithms at a local level, allowing individuals to maintain control and anonymity of their data. 56

steering behavior while preserving the availability of alternatives

bucher2020-nudges-real-life-food-purchasing

Nudging has been proposed as a promising environmental intervention strategy for modifying food choices. The term ‘nudge’ was originally coined by Thaler and Sunstein in 2008 and defined as: ‘ Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way, without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives’ (p.6 ) [ 8 ]. Nudging became pop

A third block’s (many-standards control block) stimuli consisted of 10 equiprobable drifting gratings of different motion directions (same structure and stimuli as the initial tuning curve session); stimuli presented in this third condition served as controls that do not elicit adaptation effects of the standard condition or surprise effects like the deviant condition.

Zhou2020-stimulus-specific-regulation-of-visual-oddba

Control, which includes ability to trust the staff, their abilities, and competence, as well as to feel like that the staff are in control and supportive and that they are looking after the patient

larsson2023-feeling-safe-perioperatively

a known word embedded to detect unreliable norming responses

lynott2019-lancaster-sensorimotor-norms

In addition, five controls words were randomly interspersed throughout the item list in order to provide a means to evaluate participant performance as part of our data quality checks (see the Data Quality and Exclusions section). We selected control words using the same criteria as for calibrator words. For perceptual strength norming, the control words were grass , honey , laughing , noisy , and

a standardized review protocol for deciding which claims and studies count as neuromyth evidence

ruiz-martin2021-persistence-neuromyths-education

Future research is needed to define rigorous guidelines to identify a new neuromyth or debunk another.

a user's capacity to configure proximate digital environments

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

The design of choice architectures that make online environments open to adversarial manipulation of user behavior can also be used by people to foster self-control and motivation. Online environments permit—although rarely encourage—a relatively high level of control over one’s choice architecture, such as setting one’s own defaults, adjusting notifications, installing ad blockers, and organizing

an agent-environment loop stabilized by learned social regularities

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

Deontic action is explained in terms of the circular causality between outsourcing decision-making to trusted others in the form of deontic cues (material or agential) – indicating the locally adaptive action – and learning the underlying cue-policy mappings. The “closed” control loop, then, comprises the enculturated agent and regularities in her (social) environment. In effect, deontic cues are

an experimental baseline role assigned to reading

fabry2019-mind-wandering-reader-predictive-enculturation

In line with this more dynamical perspective on mind-wandering, we suggest that reading, a cultural practice that comes in a variety of modes, should not be used unproblematically as a control task in experiments on mind-wandering.

an unprompted comparison condition in which accuracy is not made salient

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

These competing accounts can be disambiguated using experiments that prime the concept of accuracy. The results of a series of such experiments support the inattention account. For example, if participants are asked to rate the accuracy of a single politically neutral news headline at the outset of a survey experiment (an “Evaluation” accuracy prompt treatment, sometimes introduced to participants

author-retained authority over reuse under open copyright licences

munafò2016-open-science-researchers-succeed

Through open licensing, researchers thus retain control over how their work is read, shared, and used by others.

authority over one's body and care rather than merely selecting an offered option

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

Control, and how it is linked to choice, is a topic widely covered in reproductive and maternal health research. Women frequently discuss their maternity experiences in terms of control, whether it be losing it, maintaining it or reclaiming it. We chose to shift the perspective to bodily autonomy and integrity because ‘control’ is not always explicitly stated by participants, and experiences often

both imposed mobility restriction and perceived capacity to manage one's life

su2020-covid-lockdown-weibo-twitter-psycholinguistic

Study findings have implications for decision-makers, public health authorities, and practitioners. First, considering the efforts of adjusting to the changing environment in both Wuhan and Lombardy after the lockdown, decision-makers should ensure the supply chain functions as usual to ensure people’s confidence in having the control of their lives. Besides, public health authorities and practiti

collectively regained influence over diet and health choices

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

Medical sociology contributes important analyses of the relationships between notions of structure and agency as they pertain to illness and health. Complicating structural vulnerability’s contention that structure constrains agency, sociologists study ways in which persons navigate resource-poor environments by making volitional choices that impact morbidities and mortalities. Bourdieu’s (1977) n

control involves primary and secondary forms of control dealing with selection and compensation of factors and resources used to facilitate resilience and positive youth development

lee2012-resilience-youth-development

design restrictions that separate recruitment-platform effects from respondent quality and demographics

bosch2019-online-panels-social-science-research

For each measure of data quality that follows, we compared the responses from MTurk participants who passed the initial screener, Prime Panels participants who passed the screener, and Prime Panels participants who failed the screener. Although we originally planned to analyze the data from all MTurk participants, we realized after collecting the data that retaining only those who passed the scree

explicit protected-group encoding or stratification used to repair subgroup validity

chen2020-predictably-unequal-algorithmic-clinical-prediction

With the exception of label bias, which can be difficult to diagnose with the data because the outcome itself has a different meaning across groups (and thus recognition of label bias requires external knowledge about how the data are ascertained), the above subgroup validity issues can generally be diagnosed by examining model performance separately in each of the groups (Fig. 3a ). When a model

fixed effects, exclusion restrictions, placebos, and topic adjustments used for causal identification

coviello2014-emotional-contagion-social-networks

To evaluate the robustness of our method for estimating emotional contagion, we created a “placebo” test of the effect of future weather and resulting emotional expression on today's emotional expression by friends. In Text S1 , we show that none of our four models generates a significant estimate for contagion that travels backwards in time. In future work, it may be helpful to have greater resol

institutional steering without coercion or education

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

A nudge is introduced to change people’s behavior in the desired direction, without incentives, coercion, or education.

methodological isolation of an educational intervention rather than regulation of neural activity

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

We propose addressing this problem by recursing: by bridging between cognitive psychology and education via the intermediate discipline of educational psychology; see Fig 1C . Educational psychology shares with education a focus on the efficacy of different instructional interventions and a commitment to implementing studies in realistic classroom settings. It shares with cognitive psychology a fo

not defined in this paper's own words; user ability to inspect and modify an open system

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

The companions we propose could offer not only more effective ways of accessing information, but they could also function as guides that caution users of the dangers encountered, be they security, privacy or attentional threats. A benefit of using AI companions to navigate the Internet would be the potential to protect or even enhance users’ autonomy, which is threatened by the power and informati

null-model preservation or destruction of network structure and labels

stella2018-multiplex-mental-lexicon-learning

In order to further test correlations between network structure and word labels, we also consider a full reshuffling null model (see SI Sect. 4), in which word labels are reshuffled independently on every layer and thus word identification across layers is not preserved. Hence, full reshuffling destroys inter-layer correlations but preserves network topology. Fully reshuffled multiplex networks di

organism-level coordination with an environmental gradient

baggs2020-ecological-psychology-enactivism-action

Bacterial behavior in relation to the chemical environment is an example of perceiving, and mechanisms or processes in this single-cell case may help to elucidate general principles of perception that pertain to all perceiving organisms (Pittenger and Dent, 1988 ). The basic ecological idea is that organisms attune to arrays structured by the environment in order to keep contact with the layout of

policy intrusion ranging from education to taxation

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

Overall, acceptability was lowest for the intervention involving a high-level of intrusion, i.e. Taxation, and highest for the intervention presenting a low level of intrusion, i.e. Education.

public-health containment, treatment, mitigation, and vaccination measures

kereselidze2016-pandemic-media-attention-risk-perception

Initially DE, DK, ES and UK applied a containment strategy. Measures were focused on limiting transmission of the virus or delaying the spread in order to gain time to apply effective response measures. This strategy included laboratory confirmation of suspected cases, contact tracing and isolation of cases [ 27 – 30 ]. Further, all included countries recommended antiviral therapy within 48 hours

ritual practice that builds and sustains social hierarchy

jackson2021-text-thought-language-psychological-science

According to the social-control hypothesis, ritual human sacrifice was used as a tool to help build and maintain social inequalities by demonstrating the power of leaders and instilling fear among subjugates.

statistical adjustment separating the proposed pathway from demographic and cultural alternatives

norenzayan2012-mentalizing-deficits-belief-personal-god

Our findings should be interpreted with some caution; although the results held controlling for several key socio-demographic characteristics, further research conducted in other cultural contexts should assess generalizability of findings [33] .

technological manipulation of behavior whose specificity is historically and conceptually disputed

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

Delgado and Valenstein both did their research in the Cold War period when scenarios like brain control apparently seemed very realistic, to which the former contributed himself with his vision of the psychocivilized society, but which the latter described as unlikely. 9 The idea that human thought and behavior must be controlled to prevent disaster seems to have been particularly prevalent then,

the capacity to regulate nostalgia and thereby alter its adaptive consequences

menninghaus2017-measuring-aesthetic-emotions

Nevertheless, nostalgia is a mixed emotion that can have negative consequences when people do not have sufficient control over their nostalgia or longing [ 130 , 131 ]. In our study, nostalgia items tended to cross-load on the sadness factor (F7_6; but note that these loadings were not significant at p < .05), which underscores this mixed emotional nature rather than a purely relaxing nature of no

the chance of a shareholder's interest prevailing in a firm's business strategy

vitali2011-network-global-corporate-control

Each shareholder has the right to a fraction of the firm revenue (dividend) and to a voice in the decision making process (e.g., voting rights at the shareholder meetings). Thus the larger the ownership share in a firm, the larger is the associated control over it, denoted as . Intuitively, control corresponds to the chances of seeing one's own interest prevailing in the business strategy of the f

the subjectively diminished capacity to cope with a trigger response

schroder2020-misophonia-phenomenology-large-sample

A perceived loss of control was seen in 81% of the subjects and 90% reported severe to extreme powerlessness.

visually and causally attributed command over an autonomous vehicle

frank2019-human-biases-autonomous-vehicle-moral-dilemmas

Study 5 tests another alternative explanation for people’s moral decisions, specifically whether the prevalent decision to sacrifice the passenger is caused by the inference of passenger agency. The concept of agency refers to humans’ capacity to change their immediate environment, shape the course of their lives, and control their actions 33 . In this and other research on the moral dilemmas of a

the ability to “bounce back” and thrive in the face of adversity

yan2022-resilience-stroke-patients

the ability to adapt to difficult situations and obstacles

aryuwat2022-resilience-nursing-students-review

the ability, outcome, or dynamic process of overcoming adversity adaptively

wang2022-suicide-resilience

Windle's definition, as the paper quotes it: “the process of negotiating, managing and adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma”

mckenna2022-resilience-family-caregivers

To further apprise the debate encircling resilience, Windle 29 conducted an extensive review of over 270 resilience‐related studies, generating the following definition: ‘Resilience is the process of negotiating, managing and adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and “bounc

`the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant sources of stress` - quoted and then set aside as not reflecting the complexity

southwick2014-resilience-definitions-theory-and

The American Psychological Association ( 2014 ) defines resilience as “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant sources of stress (para. 4).” While this definition is useful, it does not reflect the complex nature of resilience

not defined in this paper's own words; the paper surveys how the studies framed it - trait, process or trajectory - rather than adopting one

hannon2022-perinatal-resilience-concept

A review of the theoretical discussion and operationalisations of resilience in the perinatal and early motherhood literature demonstrates that, overall, resilience was conceptualised in three ways: as a trait, which in some cases was simultaneously considered a protective factor; a process evidenced in mental health or well-being outcomes; and/or a trajectory exemplified by temporal patterns of l

the ability to bounce back from setbacks and adapt to new circumstances

zhang2023-teacher-resilience-framework

resilience can be defined as the process of effectively mobilizing internal and external resources in adapting to or managing significant sources of stress or trauma

lee2012-resilience-youth-development

the American Psychological Association's broad definition, as the paper quotes it: “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity”

lee2012-resilience-youth-development

The American Psychological Association also uses a broad definition: “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or even significant sources of stress—such as family and relationship problems, serious health problems, or workplace and financial stressors. It means “bouncing back” from difficult experiences” [ 15 ].

the capacity to endure and overcome challenges

pereira2024-positive-nursing-practice-environment

a continuum that fluctuates across domains and the life course, for modern resilience researchers

mckenna2022-resilience-family-caregivers

In actuality, modern resilience researchers argue that resilience is likely to exist on a continuum that fluctuates across different domains and the life course. 29

the capacity to flexibly respond and adapt when faced with adversity

jeong2025-vicarious-resilience-nurses

THE CATEGORY QUESTION, ORTHOGONAL TO WHOSE DEFINITION YOU TAKE: the paper says a definer must first specify whether the word names A TRAIT, A PROCESS, OR AN OUTCOME. This record already carries four disciplinary definitions (Bonanno, Yehuda, Masten, Panter-Brick); this axis cuts ACROSS all four, because two people can pick the same definition and still disagree about what KIND of thing it names. The paper also names the failure that follows - treating it as present or absent.

southwick2014-resilience-definitions-theory-and

In defining resilience, it is important to specify whether resilience is being viewed as a trait, a process, or an outcome, and it is often tempting to take a binary approach in considering whether resilience is present or absent.

THE LEVEL-OF-ANALYSIS AXIS, AGREED BY THE PANEL RATHER THAN DISPUTED: the term `may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures`. A SECOND ORTHOGONAL AXIS - a trait-reading at the individual level and a process-reading at the societal level are two independent choices, so the four named definitions do not exhaust the space they sit in. Note this one is CONSENSUS, not disagreement: the panel agrees the term is level-relative.

southwick2014-resilience-definitions-theory-and

The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures.

THREE TYPES IN ONE PARAGRAPH: `individual resilience is both a personality trait and a capacity that can be developed`, and `recent evidence suggests that resilience might be better conceptualized as a developmental process`

trenerry2021-preparing-workplaces-for-digital-t

Although individual resilience is both a personality trait and a capacity that can be developed, recent evidence suggests that resilience might be better conceptualized as a developmental process ( Hartmann et al., 2020 ). This is because resilience may present differently across various work-life domains ( Harms et al., 2017 ) and is influenced by resilience mechanisms (e.g., coping strategies) a

The total score ranges from zero to forty, and a higher score indicates greater resilience to adverse events.

hou2020-gender-differences-of-depression-and-anxiety-among

We believe that resilience is the ability to maintain one’s orientation towards existential purposes despite enduring adversities and stressful events.

sisto2019-towards-a-transversal-definition-of-psychological-resilience

a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, trait, process or a hybrid of the two

mckenna2022-resilience-family-caregivers

This emphasizes the fact that resilience is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that merits further clarification within the caregiving sphere with respect to whether it is a trait, process or a hybrid of the two.

broadly, the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenge (Masten and colleagues)

lee2012-resilience-youth-development

A broad definition was given by Masten and colleagues [ 8 ] defining resilience as the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances.

caregivers' own conception is broader than the academic one and emphasizes self-compassion

mckenna2022-resilience-family-caregivers

One retained study explored conceptual resilience discrepancies between academic definitions of resilience and caregivers' personal conceptualizations, and found that caregivers extended the concept more broadly and emphasized the role of self‐compassion. 54

denotes caregivers' ability to adapt to the physical and psychological requirements of their role

mckenna2022-resilience-family-caregivers

experiencing significant traumatic events and difficulties and still achieving positive developmental outcomes

shen2024-academic-resilience-nursing-students

for Benson, a shift from identifying an individual's risk factors to identifying their strengths

lee2012-resilience-youth-development

Benson [ 17 ] postulated that the term “resilience” indicates a paradigm shift from the identification of the risk factors of an individual (i.e., a pathological view) to the identification of strengths of an individual.

it is understood as a human potential to be developed during life, considering personal contexts, mechanisms, and abilities learned [ 2 ]

lima2023-resilience-older-people

its dynamic character in advanced age, expressed by more or less adaptive attitudes

lima2023-resilience-older-people

Interestingly, the dynamic character of resilience is expressed by more or less adaptive attitudes facing the complexity of experiences in advanced age [ 9 ].

narrowly, specific development outcomes at specific points in life

lee2012-resilience-youth-development

This finding supports the adoption of a narrow definition of resilience focusing on specific development outcomes at different specific points in life [ 16 ].

not defined in this paper's own words; the contested construct - four author-attributed definitions in this paper, and a colloquial sense running alongside all of them

southwick2014-resilience-definitions-theory-and

We define resilience very simply as a stable trajectory of healthy functioning after a highly adverse event. Our work (e.g., Bonanno, 2004 ; Bonanno, Westphal, & Mancini, 2011 ) has typically focused on acute life events, what we call potentially traumatic events. Over the course of time, often for a number of years, we map out the trajectories of people's responses to those events (e.g., Bonanno,

positioned in statistical models as a modulator of well-being or a binary outcome

mckenna2022-resilience-family-caregivers

Similarly, the lack of a persistent definition of resilience within caregiver health research perpetuates the tendency of scholars to position resilience within statistical models as either a modulator of well‐being or a binary outcome itself that is either present or absent. 27

the ability of a physical and/or sociopolitical system to bounce back to a stable state after a perturbing shock

breslauer2023-stability-political-physical-science

the ability to cope with the challenges, stresses, and adversities in life

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education, van-haeken2020-perinatal-resilience

the ability to successfully overcome challenges and deal with changes, which offer experience and opportunities for learning and growth

moya2022-social-resilience-definition

the capacity of a socio-ecosystem to absorb disturbance and to maintain particular properties such as function, structure, identity, and feedback

destoumieuxgarzon2018-one-health-concept

the capacity to recover from perturbations

lahti2014-tipping-elements-intestinal-ecosystem

the individual capacity to cope with crises, losses or hardships without negative consequences

al-asfoor2024-health-system-resilience

the long-term capacity of a system to deal with change and continue to develop

kais2016-community-capitals-resilience

public use of affect and negative-emotion word categories

su2020-covid-lockdown-weibo-twitter-psycholinguistic

Holmes and colleagues find that higher levels of the use of emotion words indicate more immersion in the negative event [ 40 ]. In the study, we find that a higher degree of immersion [ 22 ] evidenced by the frequent use of emotion words ( negative emotion and affective process words). Therefore, people in Wuhan might get more emotional and are at a deeper level of immersion in negative emotions a

not defined in this paper's own words; affective experience shaped partly by musical expectations

pearce2018-statistical-learning-probabilistic-prediction-music

It is important to note that expectation is not the only psychological mechanism by which music can induce emotions, 6 , 93 and future research should examine the ways in which expectation‐based induction of emotion interacts with other psychological mechanisms, such as imagery, contagion, and episodic memory, to generate complex aesthetic experiences of music.

not defined in this paper's own words; distributed affective response

conway2013-neuroaesthetics-trouble-beauty

Nonetheless, a discovery that every person's experience of beauty (however vaguely defined) correlates with activity within a specific brain region would be surprising, since it would seem more likely that a complex reaction (beautiful!) would hinge not on the absolute level of activity within a single brain center but rather on the pattern of activity across many distributed brain regions—specifi

not defined in this paper's own words; socially salient affect linked to notifications and recognition

williams2020-struggle-human-attention

Likewise, the information received as sensory input in the form of personalized notification [ 65 ] directly impacts the emotional system of the individual, associated with the second and third network of the Attention System theory [ 23 , 25 ], determining the priority of actions [ 65 ]. The emotional intensity of social media notifications [ 86 ] works because it is linked to psychological chara

a felt aesthetically evaluative response rather than content represented by a stimulus

menninghaus2017-measuring-aesthetic-emotions

While the boundaries of the category aesthetic emotions remain fuzzy, scholars largely agree on the prototype for aesthetic emotions. We have identified some of its features that we consider central. First, we label as aesthetic emotions only emotions that recipients actually feel, rather than emotions that are represented, expressed, or alluded to in the respective stimuli (see, e.g., [ 36 , 37 ]

According to the latter classification, main terms defined as follows: (i) “emotion” is a response of the organism to a particular stimulus (person, situation or event).

dzedzickis2020-human-emotion-recognition-review-of-sensors-and

a culturally variable linguistic category with minimal valence and arousal universals

jackson2021-text-thought-language-psychological-science

The variability in emotion meaning that we observed was associated with the geographic proximity of language families, suggesting that the meaning of emotion may be transmitted through historical patterns of contact (e.g., warfare, trade) and common ancestry. We also found that emotions universally clustered together on the basis of their hedonic valence (whether or not they were pleasant to exper

a felt dimension of situated organism-world experience

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

It includes perception, imagination, memory, emotion, and many other aspects of conscious life.

a grounding source for abstract meaning

dove2022-social-semantics-abstract-concepts

Much of this work is inspired by multiple representation views and considers multiple sources of grounding beyond the sensorimotor, including the potential contributions of action, language, interoception, emotion, cognition and other internal states.

abstract meaning strongly grounded by interoception

lynott2019-lancaster-sensorimotor-norms

The above work on perceptual strength concentrated on five common modalities of sensory experience: touch, hearing, smell, taste, and vision. More recently, however, Connell, Lynott, and Banks ( 2018 ) showed that interoception (i.e., sensations inside the body) also plays an important role in semantic representations, and could be a primary grounding mechanism for abstract concepts. As compared t

an outcome constituted within relational and cultural contexts

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

These authors proceed to make their case by examining the research data supporting the importance of variations in relationship type, relational character, and the developmental history of a relationship for their impact on a wide range of psychological outcomes – “prosocial behavior, social influence, person perception, self-concept, self-regulation, and judgments of pain, taste, beauty, and risk

content salience that competes with accuracy for limited decision attention

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

Researchers should explore theoretical issues relating to inattention to accuracy and the efficacy of accuracy prompts. For example, if people are not paying attention to accuracy when making judgments about what to share, what are they paying attention to? It seems likely that the social signaling and feedback mechanisms that are inherent to most social media applications (such as “likes”) reinfo

not defined in this paper's own words; autonomic arousal elicited by culturally learned word forms

stephens2011-swearing-euphemisms-linguistic-relativity

Participants read aloud swear words, euphemisms of the swear words, and neutral stimuli while their autonomic activity was measured by electrodermal activity. The key finding was that autonomic responses to swear words were larger than to euphemisms and neutral stimuli. It is argued that the heightened response to swear words reflects a form of verbal conditioning in which the phonological form of

positive or negative language publicly expressed in social-network posts

coviello2014-emotional-contagion-social-networks

To measure emotional expression, we use “status updates” (also called “posts”) which are undirected text-based messages that a user's social contacts (Facebook friends) may view on their own News Feed.

Compared to the mood which is a conscious state of mind or predominant emotion in a time, the emotion often refers to a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physical and physiological changes that are relevant to the human organs and tissues such as brain, heart, skin, blood flow, muscle, facial expressions, voice, etc.

shu2018-a-review-of-emotion-recognition-using-physiological

a driver of fast deontological moral choice

frank2019-human-biases-autonomous-vehicle-moral-dilemmas

Research on the underlying mechanisms of human moral decision-making in variations of the trolley dilemma shows that two distinct decision-making modes can alter the outcomes of people’s decision processes significantly 16 . Extending on dual-process theory 19 – 22 , Greene et al . find that in a deliberate decision-making mode, people use more cognitive resources and make more utilitarian moral d

a mental state identified and interpreted within the mentalizing capacity

norenzayan2012-mentalizing-deficits-belief-personal-god

Empathy has been used extensively to detect individual differences in adult mentalizing tendencies, including perspective taking, interest in others' beliefs and desires, and understanding emotions.

a plural domain of behavioral influences rather than a single neural response

cane2012-theoretical-domains-behaviour-change

Fifteen of the 19 open sort participants provided labels for the groups they created. The majority of labels were similar to those in the original framework: (number of participants giving that label shown in parenthesis): Knowledge (4), Skills (5), Intentions (7), Goals (6), Emotion (9), Cognitive-related (8), Beliefs (5), Beliefs about Capabilities (7), Outcomes (6), Environment-related (6), Org

a situated, named, and potentially mixed response reported during an immersive art encounter

trondle2018-installation-art-aesthetic-experience

The primary means of assessment involved soliciting participant reports of their felt emotions using a list of terms meant to capture a range of aspects or outcomes. This followed previous work in appraisal theory (e.g., Silvia, 2005a ; Scherer et al., 2006 ) that suggests that specific emotions might be tied to the personal relationship between viewer and art and through mapping their general inc

affective harm or benefit produced by stigmatizing and body-positive content

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

While social media may exacerbate experiences of stigma, it may also serve to provide a space to build solidarity, reduce social isolation, and increase awareness of weight bias. The Body Positivity (BoPo) movement is a prominent social movement to reduce weight bias on social media, which, while largely decentralized, has been heralded by some influential personas ( 59 ). BoPo, which has roots in

an art-specific response that can transform negative content into pleasure

mastandrea2019-art-wellbeing-aesthetic-emotion

On the other hand, various theories of emotion have been influential in describing the paradoxical enjoyment of negative emotions in art ( Juslin, 2013 ; Sachs et al., 2015 ; Menninghaus et al., 2017 ).

an embodied evaluative guide to safety, satisfaction, and care choice

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

Different decision-making strategies intersect over the course of pregnancy, how information is collected and scrutinised and how options are weighed within different boundaries. Feelings of satisfaction, anxiety and safety are used as an inner guide for making a decision, demonstrating the extent to which emotional and bodily well-being are considered when choosing significant care options, such

an unpleasant sensory response that can intensify aesthetic value

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

Indeed, it has been argued that negative emotions can even reinforce the intensity of a positive aesthetic experience ( Zelle, 1985 ; Wald-Fuhrmann, 2011 ; Menninghaus et al., 2017 ).

an unstable psychological category mapped many-to-many onto stimulation sites

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

Notwithstanding the progress in psychology and neuroscience of the last decades, much about the human mind and consciousness remains a riddle. For example, researchers may predict that electrical stimulation in the temporal lobe leads to auditory or visual hallucinations, but not what their precise content will be (Selimbeyoglu and Parvizi, 2010 ). Guillory and Bujarski reviewed the emotional resp

irritation, anger, or disgust elicited by a socially contextualized sensory trigger

schroder2020-misophonia-phenomenology-large-sample

Subjects reported extreme irritation, anger, and disgust as primary emotional responses (see Table 3 ). Aggressive outbursts were seldom reported at psychiatric interviews; verbal aggression was common, but physical aggression was rare. Frequency was not assessed with a questionnaire.

replace the fuzzy concept of ‘affection’ by the more precise term of ‘emotion’ for all its somatic aspects

lopezmunoz2019-alexithymia-concept-history

savouring or dread during the wait for a disclosed outcome

mellers2016-savouring-prediction-error-choice

Thus analysis using our model showed that the values of targets were computed via a competition between savoring and dread ( Figure 4C ). That is, when participants chose 0% info target, they experienced a mixture of the baseline savouring of possible reward and the baseline dread of possible no-reward during the wait period. On the other hand, when they chose the 100% info target, they experience

not defined in this paper's own words; discrimination reproduced from institutional training data

tortora2020-neuroprediction-ai-forensic-psychiatry-criminal-justice

These findings have led to a broader debate about the fairness of risk assessment using A.I. ( Berk et al., 2018 ). Although algorithmic risk assessments can be perceived as a means of overcoming human bias, they could still reflect prejudice and institutionalized bias. A.I. is trained on data – for example, criminal files – that may themselves reflect biases on the part of police officers, prosec

selective reporting by researchers and policy advocates

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

You can call this a bias for people’s biases, or a confirmation bias: presenting studies that appear to demonstrate people’s systematic deviations from rationality but omitting those from researchers who do not find biases or disagree with the yardstick of rationality used in the first place.

not defined in this paper's own words; systematic distortion from linkage error

benchimol2015-record-routinely-collected-health-data

Data describing linkage methods and evaluating their success are critical to permit the reader to assess the impact of any linkage error and related bias [ 51 ]. Specifically, the reader should know whether the type of linkage used was deterministic and/or probabilistic, in order to determine whether linkage could be affected by false matches or missed matches. Deterministic linkage is useful when

not defined in this paper's own words; systematic validation difference

abatzoglou2018-terraclimate-high-resolution-global-dataset

Data from TerraClimate were extracted at grid cells co-located with individual stations. We calculated linear validation statistics of Pearsons’ correlation coefficients, mean absolute error (MAE), and bias for each station. We constrained our validation to calendar year summaries rather than individual months to avoid artificially inflating the correlation by incorporating the seasonal cycle. To

not defined in this paper's own words; technology-specific distortion reduced through method combinations

berg2020-microbiome-definition-re-visited-o

Microbiome research is strongly driven by methodological advances. Despite all progress in this area, there is no perfect and universal method. A toolbox of technologies will reduce bias resulting from each individual technology and result in a more complete view on the biological system as a whole

not defined in this paper's own words; the side preference an inactivation was expected to produce, and did not

Erlich2015-distinct-effects-of-prefrontal-and-parietal

The plotted x-location of the side LED trials are slightly offset for visualization. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05457.021 To summarize, unilateral inactivation of PPC did not reliably bias accumulation trials in three separately tested groups of rats.

preference for information supporting an existing narrative

bakshy2020-selective-exposure-facebook-news-diet

Selective exposure may lead to the emergence of echo chambers [ 19 , 20 ]—i.e. groups of like-minded people cooperating to frame and reinforce a shared narrative—thus facilitating fake news and more generally misinformation cascades [ 21 , 22 ]. This is especially valid when considering the way in which we have shifted from a paradigm where information was supplied by few official news sources med

a mismatch between sample and population distributions

cirillo2021-bias-big-data-ai-open-science

Bias can be defined statistically and socially.

not defined in this paper's own words; systematic error of the fitted time constant, estimated from the surrogates and subtracted

Neophytou2022-differences-in-temporal-processing-speeds-be

Unfortunately, bootstrapping or resampling procedures cannot practically correct for these issues. For example, if there are only a handful of spikes, bootstrap samples may consistently provide very small time constants such that the variance of the estimator is close to zero. However, in this low firing rate regime, the uncertainty of the estimator should be large if we properly accounted for the

discriminatory output and amplification of prior social beliefs

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

Another challenging consequence of algorithmic filtering is algorithmic bias (e.g., Bozdag, 2013 ; Corbett-Davies et al., 2017 ; Fry, 2018 ). Here ethical concerns touch on both the generation of biases in data processing and the societal consequences—such as discrimination—of implementing biased algorithmic decisions ( Mittelstadt et al., 2016 ; Rahwan et al., 2019 ). One particularly disturbing

group-differential model performance arising from design, labels, features, data, or sampling

chen2020-predictably-unequal-algorithmic-clinical-prediction

We use the term algorithmic bias (in distinction to fairness) specifically to refer to these issues related to model design, data and sampling that may disproportionately affect model performance in a certain subgroup.

ideologically selective crediting of information about vaccine risks and benefits

baumgaertner2018-ideology-trust-vaccination

We have additional reasons for expecting support for hypothesis 4, that individuals that are more conservative are less likely to trust government medical experts than less conservative individuals. There is evidence that trust in government medical experts, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, can be affected by ideological triggering. This can happen by signaling group identit

learned replication of social prejudice that produces group harm

lysaght2019-ai-assisted-decision-making-healthcare

Adhering to considerations of justice by recognising that AI-assisted CDSS may replicate social biases and prejudices that can bring about discriminatory harms and ensuring that the benefits and burdens of these systems are distributed equitably across the population, developers must be aware of any existing biases in the training data sets that have been used. Where there are risks of the AI syst

publication selection avoided by including the entire experimental file drawer

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

How robust is this accuracy prompt effect? In a recent meta-analysis, we analyzed every experiment we ran ( k = 20, N = 26,863) with accuracy prompts in U.S. samples between 2017 and 2020 ( Pennycook and Rand 2021c ). Typical meta-analyses have two major drawbacks that this approach overcomes: publication bias and questionable research practices (and, in particular, p-hacking) ( Carter et al. 2019

selective analytic flexibility and outcome reporting constrained by preregistration

munafò2016-open-science-researchers-succeed

Publicly preregistering one’s experimental design and analysis plan in advance of data collection is an effective means of minimizing bias and enhancing credibility (see section "Open questions").

systematic moral-choice variation caused by perspective and processing mode

frank2019-human-biases-autonomous-vehicle-moral-dilemmas

The present research updates the current knowledge on people’s morality in dilemmas faced by autonomous vehicles. The reported studies demonstrate that people’s moral decisions, regardless of the presented dilemma, are biased by their decision-making mode and personal perspective. Under intuitive moral decisions, participants shift more towards a deontological doctrine by sacrificing the passenger

First, let us define bias as the combination of various design, data, analysis, and presentation factors that tend to produce research findings when they should not be produced.

ioannidis2005-false-findings

a cognitive vulnerability deliberately instrumentalized by information curation and design

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

The fact that most information curation services deliver personalized information to each individual user, tailored to suit their pre-existing beliefs and preferences, produces concerns connected to echo chambers. Echo chambers are closed systems of like-minded people that have the effect of amplifying and reinforcing users’ beliefs, while isolating them from opposing views. This happens because i

a context-dependent error rather than a hardwired cognitive defect

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

In the paternalist literature I have not seen discussions of the existing research that concludes that most people have unsystematic, but not systematic biases.

a non-concurrent cohort difference that can mimic an instructional effect

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

That belief in some neuromyths appears to be declining suggests that, over time, carefully communicated neuroscience findings can supersede incorrect beliefs. Indeed, Macdonald et al. [ 35 ] found that younger people believe neuromyths less strongly than older people. Declining belief in neuromyths may also explain the surprising finding that participants in the experimental group believed more ne

a positive shift caused by labeling negative content as art

mastandrea2019-art-wellbeing-aesthetic-emotion

In other words, there might be a general positive bias in the perception of art ( Gerger et al., 2014 ).

a predictable boundary or habit in decision making that choice architecture can recruit

bucher2020-nudges-real-life-food-purchasing

Nudging has been proposed as a promising environmental intervention strategy for modifying food choices. The term ‘nudge’ was originally coined by Thaler and Sunstein in 2008 and defined as: ‘ Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way, without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives’ (p.6 ) [ 8 ]. Nudging became pop

a sociocognitive disposition shaping educators' sincere judgments about contested brain claims

ruiz-martin2021-persistence-neuromyths-education

This work has revealed the urgency of finding new ways to survey teachers about their perceptions, their cognitive bias, and their sincere beliefs.

a statistically significant evaluative association for which group-wide teaching inferiority lacks credible support

fan2019-gender-cultural-bias-student-evaluations

Throughout this paper, and in the title, we have used the term “bias” when describing the statistically significant effect females and non-English speaking teachers. It should be pointed out that one of the limitations of this study is that it is only able to show association, e.g., being female is associated with a lower SET score, we cannot say what really was the cause for a lower score. Howeve

a systematic displacement of reproduced category centres from exact integer ratios

jacoby2024-cross-cultural-rhythm-priors-music-representation

We also found that some of the rhythm categories were systematically biased away from the closest small-integer ratio. Of the 22 analysed small-integer ratios, 9 had corresponding modes (estimated with a Gaussian mixture model) that were slightly but significantly biased away from the integer ratio (Fig. 4b ). These biases were present cross-culturally and were similar to those previously observed

an evaluatively loaded label for a subconsciously driven choice process

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

We did not use the same wording as Felsen et al., in order to avoid the negative connotations of the terms “subconscious” and “ bias ”.

an overall confidence-reporting tendency separable from insight into whether a choice is correct

rollwage2018-metacognitive-failure-radical-beliefs

In particular, one-shot measures of the discrepancy between performance and confidence are unable to disentangle the contributions of confidence bias (changes in an overall belief about performance, which may be affected by optimism [ 8 ] and mood [ 9 ]) from changes in metacognitive sensitivity (an ability to distinguish accurate from inaccurate performance; [ 7 ]).

contamination of demand by contributors' own page requests

wu2015-production-information-attention-economy

Another caveat is that not all requests are generated as a result of demand for information. A number of requests to related articles are likely to be generated by the very creators of new entries; one could hardly create new knowledge about some topic without consulting existing pages about it. This is a source of potential bias for our measure of demand especially in the case of low-traffic topi

distortion of an experimental inference by platform-specific demographic composition

bosch2019-online-panels-social-science-research

As our study illustrated, although demographic representativeness is not important for many studies (Coppock, Leeper, & Mullinix, 2018 ), it matters when samples differ in the characteristics necessary to produce a specific phenomenon. In the with God on Our Side experiment, we observed that thinking about God’s attitudes toward abortion caused Prime Panels participants to become more opposed to a

explicitly NOT chance variability, which produces false findings even under a perfect design

ioannidis2005-false-findings

Bias should not be confused with chance variability that causes some findings to be false by chance even though the study design, data, analysis, and presentation are perfect.

historically embedded discrimination reproduced and amplified through organizational AI

de-cremer2023-ai-tools-organizational-ethics

(a) Scale : Because AI systems are typically trained on large and highly-dimensioned datasets, they have the potential to reflect discriminatory patterns and biases that would have otherwise remained invisible to human eyes (cf. Burrell, 2016 ; O'Neil, 2016 ). And, because AI systems are increasingly being deployed in far-reaching and consequential decision-making contexts, the risks of their deci

inherited gender and racial patterning in language and labels

jackson2021-text-thought-language-psychological-science

NLP techniques also carry the same gender and racial biases as the language- and human-generated labels they are trained upon ( Garg et al., 2018 ; Kiritchenko & Mohammad, 2018 ).

ordinary mind-reading distortions carried into inferences about a deity

norenzayan2012-mentalizing-deficits-belief-personal-god

When adults form inferences about God's mind, they show the same mentalizing biases that are typically found when reasoning about other peoples' minds [16] – [18] .

prejudicial technology output creating discrimination and threatening mental integrity

ienca2021-on-neurorights

Finally, some authors have proposed the recognition of rights that are not directly related to the protection of the mental domain but rather to the promotion of some socio-technical requirements that are instrumentally necessary for the realization of the rights above. Two of these normative ethical corollaries have been proposed: the right to fair access to mental augmentation and the right to p

racial inequality embedded in institutions rather than only in individual belief

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

In 1968, the civil-rights activist Stokely Carmichael famously assailed forms of racial bias embedded, not in actions or beliefs of individuals, but in the functions of social structures and institutions. “I don’t deal with the individual,” he said. “I think it’s a cop out when people talk about the individual.” Instead, speaking to a group of mental-health practitioners, Carmichael protested the

selection and diagnostic confirmation risk in a single specialist clinic

schroder2020-misophonia-phenomenology-large-sample

This is the first large sample study of misophonia subjects in which we not only explored the dynamics of misophonia symptoms, but also examined the impact of symptoms on quality of life. However, this research also has its limitations. First, the Amsterdam UMC is the only center in the Netherlands with a specific treatment for misophonia, which could lead to a selection bias. Furthermore, since n

selective consumption of information adhering to prior beliefs

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

The diffusion of social media caused a shift of paradigm in the creation and consumption of information. We passed from a mediated (e.g., by journalists) to a more disintermediated selection process. Such a disintermediation elicits the tendencies of the users to a) select information adhering to their system of beliefs—i.e., confirmation bias—and b) to form groups of like minded people where they

systematic distortion of a statistic through non-random sampling or an estimator whose expectation differs from the parameter

vicente2020-bias-human-machine-interaction

In statistics, bias refers to the systematic distortion of a statistic. Here we can distinguish a biased sample, which means a sample that is incorrectly assumed to be a random sample of a population, and estimator bias, which results from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter [ 81 ]. Within our scope, bias is closer to the sample bias and estimator bias from

systematic platform and language differences that threaten a cultural comparison

su2020-covid-lockdown-weibo-twitter-psycholinguistic

There are several limitations. First, our samples were from selected active social media users only. The results have a limitation in generalizing to the whole population. Second, language differences exist between Chinese and Italian. While processing Italian text, some inevitable errors may occur because of the apostrophe. Third, we do not have access to the users’ IP, and location authenticatio

the ecological fallacy of transferring group-level relations to individuals

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

Thus, nation-level scores can better be considered as an indicator of an underlying structure that will have been molded over time by multiple factors, and which may entail institutional structures, such as family relations, schooling, work organizations, laws, and languages spoken. They do not necessarily require value consensus. The strongest argument for retaining an interest in nation-level di

weight-based labeling, stereotyping, exclusion, and discrimination

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

Weight stigma, also commonly referred to as “weight bias,” “weight discrimination,” or “weight prejudice” ( 3 ), refers to the labeling, stereotyping, separation, and discrimination of individuals, populations, and organizations on the basis of weight ( 2 ).

a human individual, dynamic characteristic

de-brito-sena2021-spirituality-healthcare-definition

Spirituality is a broad and complex concept which varies its understanding according to different cultural, religious and academic backgrounds

(…) a way of being in the world in which a person feels a sense of connectedness to self, others, and/or a higher power or nature; a sense of meaning in life; and transcendence beyond self, everyday living, and suffering.

tavares2022-spiritual-comfort-support-care

Spirituality is a complex construct that is related to all dimensions of being

alshakhshir2024-spiritual-competence-nursing

Spirituality is a distinctive facet of human experience, varying for each individual

monteiro2025-spiritual-awakening-concept

is inherently personal, subjective, and multifaceted

coelho2025-spiritual-care-competence-palliative

not defined in this paper's own words; the spiritual dimension of a person, attended to as part of care

martins2024-spiritual-distress-hopelessness

In addition, the inclusion of spirituality in clinical practice enhances the quality of life for patients in palliative care [ 37 ].

spirituality refers broadly to personal beliefs, values, and existential meaning-making

teixeira-pinto2026-spiritual-intelligence-concept

artificial intelligence

dang2023-human-centred-ai-mobile-health, zhang2022-metaverse-in-education-definition

Auger-Impact Ionization

yang2017-phonon-upconversion-lead-halide-perovskites

`a highly contested concept`, defined here by contrast (not natural intelligence) and by function (mimicry of tasks that would otherwise need human intelligence), and split into NARROW and GENERAL

ryan2020-in-ai-we-trust-ethics-artificial-i

The definition of AI is a highly contested concept. It often refers to technologies that demonstrate levels of independent intelligence from humans. By its very definition, it is an intelligence that is differentiated from natural intelligence; it is a constructed, artificial, or machine intelligence.

a neutral descriptor of the creator versus a pejorative label

humans-versus-ai-whether-and-why-we-prefer-human

Initial forays into the AI-art interaction seem to suggest that, not only is AI art sufficiently sensorily similar to human-created art that people fail to accurately discern its true creator (human or AI), but also that people tend to derogate AI-created art as compared to human-created art (Chamberlain et al., 2018 ; Gangadharbatla, 2022 ; Mazzone & Elgammal, 2019 ). For example, Chamberlain et

aridity index

hu2021-aridity-biodiversity-soil-multifunctionality, tabari2020-climate-flood-extreme-precipitation

not defined in this paper's own words; pattern-learning system shaped by human data and decisions

de-cremer2023-ai-tools-organizational-ethics

In broad terms, ML models are “trained” by letting them analyze large and highly-dimensioned datasets to identify generalizable patterns—typically either in a “supervised” manner (i.e., with human-labeled examples of correct and incorrect inferences that the model learns to extrapolate patterns from), or in an “unsupervised” manner (i.e., where the model is given some sort of reward/cost function

not defined in this paper's own words; developing PTSD or other symptoms and no longer having them

southwick2014-resilience-definitions-theory-and

began to make a distinction in the non-PTSD group between resistance (e.g., survivors who did not develop psychopathology) and recovery (e.g., survivors who did develop PTSD, or other symptoms, but who no longer had those symptoms). This got me thinking that resistance depicted as never developing symptoms to adversity is not the same thing at all as having symptoms and bouncing back.

a general concept referring to the process of regaining health, well-being, or a lost ability, including the ability to work and perform in society

friedman2021-concept-of-recovery-meanings

a return to pre-disturbance coral cover that need not restore original species composition

bruno2007-regional-decline-coral-cover-indo-pacific

Despite the well-documented effects of several causes of mass coral mortality, there is substantial evidence that coral communities remain resilient, often recovering in ten to thirty years after major disturbances [15] , [47] , [20] , [39] , [59] . However, such “recovery,” loosely defined as a return to pre-disturbance coral cover, often does not mean a return to original coral species compositi

not defined in this paper's own words; the return of cortical sound-evoked activity - which does not restore spike-timing-based hearing

Kumar2023-cell-type-specific-plasticity-of-inhibitory

Robust VIP sound-evoked activity (recovery) after NIHL To test this hypothesis experimentally, we first used in vivo wide-field transcranial imaging of populations of VIPs (Fig.

the outcome that nursing students rebound from adversity, and return to the right track or enter a new balance

shen2024-academic-resilience-nursing-students

information processing between perception and action that supports learning, memory, prediction, generalization, and adaptive action

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

For the purposes of this paper, “cognition” refers not only to complex, self-reflexive advanced cognition or metacognition, but is used in the less conservative sense that recognizes many diverse capacities for learning from experience ( Ginsburg and Jablonka, 2021 ), adaptive responsiveness, self-direction, decision-making in light of preferences, problem-solving, active probing of their environm

not defined in this paper's own words; cognitive outcome reviewed across disability conditions

bull2020-world-health-organization-physical-activity-sedentary-behaviour-guidelines

In people with spinal cord injury, low-certainty and moderate-certainty evidence suggests physical activity reduces shoulder pain and improves vascular function in paralysed limbs. Insufficient evidence was available to determine the relationship between physical activity and comorbid conditions in individuals with intellectual disability or multiple sclerosis. There is high-certainty evidence sho

not defined in this paper's own words; reasoning, planning, or access functions distinguished from raw experience

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

Bernardo Kastrup proposes “analytic idealism” as a model for reality, in which the ground of existence is universal phenomenal consciousness ( Kastrup, 2021 ). Analytic idealism is a metaphysics that postulates consciousness as Nature’s sole fundamental ground and that all natural phenomena are ultimately reducible to universal consciousness. He describes phenomenal consciousness as a raw subjecti

organizing and managing information through perception, attention, representation, memory, reasoning, and action

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

Cognition is hereby understood as the process of organizing and managing information and it includes acquiring (perception), selecting (attention), representing (understanding) and retaining (memory) information and using it to guide behavior (reasoning and coordination of motor outputs) (Bostrom and Sandberg 2009 , 312). Cognitive enhancement thus is the increase or augmentation of the cognitive

skillful know-how exercised in situated embodied action

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

In current enactivist thinking cognition is thus defined as “the exercise of skillful know-how in situated and embodied action” ( Thompson, 2007 , p. 13).

the knowledge and beliefs shared by the public regarding nursing and its associated information

duan2024-public-image-of-nursing

not defined in this paper's own words; entity defined by etiology, course, features, and treatment response

kohler2020-the-human-phenotype-ontology-in-2021

The community uses the word phenotype with multiple meanings. The HPO defines a disease as an entity that has all four of the following attributes: an etiology (whether identified or as yet unknown) a time course a set of phenotypic features if treatments exist, there is a characteristic response to them A phenotype phenotypic feature is a part of a disease. The phenotype of an individual with a d

not defined in this paper's own words; one consequence variants may help explain

bateman2020-uniprot-the-universal-protein-know

Data Integration UniProtKB integrates large-scale datasets, mapping these data onto the appropriate protein sequence records and displaying the mappings via the ProtVista visualisation tool ( 28 ) and downloadable via FTP and APIs ( 29 ). Clinically relevant sources of variation (e.g. 100K genomes, gnomAD and ClinVar SNPs) are mapped to protein features and variants using a pre-calculated mapping

a state of prolonged-dysfunction that prevents ease

saad2020-philosophy-of-health

Rather than define health as the absence of disease (as seen in BST), notice here how we instead define disease in relation to health; and we define health in relation to maintainability , ease , and functioning .

an umbrella term that refers to all pathological conditions, both somatic and mental

amoretti2021-concept-of-disease-normative

if an individual's potentials and related social and environmental determinants are insufficient to respond satisfactorily to life's demands – the state is disease

bircher2014-defining-health-determinants

not defined in this paper; named only to say inflammation should not be viewed as one

hussain2016-oxidative-stress-polyphenols

Inflammation itself cannot be viewed as a disease but should be rather viewed as a biological process.

not defined in this paper's own words

srinivasan2019-reorienting-rabies-research-india

our research indicates that large collections of food waste can result in fighting among dogs with spill-on effects on people

not defined in this paper's own words; avoidable food loss whose reduction can lower demand growth

ray2013-yield-trends-global-crop-production

Clearly, the world faces a looming and growing agricultural crisis. Yields are not improving fast enough to keep up with projected demands in 2050. However, opportunities do exist to increase production through more efficient use of current arable lands [4] and increasing yield growth rates by spreading best management practices and closing yield gaps under different management regimes [38] – [42]

As (1), but including edible material that is intentionally fed to animals or is a by-product of food processing diverted away from the human food (Stuart 2009).

parfitt2010-food-waste-within-food-supply-chai

THE PAPER ENUMERATES THREE COMPETING DEFINITIONS AND SAYS WHICH IT USES, which is rare enough to be the reason this record is worth holding. (1) FAO 1981: wholesome edible material intended for human consumption, discarded, lost, degraded or eaten by pests anywhere in the chain. (2) Stuart 2009: as (1) PLUS edible material fed to animals or diverted as a processing by-product. (3) Smil 2004: as (1) and (2) PLUS OVER-NUTRITION - the gap between energy consumed and energy needed. The paper adopts the first two and states that the second is only usable where nutritional data on animal feed exist

parfitt2010-food-waste-within-food-supply-chai

As definitions (1) and (2) but including over-nutrition—the gap between the energy value of _consumed_ food _per capita_ and the energy value of food _needed per capita_ (Smil 2004 _a_).

Wholesome edible material intended for human consumption, arising at any point in the FSC that is instead discarded, lost, degraded or consumed by pests (FAO 1981).

parfitt2010-food-waste-within-food-supply-chai

a lack of social contacts and interactions with family members, friends or the community

wang2025-social-frailty-isolation-dementia

an objective condition arising from quantitatively diminished social networks

mansfield2021-loneliness-conceptual-review

in the cancer context, two attributes: behaviors and states of social avoidance, and negative affective experiences

liang2022-social-isolation-cancer-concept

In this analysis, the attributes of social isolation were classified into two categories, namely, behaviors and states of social avoidance and negative affective experiences.

not defined in this paper's own words; loneliness and lost contact that families and staff saw after the move

egan2021-transitioning-long-term-care-id

Social isolation as a negative consequence of relocating to a long-term care setting was identified by family members and support staff

refers to individuals demonstrating behaviors and states of social avoidance (e.g., avoiding contact with others and concealing one’s emotions) and experiencing specific negative affective experiences (e.g., feelings of loneliness)

liang2022-social-isolation-cancer-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; year predictor from 1968 to 2004

bruno2007-regional-decline-coral-cover-indo-pacific

Linear repeated measures regression analysis was used to test the null hypothesis that there was no relationship between coral cover and time from 1968 to 2004. We were unable to perform a formal meta-analysis because several critical components (e.g., variance estimates, sample size, repeated sampling of each reef, etc.) were not available for all data sets. We used Stata (version 9.1, STATA Corp

Tissue, Infection, Moisture, Epithelial: the main factors that hinder healing

tottoli2020-skin-wound-healing

In the practice of wound care, the acronym Tissue (T), Infection (I), Moisture (M) and Epithelial (E) (“TIME”) synthesizes all main factors that interfere negatively in the healing process.

a quantity common to two distant places, which the paper says cannot be defined at all except by stipulation about light travel

einstein1905-electrodynamics

We have not defined a common “time” for A and B, for the latter cannot be defined at all unless we establish by definition that the “time” required by light to travel from A to B equals the “time” it requires to travel from B to A.

technological-proxy sense: accumulated knowledge and technical development at fixed income and schooling

mathers2006-projections-global-mortality-burden-disease

Rather than attempt to model the effects of the many separate direct determinants or risk factors for disease from the limited data that are available, the GBD methodology considered a limited number of socioeconomic variables: (1) average income per capita, measured as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; (2) the average number of years of schooling in adults, referred to as “human capital”;

the reading of one clock, defined only for the place that clock occupies

einstein1905-electrodynamics

And in fact such a definition is satisfactory when we are concerned with defining a time exclusively for the place where the watch is located; but it is no longer satisfactory when we have to connect in time series of events occurring at different places

not defined in this paper's own words; internal symbol or distributed embodied relation

allen2016-cognitivism-autopoiesis-embodied-mind

Here we have sketched the enactive and embodied underpinnings of the FEP. Much work remains to be done on this issue. For example, although we here argue that the FEP resolves the tension between internalist and externalist approaches, we recognize that some may remain dissatisfied. We look forward to discourse concerning, for example, the notion of the brain-body-econiche as a kind of generative

not defined in this paper's own words; internal model rejected by the ecological account

heft2018-history-philosophy-ecological-psychology

Despite its influence, ecological psychology offers some of the most powerful arguments against behaviorism. J. J. Gibson rejected the behaviorist idea of stimulus for two reasons: first, because it was measured as a physical unit (light, pressure, waves of sound) unrelated to the agent’s capacities; second, because it was passively received by the senses, whereas ecological psychology emphasized

grounded sensorimotor structure of word meaning

lynott2019-lancaster-sensorimotor-norms

In conclusion, the Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms provide a valuable resource for researchers across a variety of fields. Use of these norms as semantic variables, whether as an aggregate measure of sensorimotor strength or as modality- and effector-specific ratings, will inform psycholinguistic models of word recognition and language processing (e.g., Connell & Lynott, 2016a ; Estes, Verges, & Adel

not defined in this paper's own words; code into which the autoencoder encodes its input

voulodimos2018-deep-learning-for-computer-vision

An autoencoder is trained to encode the input **x** into a representation **r**( **x**) in a way that input can be reconstructed from **r**( **x**) \ [33\]. The target output of the autoencoder is thus the autoencoder input itself. Hence, the output vectors have the same dimensionality as the input vector. In the course of this process, the reconstruction error is being minimized, and the correspo

not defined in this paper's own words; internal copy or materially enacted correspondence

malafouris2018-mind-material-engagement

Setting the boundaries of the human mind was never easy. Specifying the conditions under which a process falls on the ‘inside’ or on the ‘outside’ of those boundaries even more so. As I said, the conventional way of dealing with this problem, marking the mental and delineating those boundaries, has been to divide the world a priori in two parts, a mental part and a physical part. The mental part i

not defined in this paper's own words; coverage of all biogeographic provinces and realms

selig2014-global-priorities-marine-biodiversity-conservation

There are many other factors besides biodiversity and impact that should be assessed to meet CBD or other management targets. We specifically focused on the identifying priority areas that amounted to approximately 5% of EEZ area as stepping stones to a broader 10% goal ( Fig. S3 ). We do not suggest that areas highlighted here should be used exclusively to fulfill a 10% CBD target. For example, w

not defined in this paper's own words; language-shaped categorical organization

thierry2016-neurolinguistic-relativity-language-cognition

In sum, neurophysiology and cognitive neuroscience suggest that language and thought are intrinsically bound together, and thus that language likely influences thought. An example of the mechanism through which this can occur is the label‐feedback hypothesis put forward by Lupyan ( 2012 ). Lupyan proposed that a category name becomes associated with distinctive features of the category it denotes

an explicit multiplex network model of relations among words

stella2018-multiplex-mental-lexicon-learning

Our multilayer lexical representation (MLR) of words in the mind is a multiplex network 28 , 30 , 47 , 48 made of N = 8531 words and four layers. Each layer encodes a distinct type of word-word interaction (cf. Fig. 1(a) ): (i) empirical free associations 49 , (ii) synonyms 50 , (iii) taxonomic relations 50 , and (iv) phonological similarities 12 . As shown in Fig. 1(b) , different relationships c

not defined in this paper's own words; mediating symbolic structure rejected by radical embodiment

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

Both theories are currently described as positions of “radical embodiment” ( Baggs and Chemero, 2018 ) in that they both reject a representational view of human cognitive processes and see being and acting in the world as a foundational capability of the mind.

heterogeneous methods and materials through which educator beliefs are measured across studies

ruiz-martin2021-persistence-neuromyths-education

Unfortunately, it was not possible to investigate the source of this diversity of results due to the heterogeneity of the methodologies and materials represented in the articles analyzed.

a discipline-specific external tool for spatial reasoning

desutter2017-embodied-spatial-thinking-stem

While these examples both draw on the same concept of space (“extent of an object”), the notion of spatial thinking provided by the National Research Council ( 2006 ) highlights that the contexts of use and forms of representation used by an engineer and a mathematician as well as the rationale propelling their lines of work differ in important ways. Because the spatial thinking construct brings a

as something another researcher can read and understand, which the paper argues needs no formalisation at all

lod2023-art-history

It is more important to present it in a way that is accessible and understandable to other researchers, which does not require this high level of formalization, because it would end up in overcomplicated queries.

a listener's psychological organization of tonal structure

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

Decades of psychological research have shown that a tonal musical context has a strong psychological representation, whereas musical events that do not occur in a tonal context are less stably represented ( Krumhansl, 1979 ).

a nation-level indicator of an unobservable cultural structure

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

“Societal culture is a latent hypothetical construct. It cannot be observed directly, but can be inferred from its manifestations. The rich complex of meanings, beliefs, practices, symbols, norms and values prevalent among people in a society are among the manifestations of the underlying culture. They are not culture itself.” (p. 6).

a process with aboutness and satisfaction conditions

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

Although these are different types of representations, each involving different criteria, a cognitive process will – for the purposes of this paper – be deemed representational whenever that process can be said to fulfill the following sufficient conditions (see Siegel, 2010 ; Hutto and Myin, 2013 ): (i) The cognitive process is about something else (a.k.a. aboutness). (ii) The cognitive process h

an agent's revisable internal model of external action space and its own body

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

Agents (and their sub- and super-agents) construct internal models of their spaces ( Beer, 2014 , 2015 ; Beer and Williams, 2015 ; Hoffman et al., 2015 ; Fields et al., 2017 ; Hoffman, 2017 ; Prentner, 2019 ; Dietrich et al., 2020 ; Prakash et al., 2020 ), which may or may not match the view of their action space developed by their conspecifics, parasites, and scientists.

an experimenter-defined mapping from neural pattern to communicative symbol

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

This conceptual point and the “mental ontology” researchers are using when probing their subjects’ brains becomes relevant when translating brain signals into psychological terms, as can be illustrated with the following two examples: A few years ago, researchers built a brain-computer interface enabling, in their words, “conscious brain-to-brain communication in humans using non-invasive technolo

an internal intermediary rejected by ecological psychology

baggs2020-ecological-psychology-enactivism-action

For ecological psychologists mutuality of organism and environment is the key to explain perception, action and cognition without recourse to representations. Mutuality ensures a deep ontological and epistemological compatibility between the organism and the environment which makes meaning inherent in the dynamic process unfolding in this relationship. Mutuality works at the level of the organism,

an observer-relative description of external feature detection

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

From the perspective of an external observer (e.g. a neuroscientist recording the activity of “neurons” ), the function of a mechanism is typically described with respect to external inputs (e.g. a “segment” detector).

demographic correspondence between a recruited sample and its target population

bosch2019-online-panels-social-science-research

We compared the demographic characteristics of the Prime Panels and MTurk samples to that of the American National Electoral Study (ANES), which uses a high-quality probability sample of the US population. We also examined whether studies that have difficulty replicating on MTurk because of their dependence on underrepresented demographic characteristics would replicate successfully on Prime Panel

demographic matching between a survey sample and the national adult population

baumgaertner2018-ideology-trust-vaccination

In order to test our hypotheses, we rely on data from a nationally representative online survey, collected from January 25–27, 2017. Our sample was provided by Survey Sampling International (SSI), a U.S.-based market research firm. After we obtained IRB exemption from our institution [Project Number: 17–007; exemption granted under category 2 at 45 CFR 46.101(b)(2)], SSI sent the link to our surve

encoded training examples that delimit what a model can recognize and generalize

de-cremer2023-ai-tools-organizational-ethics

Even so, at first glance, these systems at least appear to be intelligent, in certain important ways. ML models can spot patterns in large and highly-dimensioned datasets that no human could reasonably parse, and base their predictions on complex patterns that would have been otherwise invisible to humans (cf. Burrell, 2016 ; Joque, 2022 ). Indeed, if humans were asked to parse comparably large am

numerical format that changes the ability to reason

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

Instead, studies show that children, adults, and experts can learn statistical thinking with the help of adequate numerical or visual representations.

the graphic form in which an unchanged literary text is presented to a reader

fechino2020-jakobson-levi-strauss-neurocognitive-poetics

Especially for printed poetry, the visual presentation is important and meaningful: the visuo-spatial (graphic) configuration of the text is not randomly defined as in space poetry for example (e.g., Apollinaire’s Calligrammes ), and authors typically decide which visual presentation best suits their aims [8] . However, as expressed in the initial quote by Fabb [7] lineation itself does not make a

a clinical symptom standing for downstream effects of upstream decisions

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

We define structural competency as the trained ability to discern how a host of issues defined clinically as symptoms, attitudes, or diseases (e.g., depression, hypertension, obesity, smoking, medication “non-compliance,” trauma, psychosis) also represent the downstream implications of a number of upstream decisions about such matters as health care and food delivery systems, zoning laws, urban an

a content option encoded by accuracy and non-accuracy characteristics in a utility model

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

Consider a piece of content x , which is defined by k different characteristic dimensions; one of these dimensions is whether the content is false/misleading F ( x ), and the other k -1 dimensions are non–accuracy related (e.g., partisan alignment, humorousness, etc.) defined as C 2 ( x ) . . . C k ( x ). In our model, the utility a given person expects to derive from sharing content x is given by

a contested stand-for relation rather than a generic neural pattern

malafouris2021-mark-making-human-becoming

In contrast to this representational description of our cognitive and semiotic universe, the material engagement approach I advocate in this paper holds that the study of material signs do not have to rely on this representational or symbolic idiom. For one thing, what neuroscientists refer to when they speak of neural ‘representations’ have little to do with the meaning of this term in archaeolog

a culturally learned probability distribution over discrete rhythm categories

jacoby2024-cross-cultural-rhythm-priors-music-representation

We conducted a large-scale cross-cultural study of music perception. Our aim was to assess whether discrete mental representations of musical rhythm are present across cultures and whether the associated mental categories are fixed or dependent on some aspect of life experience. We ran the same iterated reproduction experiment on 39 different groups around the world. We found that all groups impos

a multimodal combination of linguistic, emotional, introspective, and sensorimotor knowledge

dove2022-social-semantics-abstract-concepts

Between these poles lie multimodal or multiple representation theories, which posit that semantic knowledge is represented in many ways (e.g. via language, emotion, introspection and sensorimotor systems), and some versions of those theories include an intermediary supramodal hub (e.g. [ 11 , 12 ]).

a platform-visible science or conspiracy narrative category

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

The Facebook dataset is composed of 413 US public pages divided to Conspiracy and Science news. The first category (Conspiracy) includes pages diffusing alternative information sources and myth narratives—pages which disseminate controversial information, usually lacking supporting evidence and most often contradictory of the official news. The second category (Science) includes scientific institu

a selectively sensorimotor mental simulation

desutter2017-embodied-spatial-thinking-stem

Embodiment in this sense is a fundamentally brain-based phenomenon, where, “[the] function of the sensorimotor resources is to run a simulation of some aspect of the physical world, as a means of representing information or drawing inferences” (Wilson, 2002 , p. 633).

a symbolic linguistic tool bodily manipulated in a social practice

fabry2019-mind-wandering-reader-predictive-enculturation

Research on reading comprehension has articulated the need to attend to the specifics of the text, on the one hand, and to the skills and capacities of the reader on the other hand (see McNamara and Magliano, 2009 ), rather than rely on the representation of situation models alone, as it underlies much of the mind-wandering research drawing on reading. We propose enculturated predictive processing

a thing standing for another or the relation between them

malafouris2021-mark-making-human-becoming

Generally speaking, representation can be understood in a double sense: We could think of representation as a thing (in the broadest sense of the term) which stands for another but also as the relation between a thing and that which stands for. We may distinguish between two major types of representations, namely, ‘internal’ and ‘external’. ‘External’ representations are those material signs or si

a viewer's descriptive or experience-based account of what an artwork means

trondle2018-installation-art-aesthetic-experience

The above emotions were also combined with a list of artwork appraisals and also with an assessment of meaning using the open-ended question, “What did the artwork mean?” This has been shown to be effective in augmenting emotional and evaluative scales (see Pelowski et al., 2012 ; Pelowski, 2015 ). Specifically, answers can be divided into three general types that can further be used to demarcate

algorithmically filtered visibility of bodies and weight norms

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

Structural weight stigma describes weight discrimination and negative beliefs encoded into societal systems such as medical institutions and consumed media.

an accumulated model of reality skewed by asymmetric evidence updating

rollwage2018-metacognitive-failure-radical-beliefs

Our computational model fits indicate that more radical participants assign undue probability to chosen options when updating their confidence, which over repeated exposure to multiple samples of evidence may summate, such that even small asymmetries in information processing could lead to a highly skewed representation of reality.

an additive mathematical model of a person's socially embedded expression

coviello2014-emotional-contagion-social-networks

More formally, suppose we can represent one person's emotional expression mathematically as follows: (1) This model assumes that emotional expression y jt by person j at time t is an additive linear function of other factors measured in the same time period including a time-specific factor θ t (perhaps it is a holiday), an individual-specific factor f j (some people are always happier than others)

as machine-readable structure, whose point is that a formal query can be run over it

lod2023-art-history

In terms of representing the research process it is not worth making this part machine -readable as a basis for formal queries.

census-weighted estimation of national public opinion

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

As our samples were not nationally representative (see Results for details), we weighted the data using UK and USA census data to generate percentage estimates allowing us to draw conclusions that reflect nationally representative samples.

depicted action and emotion conveyed by a cultural artifact

mastandrea2019-art-wellbeing-aesthetic-emotion

This suggests that dynamic artworks may engage motor systems via features that represent actions and emotions ( Freedberg and Gallese, 2007 ).

emotion expressed or alluded to in an artwork but not necessarily felt by its recipient

menninghaus2017-measuring-aesthetic-emotions

It should be noted that the measures listed in Table 1 are not limited to measures of subjectively felt emotions. Rather, we also included measures of emotions that are represented or expressed in the respective stimuli or of potential emotional effects that are attributed to the stimuli (e.g., when respondents rate whether a film is moving or music is joyful, without also reporting on whether the

expert semantic grouping of theory constructs into labeled domains

cane2012-theoretical-domains-behaviour-change

Invitations were emailed to potentially eligible participants giving a brief overview of the study and inquiring as to their expertise. If they considered themselves to have expertise in behaviour change theory and reported not knowing about the original framework, they were invited to participate and emailed the relevant web link to the task they were allocated to. Eligible participants were alte

language expressing culturally relevant psychological categories

jackson2021-text-thought-language-psychological-science

Insofar as language represents the psychological categories that are relevant to its speakers, it is a useful tool for psychologists to measure the extent to which a latent psychological construct (the latent meaning attached to clusters of observations; Fried, 2017 ) is shared within a culture over time or across cultures.

limits on population inference from one segment of online information seekers

bento2020-information-seeking-local-covid-news

First, our state-level data from Google Trends database do not allow us to adequately understand intrastate variation of search volumes following the announcements or to generalize conclusions about population search behavior (as Google Trends only captures the search behavior of a particular segment of information seekers).

normalized word-category frequencies standing in for otherwise unobserved psychological status

su2020-covid-lockdown-weibo-twitter-psycholinguistic

The present study uses the Chinese version of LIWC and Italian version of LIWC to extract the psycholinguistic features from social media users’ posts. Examinations of the features allow us to access the changes of psychological status before and after the lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy.

observable popularity proxies for otherwise latent collective attention

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

We measure various proxies for the collective attention given to individual cultural items in different data sources.

perspectival content locating a subject relative to the environment

milliere2018-psychedelics-meditation-self-consciousness

This idea typically combines two claims: first, in virtue of being structured by an egocentric frame of reference 6 , visual experience represents the location of the point of origin of this reference frame relatively to environmental landmarks; secondly, the location of this point of origin is represented as the location of the subject (i.e., where I am located with respect to objects in the visu

reproducing hospital conditions at home to display responsible motherhood

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

She [participant] used biomedical knowledge to support her view that birth can safely be conducted at home when risks have been excluded by prenatal care. For this purpose she and her husband had searched medical databases to find research on home births. To secure her own low-risk status she had extra examinations done during her pregnancy. She organised her home birth to represent conditions in

social-cognitive modeling of human and supernatural mental states

norenzayan2012-mentalizing-deficits-belief-personal-god

Specifically, the social-cognitive capacity to represent and reason about minds-termed mentalizing, theory of mind, or mind perception [6] , [7] -also enables the mental representation of God and other supernatural agents [2] , [7] .

sufficient subgroup presence for model development and generalization

chen2020-predictably-unequal-algorithmic-clinical-prediction

Subgroup validity may also be a concern in the context of sampling bias, where a minority group may be insufficiently represented in model development data (e.g., certain ethnic groups in the Framingham population 25 ) and the model might be tailored to the majority group. When effects found in the majority group generalize well to the minority group, this is not problematic but generalization acr

the proportional presence of gender and cultural groups within a faculty's teaching workforce

fan2019-gender-cultural-bias-student-evaluations

Fig 4 shows the relationship between proportional representation of the female (E = English speaking background /NE = non-English speaking background) and male (NE) teachers against the estimated relative odds or the size of the effect, values on the y-axis below the value 1 shows increasing size of negative effect. The proportions were calculated ignoring those for whom cultural background was mi

the referential meanings of garden landscapes and character imagery transform as viewers engage, unveiling a constructed Eastern beauty

silk-road-heritage-the-artistic-representation

Export paintings, serving as pivotal mediums of cross-cultural exchange, have provided Western countries with significant insight into the exotic cultures of the East. German artist Beuys [ 48 ] posited that such art forms have facilitated the artification and legitimate dissemination of "social dialogue." Set against specific historical backdrops, export paintings stand as tangible evidence of Si

understanding information and constructing a technologically mediated picture of the world

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

The issue with digital literacy is that it is often understood as an acquisition of technical skills for operating computers. Most of the time, digital literacy becomes an engineering class and is equated with the promotion “of more efficient uses of the medium – for example, via the development of advanced search skills (or so-called «power searching») that will make it easier to locate relevant

visual instructional material whose left-right segregation rests on a neuromyth

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

Regardless of their origins, neuromyths are widespread and have proven difficult to dispel. For example, many educators (and members of the public) believe that the left hemisphere is logical, associated with language and analytic thinking, whereas the right hemisphere is intuitive, associated with spatial reasoning and creativity. This neuromyth likely has its origins in misunderstandings of semi

whether vulnerable groups are visible in training datasets

cirillo2021-bias-big-data-ai-open-science

More generally, if AI is used as a diagnostic or therapeutic approach in patients who are invisible in the datasets that AI algorithms are trained with, these may fail to diagnose or treat entire patient groups, such as ethnic and gender minorities, immigrants, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities.

a psychological and emotional response that occurs when a person, in this case, a nurse, knows the morally right action to take in a situation but is unable to do so due to institutional or hierarchical constraints

miller2023-self-deception-clinical-nursing

negative feelings that arise when one knows the morally correct response to a situation but cannot act because of institutional or hierarchal constraints

timmins2024-moral-distress-student-nurses

not defined in this paper's own words; distress arising when a nurse is constrained from doing what they hold to be ethically right

wu2026-digital-compassion-fatigue-nurses

Moral distress illustrates the point: it may co-occur with digital compassion fatigue when technological constraints prevent nurses from providing the care they judge right, yet its trigger is ethical constraint rather than mediated exposure to suffering, and its core impairment concerns moral rather than compassionate functioning.

The emotional and psychological turmoil that arises when family caregivers experience ethically challenging and complex decision‐making situations that prevent them from acting according to their moral values and beliefs is characterised by self‐directed negative feelings and emotions, internal conflicts, and feelings of powerlessness and helplessness

ananzeh2026-moral-distress-family-caregivers

a conceptual definition of moral distress in the context of family caregiving is described as follows: The emotional and psychological turmoil that arises when family caregivers experience ethically challenging and complex decision‐making situations that prevent them from acting according to their moral values and beliefs

a lingering negative stress reaction

gustavsson2023-moral-stress-conceptual-analysis

phenomenal: subjective feeling or what-it-is-like experience

farisco2018-large-scale-brain-simulation-and-disorders-o

Whether access and phenomenal consciousness are really two different forms of consciousness or rather two different aspects of the same underlying conscious activity continues to be debated ( Pennartz, 2015 ). Still, it is commonly agreed that while access consciousness refers to the interaction between different states, particularly the availability of one state’s content for use in reasoning and

not defined in this paper's own words; possible basis of subjectivity and mental states

bertolini2022-robots-ai-legal-subjects

Trying to identify and condense the philosophical debate on what is a “subject” is a dauntingly difficult task and one which is not our intention to embark on. In essential terms, we may define a subject as an entity that relates with another entity that exists outside itself—the object— through a relationship which the subject enters by means of personal experience and/or consciousness ( Thiel, 2

not defined in this paper's own words; subjective awareness whose source and capacities are under dispute

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

The nature of consciousness is considered one of science’s most perplexing and persistent mysteries. We all know the subjective experience of consciousness, but where does it arise? What is its purpose? What are its full capacities? The assumption within today’s neuroscience is that all aspects of consciousness arise solely from interactions among neurons in the brain. However, the origin and mech

not defined in this paper's own words; the phenomenon interpreted through 4E, Aristotelian, and neurophysiological perspectives

stanciu2023-consciousness-4e-cognition-and-aristotle-a-f

The new approach in cognitive science largely known as “4E cognition” (embodied/embedded/enactive/extended cognition), which sheds new light on the complex dynamics of human consciousness, seems to revive some of Aristotle's views. For instance, the concept of “nature” ( phusis ) and the discussion on “active intellect” ( nous poiêtikos ) may be particularly relevant in this respect. Out of the va

not defined in this paper's own words; the phenomenon whose physical identity is disputed

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

Any successful naturalistic account of consciousness must state what consciousness is, in terms that are compatible with the rest of our naturalistic descriptions of the world.

not defined in this paper's own words; the disputed target that cannot be reduced to its neural correlates

farisco2018-large-scale-brain-simulation-and-disorders-o

In the case of consciousness, a first main obstacle to the attempt of simulating it is the lack of a shared definition of the target object. Generally speaking, one can investigate consciousness through simulating NCCs unless some form of dualism is true. Specifically, if operationalised in terms of NCC, it is theoretically plausible to investigate consciousness through simulating NCC.

not defined in this paper's own words; wakefulness together with awareness of self and environment

gervais2023-a-scoping-review-for-building-a-criticality

Though scientists and philosophers have not established a single definition of consciousness, it is generally agreed that conscious beings are aware of themselves, their surroundings, and their own perception. As such, consciousness is thought to require the dual capacity for wakefulness (arousal) and awareness of oneself and the environment ( Blume et al., 2015 ). In healthy individuals, wakefuln

not defined in this paper's own words; the total of internally represented and communicable human experience

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

“Consciousness is the total of a human person’s experience consisting of thinking, feeling, perceiving, remembering, fantasizing, dreaming, etc., that is internally represented and where she can communicate about.

structure: the individual relation to surroundings and to reflection

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

In Sartre’s view, the concept of the structure of consciousness denotes the relation of the individual to his/her surroundings. In the structure of consciousness, he discerns three positions. The first position is where the person behaves without thinking. The individual acts in an immersed or automatic way and Sartre calls this “the non-reflexive consciousness.” It corresponds to the kind of “pre

having an experience for which there is something it is like to be

albantakis2023-integrated-information-theory-4-consciousness

A scientific theory of consciousness should account for experience, which is subjective, in objective terms [ 1 ]. Being conscious—having an experience—is understood to mean that “there is something it is like to be” [ 2 ]: something it is like to see a blue sky, hear the ocean roar, dream of a friend’s face, imagine a melody flow, contemplate a choice, or reflect on the experience one is having.

not defined in this paper's own words; phenomenological experience identified with a maximally irreducible causal structure

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

E xistence : Consciousness exists – it is an undeniable aspect of reality. Paraphrasing Descartes, “I experience therefore I am”.

IIT: intrinsic irreducible cause-effect structure quantified by phi

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

Integrated information refers to a system’s constituents that are discriminated by their respective information. The whole cannot be reduced to the information of each part, called the “causal-effect power” ( Oizumi et al., 2014 ). These irreducible maxima of additional integrated information generated by the system as a whole compared to its parts are termed and quantified as Φ (“phi”) and affect

state: a global condition of being conscious rather than not conscious

farisco2018-large-scale-brain-simulation-and-disorders-o

More specifically NCC can be depicted in two basic ways: either as referring to a general, global state of consciousness, i.e., as neural correlates that mark the difference between being and not being conscious; or as referring to particular contents of consciousness, i.e., as neural correlates that are sufficient for a specific object to enter consciousness

system account: a self-organizing extended reference system

forti2025-what-is-consciousness-and-what-it-is-for-an

How does consciousness enable one to know what the world is like? Within the limits of this paper, it is only possible to make a tentative hypothesis. My proposal is that consciousness is a self-organizing extended reference system.

IIT specifically: the Maximally Irreducible Conceptual Structure

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

In IIT, consciousness is held to be equivalent to a specific aspect of the integrated information associated with a system, the Maximally Irreducible Conceptual Structure (MICS) [ 16 ].

internalist visual model: a process within the brain constructing detailed representations

stanciu2023-consciousness-4e-cognition-and-aristotle-a-f

The study of visual consciousness actually became one of the empirical research domains that substantially enhanced 4E cognition and was in turn supported by it (Gibbs, 2006 offers a list of many other applications of 4E cognition, but, for the sake of clarity and due to the limited space ascribed to this article, I will only concentrate on the example of visual consciousness). Formerly, visual co

not defined in this paper's own words; a system that handles extended information and provides immediate spatial knowledge

forti2025-what-is-consciousness-and-what-it-is-for-an

In this paper, I outline a new theory on consciousness, the Extended Information Theory. This theory jointly addresses issues related to the nature of consciousness and those related to its functional role. The phenomenal analysis of the simplest aspects of experience allows us to identify the structure of consciousness within consciousness itself. The simplest forms of experience are not found in

awareness of the process by which an intervention changes behavior

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

In the present study the wording used was “people will not be conscious (i.e. not aware)” of the way in which the intervention would affect their behavior.

analytic idealism: phenomenal awareness distinct from cognition and metacognition

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

Bernardo Kastrup proposes “analytic idealism” as a model for reality, in which the ground of existence is universal phenomenal consciousness ( Kastrup, 2021 ). Analytic idealism is a metaphysics that postulates consciousness as Nature’s sole fundamental ground and that all natural phenomena are ultimately reducible to universal consciousness. He describes phenomenal consciousness as a raw subjecti

dimensional: a whole varying in degree of disturbance

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

A dimensional line of thought is that in dissociative disorders consciousness can be disturbed more or less severely. According to this theory, consciousness is to be considered a “whole”; and it is a construct that has a dimensional quality.

IIT: integrated information

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

The description of consciousness that is offered in IIT is that consciousness is integrated information. Information should not be understood here as relating to Shannon information [ 19 ] but is instead the intrinsic cause–effect power of a system, the “differences that make a difference” [ 16 ]. A system that consists of fully independent components has no intrinsic cause–effect power, no differ

not defined in this paper's own words; an ill-understood trait wrongly attributed to algorithms via anthropomorphism

can-computers-create-art

Unfortunately, there has been a considerable amount of media hype around AI techniques. In the news media, algorithms are often anthropomorphized, as if they have the same consciousness as humans (e.g., (Wilson 2017)), and sometimes they are described as artists (Dvorsky 2017; Perez 2018; Pogue 2018). In fact, we do not really know what consciousness is (despite many theories), or what it would me

4E visual skill: activity related to bodily movement and environmental interaction

stanciu2023-consciousness-4e-cognition-and-aristotle-a-f

They joined the trend that ceased to interpret visual consciousness as a brain process that creates mental models and started viewing it more as a skill that is related to the movements of the agent. Visual processing also came to be considered as an activity that is extended and partially controlled by the agent—that means that agents have to “do” something in order to become visually conscious o

Aristotelian mediation: sense experience bridges body and soul, perception and thinking

stanciu2023-consciousness-4e-cognition-and-aristotle-a-f

Another important issue that Aristotle discusses in On the Soul 3.2 (425b22-26) and may be relevant for the 4E cognition proponents' views on (visual) consciousness is that of sense experience ( phantasia ) as a bridge between body and soul, on the one hand, and between perception and thinking, on the other hand. Aristotle asserts that “to perceive” means to form an opinion corresponding exactly t

Living Mirror: inference performed by every living system

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

The Living Mirror theory holds that consciousness is equivalent to the form of inference performed by all living systems in order to survive [ 12 ]. As a result, all living systems are conscious, even those without nervous systems.

a claimed target of intervention that may instead reflect nonspecific motor interruption

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

There are many other ways of recording data or intervening in the brain which could not be addressed here, such as psychosurgery, psychopharmacology, or brain imaging and electrical stimulation devices already available for consumers at large. One central aspect, on my account, for the ethical and legal assessment will be whether the psychological meaning of recorded signals can be derived from th

a global state whose self-related dimensions can vary independently

milliere2018-psychedelics-meditation-self-consciousness

Self-consciousness itself may be best construed as a multidimensional construct including somatosensory, agentive, narrative and social components (Gallagher, 2000 , 2013 ; Zahavi, 2014 ; Seth and Friston, 2016 ).

an embodied process rather than a substance

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

Consciousness is held to be a process that exists in the embodied interaction of the organism with its environment. The representations inside the organism that we might call Bayesian beliefs are an important aspect; however, they are only one part. In this view, consciousness is a process, not a substance.

an inner domain whose voluntary alteration and protection are matters of right

ienca2021-on-neurorights

A pioneering step toward neurorights was marked by Boire’s (2001) and Sententia’s (2004) work on the notion of “cognitive liberty” in the early 2000s. Sententia ( 2004 , p. 227) defined cognitive liberty as “the right and freedom to control one’s own consciousness and electrochemical thought process.” It should be noted that this field of ethical-legal enquiry has emerged in full continuity with t

emerging practical responsiveness to new semiotic possibilities

malafouris2021-mark-making-human-becoming

It is through the engagement with those marks that a whole new semiotic field and practical know how opens up for human creativity. The lines from Blombos provide some of the earliest evidence of that. However, what we witness with the Blombos engravings is not the emergence of a modern representational mind but something way more important and interesting: the beginning of human preoccupation (in

foundational kinesthetic awareness of self-movement

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

Returning to the early interaction situation, the picture of learning to perceive and act upon social affordances “movement first” is enriched by noting that these are one’s own felt movements that are met with the enactions of caregivers. This feeling of movement becomes enfolded in an enacted project. In social situations we thus learn not only how our body should move in a given point of a soci

function: intentionality, selectivity, and flexibility

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

Sartre’s concept of “function” expresses the individual’s cognitive operations on the environment. Perception, expression, and self-control ( Table 1 ) are cognitive processes that can be subsumed by this concept. “Function” describes what consciousness enables a person to do. These are processes like intentionality, selectivity, and flexibility.

global workspace: globally broadcast information access

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

Cognitive scientist Bernard J. Baars first proposed the GWT in 1983. GWT is a cognitive architecture inspired by artificial intelligence where a centralized resource is available through which specialized processors share and receive information ( Baars, 2005 ; Baars et al., 2021 ). The theory is based on the observation that there are highly specialized brain regions that process information loca

higher-order theory: representation of lower-order representations

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

The HOTs family includes, for example, the self-organizing meta-representational account theory (SOMA; Cleeremans et al., 2020 ), the adversarial framework for probabilistic computation ( Gershman, 2019 ), and the perceptual reality monitoring theory ( Lau, 2019 ). In this view, consciousness is defined as a higher-order representation of lower-order representations. In other words, subjective exp

holistic: an indivisible whole or stream

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

Farthing (1992) writes that in spite of the chain of many impressions and multiple experiences, most people feel that their consciousness is one indivisible whole. Both William James, who said that “Consciousness is an integral thing not made of parts” ( James, 1890 ), and Descartes, who said that “I cannot distinguish in myself any parts, but apprehend myself to be clearly one and entire” ( Desca

idealist usage: fundamental ground from which physical reality arises

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

To begin an exploration of some of these non-physical theories, we present theoretical frameworks proposed by scientists from multiple disciplines, most of which include the idea that consciousness is fundamental, meaning that consciousness precedes the physical substrates ( Chalmers, 1996 ; Currivan, 2017 ; Kastrup, 2017 , 2021 ; Goff, 2019 ; Faggin, 2021a ). Traditional materialists envision a w

inference theories: biologically instantiated inference

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

Another class of theories holds that consciousness is a form of biologically instantiated inference [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].

non-local usage: awareness extending beyond conventional brain, body, space, and time

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

These and other documented phenomenological experiences suggest a different nature of consciousness: one that may not be exclusively generated by neuronal activity and exhibits properties that transcend the conventional constraints of spacetime and, therefore, the physical body. The term “non-local consciousness” has been proposed to denote these purported transcendent properties of consciousness

nonlocalized network phenomenon: healthy and pathological dynamics recruit distributed systems

stanciu2023-consciousness-4e-cognition-and-aristotle-a-f

Another network recruitment that challenges the localization of cognitive functions and strengthens the above argument referring to visual consciousness can be found in the relationship between consciousness and pathology—for instance, epilepsy. The dynamics of conscious states with respect to epileptic activity is an interaction between two functional networks: one physiological—the default mode

phenomenal property: objectual contents extend into their spaces of belonging

forti2025-what-is-consciousness-and-what-it-is-for-an

In this paper I argue that the fundamental property of consciousness is that its objectual contents extend into space. A conscious content, like an object, cannot but extend into the space to which it belongs. But we cannot simply say that a conscious content is extended. If an object that extends has a sufficient level of definition, it cannot help but extend in a certain way. Thus, it can be sta

process assembly: integration and coordination of perception, feeling, thought, memory, and behavior

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

Clinical psychologists taking a descriptive approach conceptualize consciousness as something that can be described as an assembly of psychological processes. Consciousness “does” its work with these processes. For instance, perception, feeling, thinking, remembering, and behavior are analyzed, integrated, coordinated, and manipulated in consciousness.

quality: its clarity, breadth, concentration, or clouding

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

The concept “quality of consciousness” indicates how consciousness is narrowed, broadened, or heightened or is clear, concentrated, or clouded ( Holmes et al., 2005 ).

self-modelling account: temporally and counterfactually deep inference

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

One such proposal is that consciousness is temporally deep inference with a sufficient amount of counterfactual depth [ 39 , 40 ] to enable the self-modelling of the organism [ 10 ].

simulation view: a transparent brain-generated model of world and self

farisco2018-large-scale-brain-simulation-and-disorders-o

Given the above summarized description of consciousness as a simulation suggested by both neuroscience and philosophy, to simulate the conscious brain means to simulate a simulating system, resulting in a kind of second order simulation (or metasimulation).

state: the current integrated balance of psychic factors

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

Sartre describes consciousness as a psychical phenomenon that can have different states. With the concept “state of consciousness,” he addresses the various specific ways of integration of perception, memory, language, wakefulness, psychomotor ability, and sense of self (or identity). A “state of consciousness” is a “whole” with a characteristic balance, strength, and emphasis in these psychic fac

synonymous with experience and phenomenology

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

Explaining these facts in a parsimonious manner calls for a theory of consciousness. (Below, consciousness, experience, and phenomenology are taken as being synonymous).

the graded first-person phenomenal experience of a self, including basal sentience

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

• Consciousness—the first-person phenomenal experience of any Self—that which makes my toothache irreducibly different to me than anyone else’s toothache or third-person descriptions of toothaches. The degree and content of consciousness is “what it is like” to be that Self, as opposed to studying it from the outside, whether or not the Self is advanced enough to be able to verbalize it or to thin

used variously for awareness, subjective experience, or the mind-body relation across lay, scientific, philosophical, and mystical audiences

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

From a lay perspective, the fact of consciousness (here meaning awareness ) is so self-evident that the only question that may arise is why anyone would consider consciousness to be mysterious in the first place, akin to asking a fish, “What is water?” From a scientific perspective, the unsolved mystery is how consciousness emerges from brain activity. How does a three-pound lump of tissue inside

true positive/total predicted positive

cunningham2019-automated-posture-estimation-cerebral-palsy

not defined in this paper's own words; confidence assigned to probabilistic mappings and prediction errors

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

In active inference, the mapping between causes (e.g., states and policies) and consequences (e.g., sensory outcomes) are parameterized in terms of probabilistic mappings that necessarily have a precision . In other words, the contingencies implicit in likelihood mappings can have different degrees of reliability, ambiguity, or uncertainty. For instance, if my child starts running toward the sea,

not defined in this paper's own words; correctness of included orthogroup assignments

emms2015-orthofinder-whole-genome-comparisons

To determine if this was the case we assessed the performance of OrthoMCL using the OrthoBench dataset [ 5 ]. OrthoBench is the only publicly available benchmark dataset of manually curated orthogroups. The dataset consists of 70 orthogroups of protein coding genes covering 12 species within the Metazoa where each orthogroup contains all the genes derived from a single gene in the last common ance

not defined in this paper's own words; the narrowness of a confidence interval on an appropriate scale

greenland2016-statistical-tests-p-values-confidence-intervals-power

Most of the above misinterpretations translate into an analogous misinterpretation for confidence intervals. For example, another misinterpretation of P > 0.05 is that it means the test hypothesis has only a 5 % chance of being false, which in terms of a confidence interval becomes the common fallacy: 19. The specific 95 % confidence interval presented by a study has a 95 % chance of containing th

not defined in this paper's own words; the quantity that improves where it should degrade

Levi2022-error-correction-and-improved-precision-of-s

We found that signal routing via an intermediary (the DA PYR assembly) did not consistently degrade decoding quality (p = 0.23, U test; Figure 6 B) or precision (p = 0.08, U test; Figure 6 C).

the confidence or inverse variance assigned to a prediction error, which dopamine is proposed to encode

friston2012-dopamine-affordance-active-inference

In this account, dopamine controls the precision or salience of (external or internal) cues that engender action.

the percentage of reads assigned to the correct genus/phylum out of the number of classified reads

menzel2016-kaiju-taxonomic-classification

true positive assignments divided by true plus false positive assignments

emms2015-orthofinder-whole-genome-comparisons

OrthoBench [ 5 ] is the only manually curated dataset of orthogroups for the assessment of orthogroup prediction algorithms. It was used in this work for assessing OrthoFinder as it has been independently evaluated, it underpins the testing of multiple different methods and it is a well-defined and stringent test of the problem that OrthoFinder was designed to solve. Criteria such as functional si

a percentage of correct predictions of completely modified cases over all modified predictions

liu2019-deepmod-nanopore-dna-modifications

confidence governing the weighting and learning of sampled information

constant2019-regimes-expectations-social-conformity

From the point of view of active inference, one can distinguish two aspects of attention: namely, salience and precision ( Parr and Friston, 2017 ). In the setting of policy selection, salience refers to the epistemic value or affordance of an action; i.e., the uncertainty reduction afforded by performing an action that may not have immediate pragmatic value, such as flipping a light switch to ill

the ratio between the true positive links over all the tested positives

leao2022-npomix-machine-learning-mass-spectrometry

We defined “precision” P as the temporal jitter (half-width of the jittering interval, δ) at which Q begins degrading

Levi2022-error-correction-and-improved-precision-of-s

all redundant and ambiguous parts should be eliminated

andersen2022-definition-of-stigma

estimated inverse variance of prediction-error signals and the predictive-process sense of attention

fabry2019-mind-wandering-reader-predictive-enculturation

Whatever perceptual and active inferences contribute to the reduction of prediction errors is modulated by the estimated precision (i.e., the inverse variance) of prediction error signals (Hohwy, 2013 ; Clark, 2015 ; Seth, 2015b ). It has been suggested that precision estimation is equivalent to attention (Feldman and Friston, 2010 ; Hohwy, 2013 ; Clark, 2016 ). Eye movements, generating virtual s

measures the ability of a method to correctly identify the target behaviour

jeantet2020-multi-sensor-loggers-sea-turtle-behaviour

replicability of catch data collection

pauly2016-catch-reconstructions-global-marine-fisheries

the extent to which an OTU contains amplicons from one species without over-grouping

rognese2016-vsearch-metagenomics

We independently evaluated the clustering accuracy of USEARCH and VSEARCH as described for Swarm ( Mahé et al., 2014 ) using two mock datasets, one with an even and one with uneven composition of 57 archaea and bacteria. The datasets were first dereplicated. Then the taxonomy of the unique sequences was assigned by a search against the set of rRNA reference sequences representing the species in th

those functions that prioritize and organize the patterns of variation that can sustain health at a level in future, changing conditions

saad2020-philosophy-of-health

‘a change in behaviour (knowledge, attitudes and/or skills) that can be observed or measured and that occurs because of exposure to environmental stimuli’

makhene2023-decolonisation-nursing-curriculum

not defined in this paper's own words; multiple neural systems and changes situated in broader educational settings

thomas2018-educational-neuroscience-progress-prospects

While ‘learning’ is something that (hopefully) happens in the classroom, the term has multiple realisations in the brain. To illustrate, here is a thumbnail sketch that identifies eight interacting learning systems in the brain: (a) There is a system for memorising specific moments, which produces episodic or autobiographical memory. This is the hippocampus and the structures around it. This syste

not defined in this paper's own words; process through which didactic education affects knowledge

lewis2018-classification-causality-implementation-mechanisms

Proximal outcomes are direct, measurable, and typically observable, products of the implementation strategy that occur because of its specific mechanism of action. That is, affecting a proximal outcome in the intended direction can confirm/disconfirm activation of the putative mechanism, offering a low-inference way to establish evidence for a theorized mechanism. Most often, mechanisms themselves

a change in the underlying syntactic representations

fazekas2020-children-prediction-mistakes-learning

developmental addition of words ordered by age of acquisition

stella2018-multiplex-mental-lexicon-learning

We simulate lexicon growth over time t ( n ) by considering subgraphs of the multiplex lexicon where the first n ≤ 8531 words in a given ranking r are considered. 8531 is the total number of words in our network. Rankings indicate the way words are acquired in the lexicon over time and can be based on word features or age of acquisition reports. The rankings we use are based on: (i) smeared age of

explicit and reportable versus implicit; probed here with one debriefing question, and the conclusion hedged to some cases

Kumar2014-representations-of-specific-acoustic-pattern

Subjective reports from the participants after the experiment showed that most were not aware of any stimulus re-occurring during the experiment, suggesting that in some cases the learning occurred implicitly.

optimization of a generative model's parameters

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

Learning here is a technical term.

not defined in this paper's own words; capacity for action within structural constraint

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

Medical sociology contributes important analyses of the relationships between notions of structure and agency as they pertain to illness and health. Complicating structural vulnerability’s contention that structure constrains agency, sociologists study ways in which persons navigate resource-poor environments by making volitional choices that impact morbidities and mortalities. Bourdieu’s (1977) n

autonomous action based on internal states and goals

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

By contrast, a (strongly) integrated system is autonomous, since it can act and react based on its internal states and goals.

pragmatic capacity for prospective and flexible action

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

To be sure, agency is one of the key notions for ecological psychology: grounding perception in self-controlled activity in the world has successfully changed the perspective not only in research on perception but in cognition in general. As Edward Reed notices, Eleanor Gibson lists agency as “the core phenomenon for psychology to explain” ( Reed, 1996 , p. 12), linking it to the key issues of aut

not defined in this paper's own words; multiple philosophical and legal capacities

bertolini2022-robots-ai-legal-subjects

Indeed, if we are to define what a robot can and cannot do by referring to the notions of subjectivity or personhood, agency, responsibility or liability, it is first necessary to understand what we mean by these concepts, which have complex and possibly indeterminate meanings.

not defined in this paper's own words; autonomous, asymmetric, normative organism-world engagement

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

Agency, in the enactive approach, is defined under three main topics: self-individuation (autonomy) , interactional asymmetry , and normativity .

not defined in this paper's own words; world-involving regulation according to self-generated norms

di-paolo2020-pregnant-agencies

Agency adds to autopoiesis and adaptivity the capability of an organism not only to interact but to regulate its interactions with its associated milieu, already specified by the process of self-individuation (see Figure 1 ). As autopoietic, the organism self-maintains, but mere interactions with its environment do not allow it to counteract environmental conditions if needed. In becoming adaptive

not defined in this paper's own words

pisor2020-economic-games-human-behaviour

In summary, these findings show that the relaxation of constraints on behaviour can allow individuals increasing agency with which to act on their private preferences.

not defined in this paper's own words; autonomy and self-endorsement in learning

ng2018-growth-mindset-intrinsic-motivation

First, educators should design a task that has intrinsic value for students to be engaged in doing. For instance, an interesting task will instill curiosity into students, when compared to an uninteresting one. Inculcating the value of doing the task or task value will definitely stimulate the students’ interest. Second, teachers should provide the autonomy or choice for students. Autonomy or the

not defined in this paper's own words; autonomous generation of meaningful action in a coupled world

van-der-schijff2018-4e-music-pedagogy-self-organization

In being embodied, embedded, and extended, cognition is also enactive . This means that the living systems are not simply responders to environments. Rather, they bring forth their own domain of meaning—most fundamentally—through the development of repertoires of actions that are guided by principles related to the organism’s internal coherence (e.g., homeostasis, thermodynamics, regulation, nutri

the manifested capacity of a subject to perform intentional actions

bertolini2022-robots-ai-legal-subjects

From a philosophical perspective, agents are subjects who can act—i.e., perform actions—while agency denotes the manifestation of such capacity ( Schlosser, 2015 ). However, “actions are doings, but not every doing is an action” ( Himma, 2009 ): according to the main variations of the “standard conception”, an event may be deemed as an action only if brought about intentionally ( Anscombe, 1957 ;

embodied capacity to choose and preserve autonomy within maternity-care relations

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

The review outcomes, which included 10 studies of home births and one of free birth, suggest that birthing outside of the hospital is a common route women take if they are concerned with control over their bodies and agency in their care. Pursuing home birth, in which limited medicalisation is ideal, can be viewed as a choice that is informed by and reflects women’s desires for autonomy and integr

informed choice developed through risk education

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

Investing in risk-savvy citizens, by contrast, enables a sustainable solution: citizens who see through manipulation and can make informed decisions themselves.

authority to act for a principal and create legal relations between that principal and third parties

bertolini2022-robots-ai-legal-subjects

Indeed, in a narrower sense, the term “agency” also refers to that institution, or rather set of norms, allowing and regulating the fiduciary relationship whereby a subject—the “agent”—is expressly or implicitly authorized to act on behalf of another subject—the “principal”—to create legal relations between the latter and third parties. Thus, an agent who acts within the scope of authority conferr

capacity to change one's environment, life course, and actions

frank2019-human-biases-autonomous-vehicle-moral-dilemmas

Study 5 tests another alternative explanation for people’s moral decisions, specifically whether the prevalent decision to sacrifice the passenger is caused by the inference of passenger agency. The concept of agency refers to humans’ capacity to change their immediate environment, shape the course of their lives, and control their actions 33 . In this and other research on the moral dilemmas of a

intentional and responsible capacity to act in morally novel situations

de-cremer2023-ai-tools-organizational-ethics

When we expect that AI systems will be ethical decision-makers in organizations, we are ultimately expecting that these systems would be able to reason, think and make judgment calls about the most morally appropriate course of action, across a wide range of managerial contexts (Mittelstadt, 2019 ; De Cremer, 2022 ). Crucially, given that organizations operate in a volatile, uncertain, complex, an

retained human authority and responsibility for the final clinical decision

lysaght2019-ai-assisted-decision-making-healthcare

Maintaining professional integrity when interacting with the AI-assisted CDSS and incorporating it into practice. This will involve implementing systems that encourage doctors to interact with AI-assisted CDSS in ways that augment their clinical decision-making without compromising their primary responsibilities and duties to patient care. At this present time, developers should program the AI alg

a capacity to act that requires a separate argument before it creates legal entitlements

ienca2021-on-neurorights

A “right to agency, or the freedom of thought and free will to choose one’s own actions” has been advocated by Yuste et al. (2021) . Although these authors use these three notions as synonyms, as indicated by the disjunctive logical operator “or,” agency, freedom of thought and free will typically denote quite distinct concepts. Agency, as it is widely discussed in the philosophy of action literat

authorship and practical control over one's digital choices

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

The main ethical ambiguity of persuasive choice architectures and commercial nudging resides in their close ties to other types of influence, such as coercion and, in particular, manipulation. Coercion is a type of influence that does not convince its targets but rather compels them by eliminating all options except for one (e.g., take-it-or-leave-it choices). Manipulation is a hidden influence th

intentionality embodied by an active material trace

malafouris2021-mark-making-human-becoming

I begin with our first question about the process of making: Where does the meaning and agency of ‘making’ reside? What kind of actions, intentions, anticipations, thoughts or feelings does the making of these simple marks we have drawn entail? The easiness by which the literate reader of this article is able to perform any such simple actions, as well as to perceive and project meaning to their p

the alignment or conflict between decision-maker and subject interests in prediction-supported choices

chen2020-predictably-unequal-algorithmic-clinical-prediction

In many of the non-medical examples, there are clearly competing interests—for example, between society’s need for safety and security and an individual’s claim to freedom and freedom from harassment; between a lending institution’s responsibility to remain financially healthy and an individual’s desire for a loan. In these conditions, predictions can be said to be “polar”—i.e., one end of the pro

graded decision and adaptive-action capacities indexed by the model level needed for communication, prediction, and control

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

• Agency—a set of properties closely related to decision-making and adaptive action which determine the degree to which optimal ways to relate to the system (in terms of communication, prediction, and control) require progressively higher-level models specified in terms of scale of goals, stresses, capabilities, and preferences of that System as an embodied Self acting in various problem spaces. T

the cognitive, psychological, time, and material resources a recipient must use to benefit from an intervention

adams2016-population-interventions-agency

There are a number of reasons why high-agency population interventions may reinforce socioeconomic inequalities. Exerting agency requires individuals to rally their cognitive, psychological, time, and material resources [ 7 ]—all of which tend to be socioeconomically patterned. More socioeconomically advantaged people, with better health literacy (a cognitive resource) [ 17 ], may find it easier t

a disputed feeling of control over bodily movement or thought

milliere2018-psychedelics-meditation-self-consciousness

Firstly, the sense of agency is an ambiguous concept, which has been construed both as a feeling of control over one's bodily movements allegedly produced by comparator mechanisms, and as a feeling of control over the production of one's thoughts.

autonomy threatened when design installs habits and goals not voluntarily chosen

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

Persuasive design creates different types of distractions. The first ones are functional, meaning we are directed away “from information and actions relevant to our immediate tasks and goals” (Williams 2018 , 50). This is the most common type of distraction and it happens, for example, when we interrupt our work flow in order to check email or other notifications. The second type of distractions a

choice retained despite environmental steering

bucher2020-nudges-real-life-food-purchasing

Nudging has been proposed as a promising environmental intervention strategy for modifying food choices. The term ‘nudge’ was originally coined by Thaler and Sunstein in 2008 and defined as: ‘ Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way, without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives’ (p.6 ) [ 8 ]. Nudging became pop

individual freedom or autonomy potentially undermined by a nudge

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

As noted previously, nudging to improve health (and other outcomes) has been criticised by ethicists and others for potentially undermining autonomy and being coercive [ 10 , 11 , 15 ].

user autonomy preserved by prompting reflection rather than censoring content

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

Another important practical question is how accuracy prompts may interact with other approaches to fighting misinformation. One appeal of accuracy prompts relative to most other interventions is that accuracy prompts entirely preserve user autonomy and do not require any centralized definition of truth versus falsehood. Nonetheless, accuracy prompts may interact beneficially with more traditional

a user's capacity to influence many contacts through ordinary public expression

coviello2014-emotional-contagion-social-networks

Our estimates of the social contagion of emotional expression suggest that there may be large-scale spillovers in online networks. What people feel and say in one place may spread to many parts of the globe on the very same day. Yet the 1.5∶1 estimated ratio of the indirect to the direct effect is actually somewhat lower than other kinds of network effects measured experimentally. For the spread o

an organism's active contribution within reciprocal organism-environment dependence

baggs2020-ecological-psychology-enactivism-action

We noted that both approaches propose that adaptive behavior emerges from dynamic interactions. However, whereas Ecological Psychology has emphasized “generic agency” and lawful constraints in co-dependence, enactivists have emphasized individual contribution to meaning that is “brought forth” (enacted) by active agency, in lived experience. Ecological psychologists share with enactivists the focu

argued to result from relationships between human beings and their environment

carter2024-child-centred-care-concept

collective use of social media to contest stereotypes and build inclusive spaces

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

However, social media could also be used as a positive agent of change.

culturally attributed beliefs, desires, concerns, and responsiveness of gods

norenzayan2012-mentalizing-deficits-belief-personal-god

Believers intuitively treat gods as intentional agents with mental states who enter into social relationships with humans, using supernatural powers to assuage existential concerns, respond to human desires, and monitor their social behaviour [1] – [5] .

enculturated action selected through representational or deontic pathways

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

Having said this, the dual aspect architecture in Figure 3 means that the representationalist and dynamic pathways can happily live side-by-side, mutually informing each other – but both are sufficient for enactive engagement with the niche on their own. The distinction between the pathways – or routes to (subpersonal) action selection have some important implications. For example, deontic action

increasing choice over one's proximal cultural memberships

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

Over the course of this developmental process, the individual becomes less dependent on others for survival and better able to exercise greater agency in choosing his or her proximal cultural groupings and the micro-cultures of relationships within these proximal cultures ( Bandura, 2001 ). This general process is individualized and sorted ( Fowler et al., 2011 ) at each stage by the genetic profi

inferred responsibility from proximity to a vehicle's apparent control position

frank2019-human-biases-autonomous-vehicle-moral-dilemmas

The logistic regression on the Study 5 sample, reported in Table 2 , finds that the passenger’s seating position in the back seat results in a 2.23 times higher likelihood of the pedestrian being sacrificed relative to the front-seat position ( OR 2.23, 95% CI: 1.24–4.03). The effect is highly significant (p = 0.007) and supports the hypothesis that people’s moral decisions are affected by the inf

voluntary mental self-determination protected against coercive intervention

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

As already stated in the introduction, the four main neurorights are: (1) cognitive liberty; (2) mental privacy; (3) mental integrity; and (4) psychological continuity. The first, sometimes also called the right to mental self-determination, has two aspects: access to neurotechnologies and protection against their coercive and unconsented use; cognitive liberty is also considered the most fundamen

willingness to make a hypothetical vaccination choice within sociopolitical constraints

baumgaertner2018-ideology-trust-vaccination

Our solution to this problem is as follows. We designed two hypothetical questions which correspond to slightly different scenarios. Question 1 simulates a low-risk setting. We asked our interviewees to imagine that they are currently “missing the vaccine for the following diseases but there is no immediate risk of getting infected.” Respondents then gave separate answers for pertussis, measles, a

the 1992 sense, Schmidt: PLANT HORMONE-CONTAINING substances - which the 2017 definition explicitly rules out

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Plant hormone-containing substances that can stimulate growth when exogenously applied.”

the industry council definition: stimulating natural processes for nutrient uptake, efficiency and abiotic stress tolerance, with no direct action against pests

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Contain substance(s) and/or micro-organisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality.

AND THE BOUNDARY WITH PGRs IS AN ATTRIBUTION RULE, NOT A COMPOSITION RULE: `biostimulants can contain traces of natural plant hormones, but their biological action should not be ascribed to them, otherwise they should be registered as plant growth regulators.` The same bottle is one product or the other depending on what its effect is credited to.

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“From a legal point of view, biostimulants can contain traces of natural plant hormones, but their biological action should not be ascribed to them, otherwise they should be registered as plant growth regulators” (Bulgari et al., 2015)

DEFINED BY EXCLUSION FROM TWO LEGAL CATEGORIES: `biostimulants cannot by definition be pesticides or fertilizers`, with seven citations behind the exclusion. The category's edges are drawn by its neighbours.

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

Likewise, biostimulants cannot by definition be pesticides or fertilizers (Russo and Berlyn, 1991; Karnok, 2000; Hamza and Suggars, 2001; Banks and Percival, 2012; Du Jardin, 2012; Torre et al., 2013, 2016)

THE EFFICIENCY SENSE, defined by enhancing nutrient use efficiency alongside an existing fertilisation plan

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Material that, when applied to a plant, seed, soil or growing media - in conjunction with established fertilization plans, enhances the plant’s nutrient use efficiency, or provides other direct or indirect benefits to plant development or stress response.

THE EXPLICITLY NON-NUTRITIONAL SENSE: the aim is NOT to supply nutrition but to stimulate metabolism

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Are organic products composed of peptides, amino acids, polysaccharides, peptides, humic acids, and/or phytohormones, etc. for immediate uptake and availability within the plant.

THE HORMONE-DEPENDENT SENSE, where the important benefits are said to REST on influencing hormonal activity

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

Many important benefits of biostimulants are based on their ability to influence hormonal activity.

THE HORMONE-EXCLUDING SENSE, where phytohormones are PROHIBITED by regulation

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“It must be remind that the biostimulant activity does not have to derive from the addition of phytohormones (Attached 6, codicil 4.1).

THE MICROORGANISM SENSE, where the biostimulant is a living organism rather than a substance

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Both biocontrol microorganisms (BCMs) and plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) can be defined as “biostimulant microorganisms,” able to foster plant growth and defence against pathogens throughout the crop life cycle, from seed germination to plant maturity.

THE NEGATIVE/REGULATORY SENSE, defined by what it is not: neither a fertilizer nor a pesticide

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Materials that are neither a fertilizer nor a pesticide, but when applied to a plant will enhance their health, growth, and protection.

THE NUTRITIONAL SENSE: it contributes to crop nutrition and healthy development by its mode of action

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Natural or synthetic products of either mineral or organic composition that by their mode of action positively contribute to crop nutrition and the development of healthy plants.

THE STRESS-MITIGATION SENSE, acting through the plant's own innate defence responses

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Single compounds or mixtures of compounds which mitigate the effects caused by abiotic stress agents, through the induction of innate plant defense responses.

THIS PAPER'S PROPOSED SENSE (2017): defined by EMERGENT PROPERTIES OF THE COMPLEX, and explicitly NOT by the presence of known nutrients, growth regulators or protective compounds. The differentia is what the effect is NOT reducible to

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

To distinguish biostimulants from the existing legislative product categories including essential nutrients, pesticides, or plant hormones a biostimulant should not solely function by virtue of the presence of elements or compounds of known function. We propose, therefore, a definition of a biostimulant as “a formulated product of biological origin that improves plant productivity as a consequence

The term biostimulants refers to substances of biological origin or microorganisms which, when applied to plants either via root drench, foliar spray, or a combination of both, is intended to stimulate natural processes in the plant that is responsible for efficient plant nutrient use efficiency and growth processes and/or an increase in the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress, irrespective of the plant-beneficial nutrient content of the substances [ 1 , 2 ].

ali2021-biostimulant-properties-of-seaweed-extracts-in-plants

The term “biostimulant” was first proposed by Zhang and Schmidt (1997) to denote “ materials that, in minute quantities, promote plant growth .” The PBs referred to in the former article were humic substances and macro-algal extracts whose stimulatory effect on plants was essentially suggesting a hormonal mode of action.

rouphael2018-synergistic-biostimulatory-action-designing-the-next-generation

for the authors a class of crop input that can stand in for part of the agro-chemical inputs

shukla2019-ascophyllum-biostimulants

Plant biostimulants are a new class of crop input, offering a potential alternative to traditional, agro-chemical inputs, and, in most cases, can reduce the application rates of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides by enhancing their efficacy

the 1991 sense, Russo and Berlyn: “materials of little or no fertilizer value that accelerate plant growth” - defined by what it is worth as a fertiliser

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Materials of little or no fertilizer value that accelerate plant growth, usually when used at low concentrations.”

the 2001 sense quoted by Sharma: a PLANT-PROTECTION product working by stimulating defence or by competing with harmful organisms - a definition the others do not share at all

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Products intended to protect plants against harmful organisms by stimulating defence mechanisms in the plant or by competing with harmful organisms for space and nutrients in the phyllosphere or rhizosphere.”

the 2001 sense, McCarty: a term the literature itself calls AMBIGUOUS, covering microbes, hormones, soil conditioners and microbe energy sources

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“An ambiguous term used to encompass non-nutritional growth-promoting substances such as microbes, plant growth hormones, soil conditioners and microbe energy sources.”

the 2003 sense, Beard in Schmidt et al.: defined by a RESIDUAL - a response that cannot be attributed to traditional plant nutrients

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

An organic material that, when applied in small quantities, enhances plant growth and development such that the response cannot be attributed to application of traditional plant nutrients.

the definition by exclusion: substances and materials other than nutrients and pesticides that modify plant physiology

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Substances and materials, with the exception of nutrients and pesticides, which, when applied to plants, seeds or growing substrates in specific formulations, have the capacity to modify physiological processes of plants in a way that provides potential benefits to growth, development and/or stress response.

the safety criterion written into one national definition - no risk to human, animal or natural environment

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“They mean inorganic and organic substances or its mixtures positively affecting plant development or other physiological processes in plants.

the small-quantity criterion: an organic material whose response cannot be attributed to traditional plant nutrients

yakhin2017-biostimulants-in-plant-science-a-g

“Is an organic material that, when applied in small quantities, enhances plant growth and development such that the response cannot be attributed to the application of traditional plant nutrients.

not defined in this paper's own words; closeness of predictions to reference values

brockherde2017-bypassing-kohn-sham-machine-learning

Following a direct prediction approach with the ML-HK map increases the accuracy consistently on both 1D examples and 3D molecules.

not defined in this paper's own words; correctness of the selected answer

kung2023-chatgpt-usmle-medical-education

Exam items were first encoded as open-ended questions with variable lead-in prompts. This input format simulates a free natural user query pattern. With indeterminate responses censored/included, ChatGPT accuracy for USMLE Steps 1, 2CK, and 3 was 75.0%/45.4%, 61.5%/54.1%, and 68.8%/61.5%, respectively ( Fig 2A ). Accuracy of ChatGPT on USMLE. For USMLE Steps 1, 2CK, and 3, AI outputs were adjudica

not defined in this paper's own words; how close estimated haplotypes are to the truth

delaneau2019-haplotype-estimation

As expected, increasing P yields to appreciable improvements in accuracy: for instance, the P = 2 and P = 4 configurations decrease the error rate of P = 1 by 31 and 42% on the largest sample size, respectively.

not defined in this paper's own words; reduction of systematic negative bias

pauly2016-catch-reconstructions-global-marine-fisheries

Our reconstructed catch data, which combines the data reported to FAO with estimates of unreported catches (that is, reconstructed data are ‘reported FAO data+unreported catches') include estimates of uncertainty ( Fig. 1 ) associated with each national reconstruction. Note that many reconstructions are associated with high uncertainty, especially for earlier decades, for sectors such as subsisten

the percentage of all proteins from the test data that are classified into their correct protein structural classes

newaz2020-network-protein-structural-classification

100 minus the mean absolute percentage error of a model's predictions

sujeeun2020-nanofibrous-scaffold-performance

The MAPE is the most common statistical measure used to forecast error and is calculated as the average of the absolute percentage errors of predictions.

AS OPERATIONALISED HERE, for each TRUE lineage take the BEST MATCH among the inferred ones by Kendall rank correlation, then average over true lineages. A method that returns spurious extra lineages is not penalised for them by this score unless they displace a better match

street2018-slingshot-cell-lineage-and-pseudot

The accuracy of inferred pseudotimes was measured as follows: for each true lineage, identify the best match amongst all inferred lineages, according to the Kendall rank correlation coefficient between the true and inferred pseudotime variables. Averaging these values over all true lineages yields the accuracy score for a particular method on a particular dataset.

ON IMAGES FROM OTHER SOURCES, the same model, the same 38 classes: 31.40% and 31.69%. ONE WORD, TWO POPULATIONS, A THIRTY-EIGHT POINT GAP - and the paper reports both

mohanty2016-using-deep-learning-for-image-base

Using the best model on these datasets, we obtained an overall accuracy of 31.40% in dataset 1, and 31.69% in dataset 2, in successfully predicting the correct class label (i.e., crop and disease information) from among 38 possible class labels. We note that a random classifier will obtain an average accuracy of only 2.63%.

ON THE HELD-OUT SPLIT of the dataset the model was trained on: 99.35%

mohanty2016-using-deep-learning-for-image-base

The trained model achieves an accuracy of 99.35% on a held-out test set, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach.

an overall measure of the classification of traits into clusters

foley2021-colocalization-algorithm-genetic-risk

per-family binary: one classifier per family with equal positives and negatives, which is what every number in Table 2 is

asgari2015-protvec

In order to evaluate the strength of ProtVec, we performed classifications of 7,027 protein families and obtained a weighted average accuracy of 93 ± 0.06%, which exhibits a more reliable result than the existing methods.

Corona Virus Disease 2019

li2020-the-impact-of-covid-19-epidemic-declaration

the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

murphy2021-psychological-characteristics-associated-with-covid-19-vaccine

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, reached pandemic status on March 11th, 2020.

not defined in this paper's own words; the WHO's official name for the disease, released after this paper was accepted

zhou2020-a-pneumonia-outbreak-associated-wi

Note added in proof: Since this paper was accepted, the ICTV has designated the virus as SARS-CoV-2 15 ; in addition, the WHO has released the official name of the disease caused by this virus, which is COVID-19

the official WHO name of the disease caused by this virus, released after the paper was accepted

wu2020-new-coronavirus-respiratory-disease-china

Note added in proof: Since this paper was accepted, the ICTV has designated the virus as SARS-CoV-2 30 ; in addition, the WHO has released the official name of the disease caused by this virus, which is COVID-19 31 .

not defined in this paper's own words; the name whose appearance in a report sets off infection control and anxiety

simpson2020-radiological-society-of-north-amer

As a result, including “COVID-19” in a radiology report could trigger a cascade of events including infection control measures and anxiety for both the managing provider and the patient.

coronavirus disease 2019

liu2020-the-experiences-of-health-care-providers-during, mazza2020-a-nationwide-survey-of-psychological-distress-among, rossi2020-covid-19-pandemic-and-lockdown-measures-impact

the novel coronavirus

stanton2020-depression-anxiety-and-stress-during-covid-19

the pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans described here as arising with SARS-CoV-2

renzo2020-eating-habits-and-lifestyle-changes-during-covid

On December 12th 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-Cov2) emerged in Wuhan, China, sparking a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans (COVID-19).

The virus subsequently spread rapidly across the world and led to the pandemic known as COVID-19.

ozdin2020-levels-and-predictors-of-anxiety-depression-and

the misconception sense ('the computer does the creativity') versus the human decision-making sense the essay defends

can-computers-create-art

Computer animation is another technology that scared traditional artists. In the early days before they found Lasseter, the Lucasfilm Graphics Group made many attempts to interest Disney animators in their work (Price 2008). Smith later said: “Animators were frightened of the computer. They felt that it was going to take their jobs away. We spent a lot of time telling people, ‘No, it’s just a tool

Creativity is defined as an ability to interact with cognitive abilities, personal qualities, and environmental factors to produce novel and effective ways of solving problems.

Li2025-meta-analysis-of-fmri-studies-related-to-mat

not defined in this paper's own words; a proposed criterion for artisthood; also the thing a tool is said not to supply

can-computers-create-art

Finally, three related criteria that have intuitive appeal are the notions of creativity, growth, and responsiveness. They are important for human artists, so perhaps they should be for AI artists as well.

as operationalised in the imaging literature: alternative-use, metaphor, riddle and improvisation tasks standing in for the construct

Li2025-meta-analysis-of-fmri-studies-related-to-mat

The research for articles related to creativity keywords such as “creativity,” “divergent thinking,” “creative idea generation,” “insight,” “metaphor,” “improvisation,” “aha,” “original idea,” “remote associates,” “heuristic prototype,” “creative thinking” AND “neuroimaging,” “brain imaging,” “cerebral correlates” “functional magnetic resonance imaging” and its abbreviation.

domain-specific: mathematical creativity as general creativity combined with mathematical ability, and therefore not the same object

Li2025-meta-analysis-of-fmri-studies-related-to-mat

It has been suggested that mathematical creativity is a combination of general domain creativity and domain-specific mathematical ability ( Schoevers et al., 2020 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; a capacity treated as possibly not uniquely human but a socio-cultural spectrum AI may partly penetrate

humans-versus-ai-whether-and-why-we-prefer-human

Art created by AI has been met with both success and controversy (see Chatterjee, 2022 ); and, very recently, these creative products have permeated into mainstream culture like museums and artistic industries (Diaz, 2022 ; Kaleagasi, 2017 ; Kinsella, 2018 ; Zulić, 2019 ). Though contention ensues over whether artificial programs are capable of producing “creative” products (in line with the compu

uniquely-human sense versus a spectrum of abilities AI may be able to penetrate

humans-versus-ai-whether-and-why-we-prefer-human

Several interpretations can be drawn from these results. Firstly, participants may hold a nuanced view of creativity: while humans can achieve creativity across cognition and production, AI can produce only surface-level reflections of creative thinking according to raters. Artworks that are created by humans may reflect a profound human experience—and thus be deemed more monetarily worthy—that AI

not defined in this paper's own words; per-position count of overlapping features

lawrence2013-genomic-ranges-software

A common method of summarizing a genomic data set is to calculate the coverage, i.e., the number of features in the data set overlapping each position in the genome. This is useful in ChIP-seq analysis, where many peak detection methods operate on the coverage.

not defined in this paper's own words; retained-length value factor

bolger2014-trimmomatic-flexible-trimmer

The second factor models ‘coverage’, and provides a linear score based on retained sequence length

not defined in this paper's own words; the share of reactions a method can estimate

noor2013-gibbs-energy-component-contributions

Group contribution methods greatly increase coverage, albeit at the price of decreased precision.

the fraction of relevant reactions a method can estimate at all

noor2013-gibbs-energy-component-contributions

However, even this wide collection covers less than 10% of biochemical reactions in standard metabolic reconstructions, such as the E. coli model iAF1260 [5] .

representation sense: any protected overlap with a species distribution

venter2014-targeting-global-protected-area-expansion-biodiversity

We assessed the occurrence of threatened vertebrates within protected areas using a representation target and an adequacy target. The representation target was achieved if any portion of the species' distribution overlapped with the protected area network. To set adequacy targets we followed the method of Rodrigues et al. [23] to scale the target to the species' overall geographic range size. Comp

not defined in this paper's own words; engagement for inherent satisfaction

ng2018-growth-mindset-intrinsic-motivation

Intrinsic motivation is inherent, as it drives the direction of an individual’s behavior and self-determination [ 16 ]. Self-determination is important in the development of beings to become more effective and refined in their reflection of ongoing experiences [ 17 ]. When students experience the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself, they will show intrinsically motivated behavior. If stud

not defined in this paper's own words; internal motivation that external rewards may suppress

vlaev2019-financial-incentives-health-behavior

Motivating behavior change in health is much more complex than can be accomplished with a single strategy and offering incentives (both positive and negative) are just one route to achieving improvements in health outcomes. Financial incentives are increasingly seen as an important vehicle to bring about changes in behavior that lead to healthier lifestyles and supporters and critics alike can be

intrinsic motivation is the propensity to seek out pleasure, novelty, aesthetics, and spontaneous interest – it is motivation to perform a behavior or action for the inherent enjoyment that doing so provides

stevens2020-affective-determinants-physical-activity

the individual wanting to maintain the new behaviour

kwasnicka2016-behaviour-change-maintenance-theories

voluntary task engagement for inherent satisfaction

ng2018-growth-mindset-intrinsic-motivation

Most neuroscience studies have focused on research related to cognitive functions, such as attention, memory and decision-making. In addition to these cognitive studies, there is also the implicit nature of mindsets that lead to the malleability of self-attributes (e.g., intelligence) [ 6 ]. Subtle feedback and messages related to growth mindset can have noticeable effects on students’ attitudes a

the absolute DALY count, which rose between 2010 and 2021 mostly because populations grew and aged, against age-standardised DALY rates, which fell until 2019; one word names a count moving up and a rate moving down

ferrari2024-global-burden-371-diseases

Across the Level 1 causes, non-communicable diseases contributed the highest burden globally and was the only disease group for which DALYs increased between 2010 and 2021, from 1·47 billion (95% UI 1·32–1·64) in 2010 to 1·73 billion (1·54–1·94) in 2021 ( appendix 2 table S13 ). This increase was mostly due to population growth and ageing (165 of 204 countries increased in population between 2010

the absolute number of DALYs, which stays resolutely constant, against age-standardised DALY rates, which fall steadily; one word names both a quantity health systems must manage and a rate that shows health improving

vos2020-global-burden-369-diseases

Taking into account population growth and shifts in age structure, health continues to improve at the global level. The absolute burden of disease and its associated impact on health systems, however, remain resolutely constant. Some diseases, such as diabetes, are increasing in burden, and more general all-cause DALY stagnation in some high SDI countries points out that further gains are not inev

counted in DALYs, deaths, prevalent cases, YLLs and YLDs, as GBD 2019 estimates

roth2020-global-burden-cardiovascular-diseases

GBD 2019 is a multinational collaborative research study that estimates disease burden for every country in the world ( 1 , 4 ).

defined into subjective and objective burdens

setyawati2024-family-caregiving-islamic-perspective

not defined in this paper's own words; what much of the debate is rooted in

Levi2022-error-correction-and-improved-precision-of-s

Methodological considerations The question of whether neurons transmit information via rate or temporal codes has been discussed extensively ( König et al., 1996 ; Salinas and Sejnowski, 2001 ; Cohen and Kohn, 2011 ), and much of the debate is rooted in definitions.

a statement that aims at expressing the essential nature of X in a way that includes all instances of X while excluding all instances that aren't really X

andersen2022-definition-of-stigma

descriptive versus prescriptive or regulatory

artefacts-and-family-resemblance

On the other hand, the above considerations are meant to provide only a regulatory definition of artefacts, which: […] while modifying the original vague meaning of a word, sharply delineates its extension, but takes into consideration the original vague boundary of its extension, as suggested by the original meaning. (Ajdukiewicz 1974 , p. 75)

not defined in this paper's own words; whose ownership one respondent put the whole problem down to

Laubach2018-what-if-anything-is-rodent-prefrontal-cortex

One respondent wrote: “Depends on whose definition of the ACC is used.” We are not aware of anatomic studies or reviews on the ACC that do not include the prelimbic cortex (also known as area 32) as a core component of the ACC (e.g., the first anatomic collection dedicated to the ACC: Vogt and Gabriel, 1993 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; loss of all hope of improvement, which helpless nurses still keep

azizi2023-helplessness-nurses-covid

Helplessness differs from powerlessness and hopelessness, which in some cases have overlapped with these concepts

not defined in this paper's own words; one of the five attributes, a lasting loss of hope in the pandemic

lee2021-entrapment-covid-pandemic

Sustained hopelessness is positively correlated with demoralization and eventually influences suicidality and suicidal ideation

an emotional condition in which the individuals express a sense of giving up, an inability to improve and control one´s situation, leading to mental health decline and the desire for a hastened death

martins2024-spiritual-distress-hopelessness

little or no belief in a positive future

hua2025-demoralization-concept-analysis

Presence is the practice of engaging with patients in a manner that recognizes and respects their holistic essence

monteiro2025-spiritual-awakening-concept

a technique that engages patients by recognizing and respecting their holistic nature, fostering an authentic interpersonal environment, and treating patients as distinct individuals

coelho2025-spiritual-care-competence-palliative

it can mean both presence of family and presence of staff

larsson2023-feeling-safe-perioperatively

the subjective experience of actually being in the mediated virtual environment

oh2018-social-presence-systematic-review

share some attributes with the concept but do not cover the entire definition

kangasniemi2023-nurses-collegiality

concepts that are associated with—rather than synonymous or nearly synonymous with—the selected concept

alshakhshir2024-spiritual-competence-nursing

may express similar ideas and characteristics, using different terminologies to represent the concept of interest [ 15 ]

lima2023-resilience-older-people

refer to “concepts that bear some relationship to the concept of interest but do not seem to share the same set of attributes”

van-wijk2022-public-opinion-leadership-nursing

Human and social capital are concepts that define positive individual and social power achieved through skills and solid social networks that are resources for development.

kobalgrum2022-social-sustainability-workplace

not defined in this paper's own words; a community's networks and shared values of trust, inclusion and mutual support

moya2022-social-resilience-definition

This set of values for social support constitute something that in sociology is referred to as social capital, which was soon associated with the development of resilience [ 56 , 71 ].

the ability to make connections with others in a social network, where trust, reciprocity and cooperation are paramount

feito2018-high-intensity-functional-training

the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or a social unit

thomas2021-social-capital-financial-literacy

not defined in this paper's own words; surface structural protein containing RBD

roltgen2020-defining-the-features-and-duration

The virus causing COVID-19 belongs to the Sarbecovirus subgenus (genus Betacoronavirus ) together with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and has been designated SARS-CoV-2 ( 9 ). Coronaviruses contain four structural proteins, including spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. The spike surface glycoprotein contains the receptor binding domain (RBD), whi

not defined in this paper's own words; the output signal

Huang2016-persistent-neural-activity-in-auditory-corte

LFPs and magnetic fields have been considered to partially reflect inputs to a region of tissue, in contrast to spike activity, which has been considered to preferentially reflect output to connected areas ( Buzsáki, 2004 ; Buzsáki et al., 2012 ; Hämäläinen et al., 1993 ).

a very local event in time

mazzoni2015-local-field-potential-integrate-and-fire

the signal

Levi2022-error-correction-and-improved-precision-of-s

When the number of spikes is fixed, the reliability profile necessarily increases monotonically. However, in the presence of spikes due to nonspecific inputs, the reliability profile may exhibit a local peak.

Electroencephalography (EEG) The EEG is an electrophysiological noninvasive technique for the recording of electrical activity arising from the human brain [ 38 ].

dzedzickis2020-human-emotion-recognition-review-of-sensors-and

electroencephalogram

chao2022-islamic-animal-ethics

electroencephalography

berendt2015-veterinary-epilepsy-definition, forenzo2024-deep-learning-bci-continuous-tracking

not defined in this paper's own words; lipid-bound vesicles secreted into the extracellular space, divided into three subtypes by how they are made rather than by what can be detected

doyle2019-overview-of-extracellular-vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space \ [1, 2\]. The three main subtypes of EVs are microvesicles (MVs), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies, which are differentiated based upon their biogenesis, release pathways, size, content, and function

THE 2023 DEFINITION, ALL THREE CLAUSES NEGATIVE OR STRUCTURAL AND NONE ABOUT ORIGIN: `particles that are RELEASED FROM CELLS, are DELIMITED BY A LIPID BILAYER, and cannot replicate on their own`. Nothing about where in the cell they came from - which is the whole point of the accompanying deprecations.

welsh2024-minimal-information-for-studies-of

Definition: The term ‘extracellular vesicles’ (EVs) refers to particles that are released from cells, are delimited by a lipid bilayer, and cannot replicate on their own (i.e., do not contain a functional nucleus).

not defined in this paper's own words; selective processing of environmental information

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

Cognition is hereby understood as the process of organizing and managing information and it includes acquiring (perception), selecting (attention), representing (understanding) and retaining (memory) information and using it to guide behavior (reasoning and coordination of motor outputs) (Bostrom and Sandberg 2009 , 312). Cognitive enhancement thus is the increase or augmentation of the cognitive

not defined in this paper's own words; selective emphasis on perceptual information

thierry2016-neurolinguistic-relativity-language-cognition

In a recent study by Flecken, Athanasopoulos, Kuipers, and Thierry ( 2015 ), this was precisely what we aimed to do. We presented two groups of native speakers of German or English with video animations of a black dot travelling along a trajectory (straight or curved) toward a shape (square or hexagon). Given that speakers of English, an aspect‐language, are drawn to pay attention equally to traje

not defined in this paper's own words; looking time and fixation allocation within an installation

trondle2018-installation-art-aesthetic-experience

Due to lack of previous study and specific hypotheses, we were primarily interested in assessing general areas of attention (by placing attention on eye fixations), and considering whether viewers appreciated the installed elements as stand-alone artworks or as components that interact with the ambient environment. This latter approach was hypothesized to be an important aspect of installation art

not defined in this paper's own words; selection of preference dimensions for a sharing decision

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

The second line of theorizing involves the importance of attention. A core tenet of psychological theory is that when attention is drawn to a particular dimension of the environment (broadly construed), that dimension tends to receive more weight in subsequent decisions ( Ajzen 2001 ; Simon and Newell 1971 ). While attention has been a primary focus in psychology, it has only recently begun to be

not defined in this paper's own words; content-steered allocation of audience processing

geise2023-integrating-media-content-reception-effects

Another example could be suspense: We know that suspense in media strongly affects the audience, and screenwriters and directors possess a lot of knowledge about how to elicit this phenomenon (e.g., Brewer and Lichtenstein, 1982 ; Douchet, 1985 ; Vorderer et al., 2006 ). Moreover, some prior work has focused on the brain mechanisms of suspense precisely because of its potential to take control of

not defined in this paper's own words; estimated precision of prediction-error signals

fabry2019-mind-wandering-reader-predictive-enculturation

Whatever perceptual and active inferences contribute to the reduction of prediction errors is modulated by the estimated precision (i.e., the inverse variance) of prediction error signals (Hohwy, 2013 ; Clark, 2015 ; Seth, 2015b ). It has been suggested that precision estimation is equivalent to attention (Feldman and Friston, 2010 ; Hohwy, 2013 ; Clark, 2016 ). Eye movements, generating virtual s

not defined in this paper's own words; context-sensitive contributor to aesthetic experience

conway2013-neuroaesthetics-trouble-beauty

Experiences of beauty typically require attention and are accompanied by feelings of pleasure [11] , [27] , [44] . In the same way that basic studies at the interface of sensory neuroscience and art have been productive—not in addressing why art objects are beautiful but in uncovering the strategies that artists use to generate artwork—basic investigations of the mechanisms of attention, decision

not defined in this paper's own words; error and feedback monitoring

ng2018-growth-mindset-intrinsic-motivation

There is a small body of existing growth mindset studies using neuroscience methods. The study by Moser et al. [ 30 ] suggested that individuals with a growth mindset are receptive to corrective feedback, exhibiting a higher Pe (error positivity) waveform response, which is correlated with a heightened awareness of and attention to mistakes. Enhanced Pe amplitude was associated with enhanced atten

not defined in this paper's own words; selection of language-relevant aspects of experience

stephens2011-swearing-euphemisms-linguistic-relativity

By contrast, according to Slobin, thinking-for-speaking has more pervasive effects on attention, memory, and cognition generally [15] . For example, it is well established that attention plays a critical role in encoding information into episodic memory [16] . Accordingly, the fact that different languages require participants to attend to different aspects of the world when speaking may have cons

not defined in this paper's own words; sustained absorbed orientation toward a story

dijkstra2016-pronouns-literary-reading-perspective

Immersion is a multidimensional experience based on factors, whose contribution to the experience of being immersed varies with the situation. Factors which often reoccur in notions of immersion in narratives include the experience of mental imagery, emotional engagement with protagonists, transportation into the story world, and attention during reading [ 5 , 15 ]. Experiencing imagery during nar

not defined in this paper's own words; what the central executive controls

Camina2017-the-neuroanatomical-neurophysiological-and-p

The central executive is a system of attention control with limited processing capacity.

not defined in this paper's own words; neural selection, psychological capacity, time, data, commodity, and target of control

williams2020-struggle-human-attention

Epistemologically, attention is a multidisciplinary term that groups together diverse processes. To clarify what human attention is and how it works, we start by understanding the research development of the concept. Then, we observe it from the point of view of neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and economics to reveal its operation within the individual emotional and sensory system, as well as it

as selection: a mechanism for selecting and prioritizing representations, under which WM is attention to memory representations and the relation is conceptual, not empirical

oberauer2019-working-memory-attention

A different perspective on the relation between WM and attention emerges when attention is defined not as a resource but as a mechanism for selecting and prioritizing representations. In this perspective, attention does not explain the capacity limit of WM. Rather, we should consider WM as an instance of attention – specifically, WM is attention to memory representations. Holding a set of represen

perceptual engagement cultivated by aesthetic experience

mastandrea2019-art-wellbeing-aesthetic-emotion

Aesthetic experience has been associated with mindfulness meditation, as it leads to enhancing the capability of perceptually engaging with an object ( Harrison and Clark, 2016 ).

One definition of attention characterizes it as a limited resource for information processing (e.g., Wickens, 1980 ). Another concept of attention is as a process of (or mechanism for) selection of information to be processed with priority (e.g., Chun et al., 2011 ; Desimone & Duncan, 1995 )

oberauer2019-working-memory-attention

not defined in this paper's own words; reader resources allocated to salient text features

fechino2020-jakobson-levi-strauss-neurocognitive-poetics

According to different studies, one key feature for poetry is the rhyme scheme. It is considered as a voice-punctuation of the poem [38] and is a sound foregrounding (FG) that attracts easily readers’ attention and contributes to the poem’s musicality [65 p. 367] . FG includes all kinds of text defamiliarization and is considered as a deviation from common language [44] [66] [67] . Nevertheless, t

coordination around shared representational tools during learning

desutter2017-embodied-spatial-thinking-stem

Gestures, for example, have been shown to play an important role in learning interactions: they externalize imagistic aspects of thought and coordinate shared attention around representational tools during learning (Alibali & Nathan, 2012 ) and speech-gesture discordance indicates a learner’s receptiveness to instruction (Alibali & Goldin-Meadow, 1993 ; Breckinridge-Church & Goldin-Meadow, 1986 ).

aggregate traffic allocated to a topic

wu2015-production-information-attention-economy

Phenomena like these have been already observed in a wide range of information-rich environments 1 , 14 , 19 , 20 , 25 . During the period of increased attention we see a previously unobserved phenomenon, namely that new articles about the Olympic Games are created at a higher frequency. A weaker pattern is observed for Hurricane Sandy too. To quantify the temporal relation between demand and prod

a finite individual and collective market resource

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

However, as new informational environments evolved and business models of Internet companies were refined, the goals and incentives of Internet design shifted as well. Human collective attention became a profitable market resource for which different actors compete. Fierce competition for human attention has led to the growing fragmentation of collective attention, with ever greater proliferation

active selection of relevant features while other features are ignored

colzato2008-religion-controls-visual-attention

Perceiving our world is an active process. We do not passively register the objects and events we encounter but explore and investigate them, attend to features and characteristics we find interesting and ignore those that we do not. As emphasized by the New Look perspective to human perception [1] , this suggests that our perception and attention reflect our moods, needs, expectations, and belief

measurable visibility through readers, social media, and mainstream news coverage

munafò2016-open-science-researchers-succeed

A similar study of over 1,700 Nature Communications articles found that OA articles receive 2.5–4.4 times the number of page views, and garnered more social media attention via Twitter and Facebook than non-OA articles ( Wang et al., 2015 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; spotlight or bottleneck metaphor that may summarize multiple mechanisms

thomas2018-educational-neuroscience-progress-prospects

Yet there are risks in a pure psychology approach. Psychological theory infers hidden causal mechanisms to explain and predict observed behaviour. For example, it infers mechanisms such as ‘working memory’ and ‘attention’, which are then imbued with certain properties: working memory has a ‘limited capacity’; attention works like ‘a spotlight’ or enforces a ‘bottleneck’ on perception. What is the

a model mechanism that visualizes factors learned for a prediction

lysaght2019-ai-assisted-decision-making-healthcare

While methods are available to allow users to visualise the factors that the machine has learned in making a particular prediction (e.g. graphical-based networks and attention mechanisms), some techniques are indecipherable even to software engineers (Burrell 2016 ).

aggregate crisis-focused search behavior following locally salient news

bento2020-information-seeking-local-covid-news

There was no observable trend in the search behavior in the days leading up to the announcements, suggesting the first “local” case indeed heightened the collective attention to the pandemic.

culturally trained engagement with material affordances

malafouris2021-mark-making-human-becoming

These experiential properties of marks and mark making practices are not something the modern observer can easily attend to without a great deal of perceptual unlearning . Our modes of attention have been entrained, and our modes of perception educated to see in the mark more than just a trace. For us, humans in the present, these engravings are not simply indexes of past creative gestures; rather

population-level content consumption rather than individual resource selection

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

Thus, we use the term collective attention in a sense that is closely related to the computational social science notion 11 – 13 , that measures various forms of population-level content consumption patterns 14 – 16 .

aggregate likes, comments, shares, and views received by content

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

By means of the Mantel test [ 22 ] we find a statistically significant (simulated p-value <0.01, based on 10 4 Monte Carlo replicates), high, and positive ( r = 0.987) correlation between the correlation matrices of Science and Conspiracy. In particular, we find positive and high correlations between users’ actions on YouTube videos for both Science and Conspiracy, indicating a similar strong mono

aggregate news volume allocated to an issue over calendar time

kereselidze2016-pandemic-media-attention-risk-perception

In all researched countries media attention, defined as the number of published news reports on influenza A H 1 N 1 , was highest in week 18 [ Table 2 ], when the WHO declared pandemic phase 4 and shortly thereafter, pandemic phase 5. Media attention rapidly waned in all countries and was followed only by smaller peaks in news coverage over the remaining course of the pandemic Figs 1 – 5 . Media a

allocation across correlated sensory and action dimensions

lynott2019-lancaster-sensorimotor-norms

In terms of processing and representing concepts, what does it mean that Minkowski 3 outperforms other measures in predicting lexical processing behavior? Firstly, it suggests that in modeling human performance we need to take into account multiple sensorimotor dimensions, and that reliance on a single, dominant dimension of perception or action experience is inadequate for capturing performance.

an analytic shift from individual encounters to above-individual forces

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes chan

an engrossed aesthetic stance toward difficult music

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

Critically, AM affords an exemplary form of aesthetic musical experiences for systematic investigation since listening to AM tends to be a fully engrossing activity and is rarely done in parallel with other activities (running, doing homework and so on).

as a resource: a continuous quantity that can be split arbitrarily and allotted to different processes depending on task demands

oberauer2019-working-memory-attention

The idea of attention as a resource is that the cognitive system has a limited resource that can be used for carrying out so-called attention-demanding processes. The resource is assumed to be a continuous quantity that can be split arbitrarily and allotted to different processes, depending on task demands.

context-dependent admission of preference dimensions into a decision

pennycook2022-nudging-social-media-accuracy

Thus, even if people have a strong preference for not sharing inaccurate content (i.e., β F is as large, or larger than, other β values), how accurate content is may still have little impact on what people decide to share if the context focuses their limited attention on other dimensions . The accuracy-based account of misinformation sharing, then, is the hypothesis that β F is not smaller than th

coordinated stakeholder concern directed toward population-health consequences

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

Addressing weight stigma on social media will take a concerted effort across an expansive set of stakeholders, but the benefits to population health are consequential and well-worth our collective attention.

distributed aesthetic openness to actual and possible qualities

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

Second, as described by Bence Nanay, a philosopher of perception, art objects require a distributed form of attention: because the aesthetic object and event is removed from everyday experience (i.e., is perceived as framed differently), we are both focused on the object and paying attention to everything that this object is or, potentially, can be ( Nanay, 2016 , pp. 24–25).

hyper-focus and preoccupation directed toward trigger sounds

schroder2020-misophonia-phenomenology-large-sample

We consider preoccupation an additional core symptom of misophonia, since approximately all subjects in our sample report hyper focusᵃ. Hyper focus was also reported in 82% of the sample of Edelstein et al[ 49 ] and an intervention targeting hyper focus has a clear effect on misophonia symptoms[ 59 ].

observable allocation of likes across news sources and topics

bakshy2020-selective-exposure-facebook-news-diet

In this paper, we perform a thorough quantitative analysis to characterise users’ attention dynamics on news outlets on Facebook. In particular, we study how 14 million Facebook users distribute their activity among 50000 posts, clustered by topics, produced by 583 pages (news outlets) listed by the Europe Media Monitor over a six-year time span. The downloaded data from each page include all of t

observable engagement with instructions and survey content

bosch2019-online-panels-social-science-research

MTurk participants who passed the initial screener also performed well on the attention manipulation checks. Specifically, 90% passed all four attention checks, and 98% passed three of them. Of the participants who passed the initial screener on Prime Panels, 78% passed all four attention checks, and 91.5% passed three of them. The performance of Prime Panels participants who failed the initial sc

orientation captured by surprise regardless of pleasingness or comprehensibility

menninghaus2017-measuring-aesthetic-emotions

The A esthemos includes the following scales to measure specific epistemic emotions [ 5 , 10 , 132 , 154 ] and pleasures of the mind [ 118 ]: (12) surprise, (13) interest, (14) intellectual challenge, and (15) insight. In line with the distinction between pleasingness and meaning as sources of enjoyment [ 2 , 110 , 139 , 140 ], we identified an epistemic emotions factor (F7_3) representing the sea

orientation toward products through signs, labels, and physical placement

bucher2020-nudges-real-life-food-purchasing

The harvest plot of information nudges using signage is shown in Fig. 4 and study characteristics and main findings are presented in Table 2 . Two studies could not be visualized in the harvest plots and are presented in Additional file 3 . Eight studies received a moderate quality rating, three studies received a weak quality rating, and three studies received a strong quality rating. Studies exa

part of a combined memory-attention-decision-process domain

cane2012-theoretical-domains-behaviour-change

The refined framework contains 14 domains and 84 component constructs (the number of component constructs in each domain is defined in brackets): ‘Knowledge’ (3), ‘Skills’ (7), ‘Social/Professional Role and Identity’ (9), ‘Beliefs about Capabilities’ (8), ‘Optimism’ (4), ‘Beliefs about Consequences’ (5), ‘Reinforcement’ (7), ‘Intentions’ (3), ‘Goals’ (6), ‘Memory, Attention and Decision Processes’

selective focus and heightened processing linking limited awareness to voluntary action

williams2020-struggle-human-attention

Neurophysiology defines attention as the ability to focus selectively on an object or task, and it is essential for a series of actions of the brain that link different cognitive functions. Similarly, it is understood as an activity increase in a certain brain area involved in the processing of a stimulus. Some researchers propose that attention is “the interface between the vast amount of stimula

sustained scholarly and public focus on a misconception after its formal definition

ruiz-martin2021-persistence-neuromyths-education

This result highlights that neuromyths are still the subject of attention almost two decades after their definition.

the informational analogue of price

wu2015-production-information-attention-economy

Our result shows that in many cases demand for information precedes its supply. We propose a model to interpret this finding, analogous to the law of supply and demand 26 . An increase in demand indicates a willingness to pay a higher price for a physical good, which in turn leads to an increase in supply. In the domain of information, attention plays the role of price: an increase in demand for i

the social target of language inferred from pronoun and content-word frequencies

su2020-covid-lockdown-weibo-twitter-psycholinguistic

In Wuhan, the uses of the first-person plural pronouns, second-person plural pronoun increase after a lockdown, while the use of first-person singular pronoun decreases. Previous reports confirm that first-person singular pronouns show attention to the self, whereas most other pronouns suggest attention to other individuals [ 36 ]. Moreover, “we” implies a sense of group identity sometimes [ 37 ].

trained monitoring and regulation of present mental contents

milliere2018-psychedelics-meditation-self-consciousness

Meditation refers to a set of cognitive training techniques and practices that aim to monitor and regulate attention, perception, emotion and homeostasis (e.g., breathing rate) (Fox and Cahn, forthcoming; Tang et al., 2015 ).

minimum standard: the original researcher can repeat an analysis on original data

sandve2013-ten-simple-rules-reproducible-computational-research

As a minimal requirement, you should at least be able to reproduce the results yourself. This would satisfy the most basic requirements of sound research, allowing any substantial future questioning of the research to be met with a precise explanation. Although it may sound like a very weak requirement, even this level of reproducibility will often require a certain level of care in order to be me

not defined in this paper's own words; the ability to recreate scientific computational output

wilson2014-best-practices-scientific-computing

In order to maximize reproducibility, everything needed to re-create the output should be recorded automatically in a format that other programs can read. (Borrowing a term from archaeology and forensics, this is often called the provenance of data.) There have been some initiatives to automate the collection of this information, and standardize its format [43] , but it is already possible to reco

not defined in this paper's own words; the capacity for scientific studies to be repeated, improved, and checked

johnson2016-mimic-iii-critical-care-database

Despite this advance, interoperability of digital systems remains an open issue, leading to challenges in data integration. As a result, the potential that hospital data offers in terms of understanding and improving care is yet to be fully realized. In parallel, the scientific research community is increasingly coming under criticism for the lack of reproducibility of studies 2 .

not defined in this paper's own words; the capacity to verify or reproduce research evidence and claims

munafo2017-manifesto-reproducible-science

Here we propose a series of measures that we believe will improve research efficiency and robustness of scientific findings by directly targeting specific threats to reproducible science. We argue for the adoption, evaluation and ongoing improvement of these measures to optimize the pace and efficiency of knowledge accumulation. The measures are organized into the following categories 16 : methods

not defined in this paper's own words; the ability to replay, verify, refine, and extend a computational analysis

gentleman2004-bioconductor-open-software-development

We would like to address the reproducibility of published work in CBB. Reproducibility is important in its own right, and is the standard for scientific discovery. Reproducibility is an important step in the process of incremental improvement or refinement. In most areas of science researchers continually improve and extend the results of others but for scientific computation this is generally the

peer standard: others have a practical possibility of reproducing results

sandve2013-ten-simple-rules-reproducible-computational-research

With this basic level of reproducibility in place, there is much more that can be wished for. An obvious extension is to go from a level where you can reproduce results in case of a critical situation to a level where you can practically and routinely reuse your previous work and increase your productivity. A second extension is to ensure that peers have a practical possibility of reproducing your

AS REDEFINED HERE, with the ordinary reading explicitly refused: NOT that another researcher would obtain the same result, but that random and systematic error are minimised against the total observed variability

koelmans2019-microplastics-in-freshwaters-and-d

Reproducibility does not imply that another researcher would obtain the same result, which is due to the variability in conditions inherent to nature. Reproducibility in the context of analytical chemistry refers to minimizing the contribution of random or systematic error to the total observed variability.

describes whether an AI experiment exhibits the same behaviour when repeated under the same conditions

koshiyama2024-algorithm-auditing-ai-risks

publication of portable source code with data so algorithmic claims can be replayed and checked

gentleman2004-bioconductor-open-software-development

Experimental protocols in molecular biology are fully published lists of ingredients and algorithms for creating specific substances or processes. Accuracy of an experimental claim can be checked by complete obedience to the protocol. This standard should be adopted for algorithmic work in CBB. Portable source code should accompany each published analysis, coupled with the data on which the analys

the ability to repeat and improve clinical studies using openly available underlying data

johnson2016-mimic-iii-critical-care-database

Here we report the release of the MIMIC-III database, an update to the widely-used MIMIC-II database (Data Citation 1). MIMIC-III integrates deidentified, comprehensive clinical data of patients admitted to the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, and makes it widely accessible to researchers internationally under a data use agreement ( Fig. 1 ). The open nature of the da

not defined in this paper's own words; interwoven experience of fear, risk, and safety

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

Fear, risk and safety appear to be part and parcel of uncertainty. Fear about childbirth is strongly connected to the unknown, whether it concerns pain levels, interventions or entire approaches to maternity care, as opposed to concrete calculations of risk, displaying how uncertainty is remains enmeshed with ‘being in control’.

not defined in this paper's own words; structural and source uncertainty in gridded climate data

abatzoglou2018-terraclimate-high-resolution-global-dataset

Uncertainty in observational gridded climate datasets that use station based data can arise from a variety of sources ranging from procedural choices for interpolating and extrapolating data spatially, to changes in data availability through time, to climate inhomogeneities that lead to structural uncertainty in climate datasets 46 , 47 . TerraClimate uses three different datasets, each of which c

not defined in this paper's own words; quality-related range attached to reconstructed time series

pauly2016-catch-reconstructions-global-marine-fisheries

Our reconstructed catch data, which combines the data reported to FAO with estimates of unreported catches (that is, reconstructed data are ‘reported FAO data+unreported catches') include estimates of uncertainty ( Fig. 1 ) associated with each national reconstruction. Note that many reconstructions are associated with high uncertainty, especially for earlier decades, for sectors such as subsisten

the spread of projected outcomes across modelling choices and input data

thuiller2019-uncertainty-global-biodiversity-scenarios

We demonstrate the overwhelming influence of SDMs and RCPs on future biodiversity projections, followed by dispersal strategies and GCMs.

fear, risk, and safety concerns about unknown aspects of pregnancy, birth, and care

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

‘Uncertainty’, along with the following two analytical themes, encompasses several different experiences that are related to mothers’ concerns about the unknown and the course of pregnancy, childbirth and maternity care, all of which shape women’s decision-making and the options they ultimately pursue. Uncertainty about the unknowns of pregnancy and childbirth is most prominent among first-time mo

graded and cross-cutting construct membership rather than categorical assignment

cane2012-theoretical-domains-behaviour-change

To identify if any constructs should be considered for multiple allocation to domains the membership values from the Fuzzy Cluster Analysis were examined. This revealed that the majority of constructs (74/112) were strongly associated with only one cluster ( i.e. , showed membership values over 80% to one specific cluster, see Additional file 5 ). A further 32 constructs showed moderately high ass

situations where relevant possibilities or probabilities are unknown and optimal behavior cannot be fixed

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

The term risk refers to situations where all alternatives, consequences, and probabilities are known for certain, as in the Bayesian textbook problems mentioned above or when playing the roulette wheel in a casino. Here, one can calculate the expected loss in the long run, and no heuristics are needed. The term uncertainty refers to real-world situations where not everything is known, where surpri

a method for the conceptualization and evolution of a concept in its context

sadathoseini2023-healing-cross-cultural-concept

combines both theoretical analysis and experimental observations

kalantari2024-conscience-based-nursing-care

a way to create, develop and expand concepts, especially in nursing, and consists of three phases, theory (literature review), fieldwork and the final analysis

azizi2023-helplessness-nurses-covid

ML predicts the wavefunction, and quantum chemistry derives every property from it

schutt2019-machine-learning-molecular-wavefunctions

Here we present a deep learning framework for the prediction of the quantum mechanical wavefunction in a local basis of atomic orbitals from which all other ground-state properties can be derived.

combines the inductive and deductive approaches and integrates theoretical analysis with empirical investigations

jang2020-staff-family-partnership-long-term-care

reflects social and cultural characteristics through participants’ experiences and translates highly abstract and ambiguous concepts into practice

ahn2025-dignity-in-care-older-patients

intrinsic causal difference available to the system itself

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

In IIT, information is meant to capture the “differences that make a difference” from the perspective of the system itself – and is therefore both causal and intrinsic.

a cue that resolves outcome uncertainty without changing contingency

mellers2016-savouring-prediction-error-choice

When people anticipate possible future outcomes, they often prefer their fate to be revealed in advance by a predictive cue, even when this cue does not influence outcome contingency. This is usually called ‘observing’, or ‘information-seeking’, behavior.

extended: irreducible spatially extended units handled by consciousness

forti2025-what-is-consciousness-and-what-it-is-for-an

Extending in a certain way is not only a property related to how objects appear. As it implies knowledge, it is a property that can be related to conscious function, hence to the handling of information ( Lycan, 1996 ; Mangan, 1998 ; Earl, 2014 ). I assume that, in order to know how an object extends, consciousness must handle extended information. Extended information is characterized by the fact

not defined in this paper's own words; percent explained variance about which color was shown

Hahn2021-working-memory-capacity-of-crows-and-monkeys

Parallel to the behavioral results and in line with the results from monkeys, we found a strong effect of ipsilateral load on the information maintenance, as there was a sharp drop in information when the load increased from one item to two items ( Figure 4A , blue and yellow curves). The addition of a third item only slightly decreased the maintained information further ( Figure 4A , red curve).

point-like: computational units handled by non-conscious systems

forti2025-what-is-consciousness-and-what-it-is-for-an

The fundamental difference between non-conscious and conscious processes is that the former handle Point-Like Information, while the latter handle Extended Information. If we accept this dichotomy, then all information-related systems should be distinguished based on whether they are extended or point-like, depending on whether they are conscious or NC systems, respectively. Consciousness is diffe

structured ambient energy rather than a transmitted signal

baggs2020-ecological-psychology-enactivism-action

In contrast, Ecological optics focuses on the level of the whole organism living and acting in its natural surround, and the structured arrays (in light, sound, pressure) that are consequences of the structure of the surround. These arrays are what perceptual systems are sensitive too, which allow the organism to detect, coordinate with, and change its surround as the organism goes through its lif

the pursuit of combined and inter-related human, animal and environmental health

hinchliffe2018-healthy-publics-enabling-cultures

not defined in this paper's own words; an approach linking animal, human and environmental health

horecka2022-animal-sheltering-research

Access to care is an aspect of the One Health approach to considering animal welfare due to the zoonotic potential of various diseases that can find reservoir in companion animals ( 90 ).

a global strategy highlighting the need for an approach that is holistic and transdisciplinary and incorporates multisector expertise in dealing with the health of mankind, animals, and ecosystems

destoumieuxgarzon2018-one-health-concept

in practice narrowed to zoonoses, with the environment as mere backdrop

destoumieuxgarzon2018-one-health-concept

Thus, a quick review of scientific investigations claiming to adhere to the “One Health” concept clearly reveals that they only mention the environment and its biotic and abiotic components as the scene of transmission, often reduced to global planetary changes or the Anthropocene.

still to take in plant health as a full component

destoumieuxgarzon2018-one-health-concept

The issue of plant health as a full component of “One Health” concept is a challenge to be urgently resolved ( 119 ).

understanding drivers of AMR as located within and between agricultural, human health and environmental domains

chandler2019-antimicrobial-resistance-infrastructure

concerned with the effective and ethical understanding and use of digital technologies

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education

the combined ability of individuals to effectively, critically, creatively, and responsibly use digital technologies

li2026-artificial-intelligence-literacy-nursing

AI literacy intersects with concepts such as digital literacy and information literacy in the field of nursing and health education, but each has a different focus and connotative boundaries

the technological skills needed to use digital technologies effectively and critical thinking skills to evaluate digital health information

cho2025-digital-literacy-dementia-caregivers

digital literacy refers to a broad set of competences around the use of digital media, computers, and information and communication technologies (ITC), being understood as part of other forms of literacy, such as computer, Internet, media, and informational literacy [ 35 ]

polancolevican2022-social-media-literacy-concept

the cognitive and technical skills required to successfully navigate DHTs

razaq2025-digital-health-equity-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; aggregation of findings to establish general truths

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

As the review encompassed published qualitative data, we employed a meta-synthesis approach to explore the relevant literature, which is anchored around “bringing together and breaking down of findings, examining them, discovering essential features and, in some way, combining phenomena into a transformed whole”.[[ 21 ] p314] This new interpretation of, or ‘going beyond’ [ 22 ] research is one of

not defined in this paper's own words; statistical synthesis of study effects

page2021-prisma-systematic-review-reporting-guideline

Many innovations in the conduct of systematic reviews have occurred since publication of the PRISMA 2009 statement. For example, technological advances have enabled the use of natural language processing and machine learning to identify relevant evidence, 22 23 24 methods have been proposed to synthesise and present findings when meta-analysis is not possible or appropriate, 25 26 27 and new metho

Meta-analysis refers to the use of statistical techniques in a systematic review to integrate the results of included studies.

moher2009-prisma

Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyze and summarize the results of the included studies

moher2009-prisma

not defined in this paper's own words; pooling many studies to test a shared question

brussow2020-gut-dysbiosis-concept

A meta‐analysis can increase the statistical power of many small studies by detecting true signals against a background of false positives.

characteristics of a concept

pryor2026-adult-social-care-nursing-concept

the components or characteristics of a concept

al-asfoor2024-health-system-resilience

the describing characteristics of the concept

menassa2023-healthy-ageing-concepts-definitions

characteristics of the concept that make it possible to identify situations that can be characterised under the concept and constitute the essential definition of a concept

smith2020-rapid-implementation

features of a concept

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

the fundamental features that characterise a given concept

lu2025-patient-public-involvement-research

The attributes constitute the real definition of the concept, which can be represented by situations or words that adequately characterize the concept [ 15 ]

lima2023-resilience-older-people

critical features (signs and symptoms) of a concept, which appears again and yet again during the analysis of the concept

nukpezah2020-happiness-children-long-term-illness

precise terms that can be used to clarify a concept, aiding in differentiating it from other similar concepts

al-hamad2024-refugee-cohabitation-host-families

the characteristics that repeatedly appear in the literature as central to a concept

muswede2026-political-astuteness-nurse-leadership

the constituent elements or features that comprise the construct of hope

antunes2023-hope-in-nursing-care

“qualities or characteristics that are frequently associated with a concept, and providing additional insight into its meaning”

konlan2024-clinical-readiness-nursing-students

A concept analysis is a process to guide the exploration of a concept that may be vague or ambiguous.

hughes2018-public-involvement-concept-analysis

a systematic process of developing, clarifying, and refining the phenomenon under analysis

sun2022-psychological-birth-trauma

a systematic analysis process aimed at developing, clarifying, and refining a specific phenomenon

hou2025-autonomy-support-telehealth

a systematic process aimed at exploring the structure and function of a given concept by closely examining its fundamental components

jeong2025-vicarious-resilience-nurses

a process of examining the main elements of the concept that the researcher wants to better understand the concept by reviewing its components

zeydani2023-community-based-nursing

a systematic method for deconstructing a concept to enhance understanding and develop a rigorous definition that facilitates its measurement and empirical application

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

a valuable approach used in nursing to bring clarity to concepts that are often used with ambiguity

antunes2023-hope-in-nursing-care

used to examine the basic elements of a concept to investigate its structure and function

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education

a formal, rigorous process by which an abstract concept is explored, clarified, validated, defined, and differentiated from similar concepts to inform theory development and enhance communication

shin2020-community-health-outreach

a means for establishing conceptual clarity about a phenomenon

al-asfoor2024-health-system-resilience

a method for clarifying foundational ideas

smith2020-rapid-implementation

a useful framework to provide clarification for novel or ambiguous concepts and develop conceptual definitions to aid in health practice and policy

rusi2024-commercialization-human-milk-concept

approach by which concepts that are of interest to a discipline are examined in order to clarify their characteristics or attributes

hallyburton2022-diagnostic-overshadowing

the essential cluster of characteristics of a concept that consistently and frequently appear in the literature

ananzeh2026-moral-distress-family-caregivers

demonstrate the cluster of characteristics that are most frequently associated with the concept undergoing analysis

timmins2024-moral-distress-student-nurses

the characteristics of a concept that appear repeatedly in the literature and are consistently present when the concept occurs

abujaber2024-nursing-privilege

critical characteristics that help differentiate related concepts and clarify their meaning

carvalho2022-positive-mental-health-literacy

essential characteristics that frequently emerge in the literature and are consistently present when a concept manifests

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

those characteristics, which are consistently associated with the concept and that act to differentiate it from other similar or related ones

balaam2017-migrant-women-pregnancy

a list of characteristics that “help you and others name the occurrence of a specific phenomenon as differentiated from another similar or related one”

shin2020-community-health-outreach

encompass the core of a concept and allow for easy identification

xiao2024-filial-piety-caregiving

an imbalance in the composition and metabolic capacity of our microbiota

wilkins2019-dysbiosis-definition

not defined in this paper's own words; altered microbial composition with cascading host consequences

berg2020-microbiome-definition-re-visited-o

Historically, the field of microbiome research has emerged from environmental microbiome research (microbial ecology) and provides an interdisciplinary platform for many fields, e.g., agriculture, food science, biotechnology, bioeconomy, mathematics (informatics, statistics, modeling), plant pathology, and especially human medicine. The new field has already delivered novel and important concepts

an altered microbial composition that disrupts the microbiota's physiological functions; the direction of causation is named as an open question in this paper's own abstract

thursby2017-introduction-to-the-human-gut-micr

However, there is potential for these mechanisms to be disrupted as a result of an altered microbial composition, known as dysbiosis.

a catchall definition lacking scientific value, after Hooks and O'Malley

brussow2020-gut-dysbiosis-concept

This vague definition led, in the view of these authors, to a catchall definition lacking scientific value, which has hampered the microbiome field to progress from an association‐focused to an explanatory science.

a pre-scientific notion of microbial imbalance, after Olesen and Alm

brussow2020-gut-dysbiosis-concept

In a short comment, ‘Dysbiosis is not an answer’, Olesen and Alm ( 2016 ) dismissed dysbiosis as a major organizing concept in microbiome science, arguing that it is based on pre‐scientific thoughts of microbial imbalances and resembling somewhat the humoural theory of human health.

any change in composition of resident commensal communities relative to the community found in healthy individuals

brussow2020-gut-dysbiosis-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; departure from a healthy composition, associated with intestinal AND extra-intestinal disease, and proposed as a biomarker while its direction of causation is unsettled

rinninella2019-what-is-the-healthy-gut-microbiota

Indeed, dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with numerous extra-intestinal diseases such as metabolic and neurological disorders.

not defined in this paper's own words; care that attends to the patient as a whole person with their own values and preferences

larsson2023-feeling-safe-perioperatively

Thus, person-centred care could make patients feel a greater sense of participation, control and presence, that is, feeling safe in a perioperative context

not defined in this paper's own words; care that attends to the whole person, prevention included

hickmann2022-patient-engagement-empowerment-terms

Person-centred care would, therefore, include the entire topic of prevention

not defined in this paper's own words; a way of giving nursing care built around the whole, unique person and a balance of power

byrne2020-person-centred-care-nursing-definition

The aims of this literature review were to better understand the current literature about person-centred care (PCC) and identify a clear definition of the term PCC relevant to nursing practice

based on a philosophy of care that promotes personal choice and autonomy for people in receipt of care

ostaszkiewicz2020-dignity-protective-continence-care

the recognition and engagement with the person’s values and preferences, which are used to guide care

egan2021-transitioning-long-term-care-id

In this article, we have chosen to use the term “person‐centred care” (referred to as PCC), as opposed to patient‐centred care, in agreement with Ekman et al 's distinction between patient‐centred care and PCC, by which PCC refrains from reducing the person to just their symptoms and/or disease.

santana2017-how-to-practice-person-centred-care-a

a holistic approach to care that is respectful and individualised, that includes negotiation of care, choice and where persons receiving care are empowered to be involved in health decisions at the level they choose

carter2024-child-centred-care-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; patient-centered care

kehyayan2025-value-based-healthcare-concept

applying them through informed leadership strategies is crucial for achieving transformative, patient-centered care (PCC)

participants, concept and context

laukka2022-leadership-digital-health

participants, concept, and context

ehmann2021-work-related-health-literacy-concept

population, concept, and context

konlan2024-clinical-readiness-nursing-students

patient-centered care

boeykens2022-goal-oriented-care

person-centred care

byrne2020-person-centred-care-nursing-definition, carter2024-child-centred-care-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; standard deviation over mean, here of interspike intervals

christensen2021-perineuronal-nets-grid-cell-network

This was accompanied by a reduction in spiking variability, measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of interspike intervals (ISI) (Fig. 2 h and Supplementary Fig. 5 ).

standard deviation divided by the mean

horvath2013-dna-methylation-age-human-tissues

yield s.d. divided by mean yield per political unit

ray2015-climate-variation-crop-yield

In general the coefficient of variation, or yield variability normalized by mean yields ( Fig. 1 ), has been lower in the top crop production regions of the world on account of their higher yields ( Supplementary Fig. 1 ) and conversely higher in the areas of lower yields and of less consequence to global crop production but exceptions such as the Australian wheat belt exist.

not defined in this paper's own words; the measure the paper uses for total uncertainty across the ensemble

tabari2020-climate-flood-extreme-precipitation

The total uncertainty of flood changes expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV) of the changes across the full ensemble is decomposed into hazard quantification method, GCM and IM uncertainties

not defined in this paper's own words; relative dispersion of read counts among samples

elshire2011-genotyping-by-sequencing-high-diversity-species

The six lanes of the maize IBM population sequencing run yielded 120,438,739 GBS reads that contained the barcode and the Ape KI cut-site (or 20,073,123 reads per lane). On average, 436,372 reads were produced per DNA sample and 95% of samples generated at least 125,000 reads. Evenness of sample representation among the maize IBM RILs was acceptable but not optimal. In our best lane from the IBM f

broad in Recital 159 (fundamental, applied, privately funded research and more)

becker2024-gdpr-purpose-definition

Within the legal framework established by the GDPR, ‘scientific research’ is an important concept whose exact meaning can differ across contexts. Recital 159 of the GDPR frames the concept in a broad manner:

not defined in this paper's own words; research increasingly dependent on custom software and computation

wilson2014-best-practices-scientific-computing

Software is as important to modern scientific research as telescopes and test tubes. From groups that work exclusively on computational problems, to traditional laboratory and field scientists, more and more of the daily operation of science revolves around developing new algorithms, managing and analyzing the large amounts of data that are generated in single research projects, combining disparat

not defined in this paper's own words; the research process whose reliability, efficiency, and credibility the manifesto seeks to improve

munafo2017-manifesto-reproducible-science

Improving the reliability and efficiency of scientific research will increase the credibility of the published scientific literature and accelerate discovery. Here we argue for the adoption of measures to optimize key elements of the scientific process: methods, reporting and dissemination, reproducibility, evaluation and incentives. There is some evidence from both simulations and empirical studi

a research project set up in accordance with relevant sector related methodological and ethical standards, in conformity with good practice

becker2024-gdpr-purpose-definition

narrow, a particular research project pursued by the controller

becker2024-gdpr-purpose-definition

However, depending on the context, ‘scientific research’ can also have a narrower meaning, referring to a particular research project pursued by the controller.

refers to the social ties between persons in networks

vernooij-dassen2022-social-health-framework

Structure includes PCC domains related to the health‐care system or the context in which care is delivered and provides the foundation for PCC – the necessary materials, health‐care resources and organizational characteristics.

santana2017-how-to-practice-person-centred-care-a

a particular changing manifestation of a system's interacting components

van-der-schijff2018-4e-music-pedagogy-self-organization

As Mingers [ 37 ] notes, it is important to make a clear distinction between the concept of ‘structure’ and the concept of ‘organization’. Maturana defines the latter as the sets of functional relations that determines the system as a unity, while the former is understood as one of the possible manifestations of its interactive components—“thus all cells have the same autopoietic organization, but

infer source population structure and ancestry proportions for sampled genomic data

walton2025-panmictic-population-concept

material infrastructures, bureaucratic frameworks, and assumptions in language and attitude that shape biomedical interactions

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

Structure is of course a term with a complex theoretical past, from Marx to Giddens to Levi-Straus. In our formulation, structure implies the buildings, energy networks, water, sewage, food and waste distribution systems, highways, airline, train and road complexes, and electronic communications systems that are concomitantly local and global, and that function as central arteries in some locales

not defined in this paper's own words; arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid lands

burrell2020-drylands-desertification-climate-change

Drylands cover 41% of the earth’s land surface and include 45% of the world’s agricultural land.

lands with an Aridity Index below 0.65

hassani2021-soil-salinization-climate

Drylands, including hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid lands, are characterized by a multi-annual Aridity Index (AI) of less than 0.65 mm mm −1 , computed as the ratio of total precipitation to potential evapotranspiration 36 , 37 .

not defined in this paper's own words; arid and semi-arid regions

liu2020-soil-moisture-dryness-stress-ecosystem

As SM stress is strongest in drylands, the projected expansion of drylands 33 is likely to increase the influence of SM on the future global carbon cycle.

areas with aridity level above 0.35

hu2021-aridity-biodiversity-soil-multifunctionality

In last decades, catalytic nanomaterials with natural enzyme-like activities (termed as nanozymes) have been developed as emerging artificial enzymes.

yao2018-ros-scavenging-mn-3-o-4-nanozymes

first coined for enzymes combined with gold particles, and now used for nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity

lou-franco2020-gold-nanozymes-concept

These discoveries led to the term “nanozyme” being coined in the early 2000s by Paolo Scrimin’s group [ 76 ], in analogy to the nomenclature of catalytic polymers (“synzymes”) reported by Klotz et al. [ 77 ]. This term initially referred to a combination of enzymes and AuNPs, which would offer multiple possibilities for diagnostic assay development [ 78 ].

Thus, the term “Nanozyme” was coined to describe the properties of this emerging generation of enzyme mimetics or artificial enzymes 7 .

fan2018-in-vivo-guiding-nitrogen-doped-carbon-nanozyme

Nanozymes that integrate the functions of both nature enzymes and nanomaterials have sparked increasing interest due to their higher stability against stringent conditions, controlled synthesis at low cost and tunable catalytic activities 18 – 20 .

wang2018-biomimetic-nanoflowers-by-self-assembly-of-nanozymes

An ontology provides a conceptualization of a domain of knowledge, allowing communication between researchers and makes the information readable and ‘understandable’ for computers ( 5 ).

kohler2013-the-human-phenotype-ontology-project-linking-molecular

not defined in this paper's own words; formal relationship definition for terms in a domain

wieczorek2012-darwin-core-evolving-community-biodiversity-data-standard

Though the Darwin Core is defined in an RDF document, integration of biodiversity data in the semantic web is in its early stages. One of the major challenges for Darwin Core in the semantic web context is the lack of a well-defined ontology - a formal definition of relationships between terms in a defined domain. An ontology would define the relationships between concepts such as biological entit

Taxonomies are simplistic schemes that help in the hierarchical classification of concepts or objects [ 1 ]. They are usually limited to a specific domain and to a single relationship type connecting one node to another. Ontologies share the hierarchical structure of taxonomies. In contrast to taxonomies, however, they often have multiple relationship types and are really designed to provide a formal naming of the types, properties and interrelationships of entities or concepts in a specific discipline, domain or field of study [ 2 , 3 ].

djoumbou-feunang2016-classyfire-automated-chemical-clas

not merely a collection of predefined terms that are used to describe data

eilbeck2005-sequence-ontology

preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host

vinderola2022-postbiotics-concept

a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host

salminen2021-the-international-scientific-association-of-probiotics-and

The panel defined a postbiotic as a “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”.

not defined in this paper; named only as one of the terms in the expanding biotics category

swanson2020-isapp-consensus-statement-synbiotics

In addition, the expansion of the entire ‘–biotics’ category, including terms such as postbiotic 10 and pharmabiotic 11 , almost certainly further contributes to confusion.

named from the Greek for after and life, for microbes no longer alive

vinderola2022-postbiotics-concept

Postbiotic is a term derived from the Greek for ‘post’, meaning after, and ‘bios’, meaning life. Further, the ‘biotic’ family of terms (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics) coalesces around microbes (or their substrates) ( Table 1 ). Therefore, the term postbiotic appropriately refers to substances derived after the microorganisms are no longer alive, or, in other words, inanimate,

continuous top-down prediction updated by bottom-up prediction error

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

These top–down predictions continuously encounter bottom-up sensory input and in the event that the model has generated an incorrect prediction, a PE signal is used to update the model ( Kopell et al., 2000 ; Fontolan et al., 2014 ).

hierarchical message passing that compares top-down predictions with bottom-up error

williams2018-predictive-processing-representation-wars

Predictive coding then characterises the nature of message-passing throughout this hierarchical generative model. Traditional approaches in perceptual psychology and neuroscience model perception as a process of bottom-up feature detection or evidence accumulation (e.g. Marr 2010 ). Roughly, perceptual systems detect increasingly sophisticated features of the environment as information passes from

Theoretically, predictive coding suggests that the brain is constantly making efforts to ‘fit’ internal models in perceiving through inferring the incoming sensory input. The discrepancies between the actual sensory data and the predicted sensory data (‘error’) are used to refine the model in an iterative process until the model optimized

Wang2018-frequency-selectivity-of-echo-responses-in-t

not defined in this paper's own words; hierarchical sensory prediction and error-driven model revision

pearce2018-statistical-learning-probabilistic-prediction-music

Research has established statistical learning and predictive processing as important mechanisms in many areas of cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience, 15 , 16 , 17 including language processing, 13 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 visual perception, 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 and motor sequencing. 26 In particular, predictive coding 15 , 17 , 27 , 28 , 29 is a general theory of the neural and cognitive processe

Shared decision-making implies an active engagement of patients and providers in the decision-making process by sharing information and personal values

hickmann2022-patient-engagement-empowerment-terms

not defined in this paper's own words; decisions reached jointly by patient, relatives and clinicians

gomez-virseda2019-relational-autonomy-end-of-life

Wallner concluded that shared decision-making has become the ethical gold standard in end-of-life decisions [ 54 ].

a process in which staff and family members find solutions together, rather than alone when faced with problems or decisions regarding the resident

jang2020-staff-family-partnership-long-term-care

clinicians and patients sharing evidence while patients consider options toward informed preferences

yuill2020-womens-decision-making-informed-choice-birth

The quality of human decision-making, in actuality, is frequently evaluated using the standards of classical decision theory; however, this has not rectified the persistent issue that human behaviour does not necessarily conform to these standards and cannot be adequately described by them. 8 Moreover, the long-held, assumed prescriptive and normative functions of the theory means that contemporar

not defined in this paper's own words; persistent incorrect extrapolation about brain and learning

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

Attempts to bridge between neuroscience and education have been plagued by the recalcitrant presence of neuromyths. These are widely believed–but incorrect–statements about brain structure, function, and development. Common examples include overemphasizing the importance of hemisphere dominance and the existence of critical periods during early development [ 8 ]. Some neuromyths have their origins

not defined in this paper's own words; false educational claim derived from distorted or misapplied brain research

ruiz-martin2021-persistence-neuromyths-education

From an educational approach, a neuromyth was described as “a misconception generated by a misunderstanding, a misreading, or a misquoting of facts scientifically established (by brain research) to make a case for the use of brain research in education and other contexts” (OECD, 2002 ).

any incorrect statement included in the neuroscience survey

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

A potential limitation of defining neuromyths to be the most recalcitrant incorrect statements is that this may have stacked the deck against finding an effect of taking an educational psychology course. We therefore considered a broader definition of a neuromyth as any incorrect statement in the survey, and computed the number of the 31 incorrect items that were answered incorrectly (i.e., receiv

not defined in this paper's own words; incorrect beliefs about brain function and education

thomas2018-educational-neuroscience-progress-prospects

Educational neuroscience has received diverse critiques, challenges and sources of support. Some of these do not pertain to the field of science itself. For example, there is a great deal of research into so‐called neuromyths . Neuromyths are misconceptions about the brain and education among teachers and the public that are either not yet supported by the data or actively contradicted by existing

a critique of MI theory whose popularity may be waning

attwood2022-multiple-intelligences-semantics

Although there has been a substantial phase of popularity in the critique of “neuromyths” prompted, in part, by critical studies of MI theory during the 2000s and 2010s, this appears to be waning and perhaps partially reversing, at least temporarily ( Gardner, 2020 ; Rousseau, 2021 ).

an incorrect item endorsed by at least half of either group at pre-test

ruiz2018-educational-psychology-neuroscience-literacy-neuromyths

The second research question is whether taking an educational psychology course is associated with decreased belief in neuromyths. To address this question, we defined neuromyths in two ways. The first definition was operational, as incorrect items that were answered incorrectly (i.e., received a “yes” response) by at least 50% of the experimental or control participants at pre-test. Note that lar

not defined in this paper's own words; a test hypothesis assigning a null value such as zero to the targeted effect

greenland2016-statistical-tests-p-values-confidence-intervals-power

In most applications of statistical testing, one assumption in the model is a hypothesis that a particular effect has a specific size, and has been targeted for statistical analysis. (For simplicity, we use the word “effect” when “association or effect” would arguably be better in allowing for noncausal studies such as most surveys.) This targeted assumption is called the study hypothesis or test

The most common approach in the comparative analysis of transcriptomics data is to test the null hypothesis that the logarithmic fold change (LFC) between treatment and control for a gene’s expression is exactly zero, i.e., that the gene is not at all affected by the treatment.

love2014-deseq2

interacting lineages have not evolved exceptional hologenome-selected traits

moran2015-hologenome-helpful-hollow

the variable describing the ordering of cells along inferred paths

luecken2019-single-cell-rnaseq-best-practices

The ordering of cells along these paths is described by a pseudotime variable.

not defined in this paper's own words; the axis along which “cells’ approximate temporal progressions along inferred lineages” are reconstructed

reagor2023-pseudotime-lagged-causality

Many algorithms exploit these cell-to-cell differences to infer dynamic trajectories and reconstruct cells’ approximate temporal progressions along inferred lineages in pseudotime

`a one-dimensional variable representing each cell's transcriptional progression toward the terminal state`. It is a coordinate along a fitted curve, not an estimate of elapsed time, and a cell in two lineages gets TWO of them

street2018-slingshot-cell-lineage-and-pseudot

For each lineage, identification of pseudotimes , i.e., a one-dimensional variable representing each cell’s transcriptional progression toward the terminal state. This is achieved by a method which extends principal curves

not defined in this paper's own words; concentrated consumption of preferred sources or topics

bakshy2020-selective-exposure-facebook-news-diet

Selective exposure relates to the tendency of users to concentrate their activity on specific topics or pages while ignoring other ones. For instance, a user who focuses his/her activity on a single topic (or page) would display higher selective exposure than a user who interacts with multiple topics. Focusing on a single topic rather than on different ones entails a heterogeneity in the distribut

inequality in the distribution of user activity

bakshy2020-selective-exposure-facebook-news-diet

Therefore, a good proxy for selective exposure is a measure that quantifies heterogeneity in the distribution of users’ activity across different elements; namely, topics or pages.

with confirmation bias, the tendency to seek information adhering to preexisting opinions - offered as the explanation for how echo chambers emerge

cinelli2021-the-echo-chamber-effect-on-social

Selective exposure and confirmation bias (i.e., the tendency to seek information adhering to preexisting opinions) may explain the emergence of echo chambers on social media.

one begins with a model trained on data from one task and then retrains the model on data from a different, but related task

smith2019-neural-network-potential-transfer-learning

Transfer learning is a useful approach to build powerful classification network using few data, by fine-tuning the parameters of a network pretrained on a large dataset, such as ImageNet [ 26 ].

wang2017-automatic-image-based-plant-disease-severity-estimation

not defined in this paper's own words in this sentence

clark2024-interactive-machine-learning-marine-images

Transfer learning aided the production of two of the models, increasing analysis efficiency from 6 to 16 times faster than manual annotation for time-lapse images.

not defined in this paper's own words; initialization from pretrained network weights

pereira2022-sleap-multi-animal-pose-tracking

Other popular tools for animal pose estimation, however, make use of standard neural network architectures for which pretrained weights are available to enable transfer learning, which is thought to improve performance for datasets that have few labels 5 , 22 . SLEAP allows for the configuration of these types of models by using them as the backbone for the encoder portion of the model and connect

not defined in this paper's own words; pretraining on a related task or climate simulation before fine-tuning observations

rasp2020-weatherbench

Should overfitting be a problem, one could try transfer learning. In transfer learning, the network is pretrained on a similar task or dataset, for example, climate model simulations, and then finetuned on the actual data. This is common practice in computer vision and has been successfully applied to seasonal ENSO forecasting

not defined in this paper's own words; reusing a network trained on one data set for another task

lao2017-deep-learning-radiomics-glioblastoma

In computer vision domain, transfer learning and fine tuning are often used to solve the problem of a small data set

a method used in other fields where DL has been applied to reduce the amount of training data needed for effective models

forenzo2024-deep-learning-bci-continuous-tracking

Definitions of TL According to Matt, he defines TL, a category under ML is when the reuse of pre-existing models to solve current challenges.

hosna2022-transfer-learning-a-friendly-introduction

The alternative way to address the issue of data bias is to use transfer learning where the objective is to improve learning a new task through the transfer of knowledge from a related task that has already been learned 115 .

su2020-deep-learning-in-mental-health-outcome-research

a technique enhancing neural networks' ability to extrapolate between systems

subel2023-transfer-learning-turbulence-physics

Transfer learning (TL) is a technique that enhances NNs’ capabilities, e.g. enabling them to extrapolate from one system to another.

a criterion for discontinuing data collection and/or analysis in qualitative research

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

not defined in this paper's own words; a criterion for discontinuing data collection and/or analysis - defined variously across the literature and sometimes not defined at all

saunders2017-saturation-qualitative-research-exploring-conceptualization

However, despite having apparently attained something of the status of orthodoxy, saturation is defined within the literature in varying ways—or is sometimes undefined— and raises a number of problematic conceptual and methodological issues (Dey 1999; Bowen 2008; O’Reilly and Parker 2013).

not defined in this paper's own words; self-inhibition produced by recent topic consumption

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

The exponential decay with rate α accounts for finite memory of the public, as recently observed 13 . Content regarding the topic i that has been produced in the recent past is consumed and contributes to its boringness. Occurrences in the distant past do not contribute, allowing for the reoccurrence of topics. The quantity K accounts for the carrying capacity from the classical population growth

Also writing from a grounded theory standpoint, Urquhart (2013: p. 194) defines saturation as: ‘the point in coding when you find that no new codes occur in the data. There are mounting instances of the same codes, but no new ones’, whilst Given (2016: p. 135) considers saturation as the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’. A similar position regarding the (non)emergence of new codes or themes has been taken by others (e.g. Birks and Mills 2015; Olshansky 2015).3 These definitions show a change of emphasis, and suggest a second model of saturation. Whilst the focus remains at the level of analysis, the decision to be made appears to relate to the emergence of new codes or themes, rather than the degree of development of those already identified. Moreover, Urqhart (2013) and Birks and Mills (2015) relate saturation primarily to the termination of analysis, rather than to the collection of new data.

saunders2017-saturation-qualitative-research-exploring-conceptualization

Such conditions, called saturation, occur when the concentrations of certain cations and anions in solution reach a maximum limit value (solubility).

sambo2019-hydroponic-solutions-for-soilless-production-systems-issues

The criterion for judging when to stop sampling the different groups pertinent to a category is the category’s theoretical saturation. Saturation means that no additional data are being found whereby the sociologist can develop properties of the category. As he sees similar instances over and over again, the researcher becomes empirically confident that a category is saturated. He goes out of his way to look for groups that stretch diversity of data as far as possible, just to make certain that saturation is based on the widest possible range of data on the category.

saunders2017-saturation-qualitative-research-exploring-conceptualization

attributes: process-oriented, context-dependent, subjective, and requiring systematic and precise analysis

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

The attributes of saturation in this study were categorized into four themes: process-oriented, context-dependent, subjective, and requiring systematic and precise analysis.

first described by Glaser and Strauss (1967) in grounded theory and later carried into other qualitative approaches without adequate guidance, which leaves its meaning unclear

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

When the concept of saturation is taken from the context of grounded theory, without adequate guidance on its application in a broader context, it is not clear what it means and how it can be achieved

four incompatible readings in one literature: a theoretical category fully developed, no new codes appearing, pre-set codes exemplified, or data repeating themselves

saunders2017-saturation-qualitative-research-exploring-conceptualization

Extending previous literature that has highlighted the variability in the use of saturation (O’Reilly and Parker 2013; Walker 2012), we have scrutinized the different ways in which it has been operationalized in the research literature, identifying four models of saturation, each of which appears to make different core assumptions about what saturation is, and about what exactly is being saturated

the point during data analysis at which incoming data points (interviews) produce little or no new useful information relative to the study objectives

guest2020-thematic-saturation-method

not defined in this paper's own words; noise power over signal power, which the silencing improved

Lohse2020-neural-circuits-underlying-auditory-contrast

We measured the reliability of neuronal responses by taking the ratio of noise power of the responses to the signal power, NP/SP 39 (see Methods). Surprisingly, the reliability of responses to DRC stimuli was increased (i.e., lower NP/SP) in both MGBv (−23.8% median change, p = 1.0 × 10 −6 Wilcoxon signed-rank test) and CNIC of awake mice (–11.4% median change, p = 6.0 × 10 −6 ) when cortex was si

not defined in this paper's own words; consistency of repeated measurement under identical conditions

boateng2018-best-practices-developing-validating-scales

Reliability is the degree of consistency exhibited when a measurement is repeated under identical conditions ( 116 ). A number of standard statistics have been developed to assess reliability of a scale, including Cronbach's alpha ( 117 ), ordinal alpha ( 118 , 119 ) specific to binary and ordinal scale items, test–retest reliability (coefficient of stability) ( 1 , 2 ), McDonald's Omega ( 120 ),

not defined in this paper's own words; repeatability and internal consistency of measurements

boateng2018-best-practices-developing-validating-scales

Scale development and validation are critical to much of the work in the health, social, and behavioral sciences. However, the constellation of techniques required for scale development and evaluation can be onerous, jargon-filled, unfamiliar, and resource-intensive. Further, it is often not a part of graduate training. Therefore, our goal was to concisely review the process of scale development i

Reliability describes the interrelationship in terms of the number of items

vantilburg2021-social-emotional-existential-loneliness

determines the consistency of a set of measurements or of a measuring instrument

rich2013-accelerometer-minimum-wear-time

In order to identify units that were continuously responsive to DRC stimulation, we measured the signal power (SP) and noise power (NP) of the neural responses 39 . For all results, unless otherwise specified, we excluded units for which the ratio NP/SP > 60, indicating that these units did not respond reliably to the DRCs on repeated trials.

Lohse2020-neural-circuits-underlying-auditory-contrast

When the number of spikes is fixed, the reliability profile necessarily increases monotonically. However, in the presence of spikes due to nonspecific inputs, the reliability profile may exhibit a local peak.

Levi2022-error-correction-and-improved-precision-of-s

not defined in this paper's own words; confidence in a selected solubility value based on replication and agreement

sorkun2019-aqsoldb-aqueous-solubility-descriptors

Statistically, due to the fact that when sampling increases, reliability will increase, it can be concluded that G5 group is more reliable than G3 group and G4 group is more reliable than G2 group.

not defined in this paper's own words; environmental modification changing behavior without requiring deliberation

petrescu2016-public-acceptability-nudging-obesity

“Nudging”—modifying environments to change people’s behavior, often without their conscious awareness—can improve health, but public acceptability of nudging is largely unknown.

not defined in this paper's own words; choice influence without incentives or enforcement

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

A nudge is a tool for influencing people without using incentives, which are the lifeblood of economic theory, and without enforcing behavior, the essence of hard paternalism.

not defined in this paper's own words; microenvironmental choice-architecture change

adams2016-population-interventions-agency

In contrast, population interventions that require recipients to use little or no agency to benefit may be more effective and equitable. When food manufacturers reduce the salt content of bread, decreased salt intake occurs without individuals having to consciously engage with any information or actively change their behaviour [ 9 ]. So-called “nudge” interventions are one class of lower agency in

This is done by making a choice architectural change that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives

friis2017-nudge

a change to choice architecture that predictably alters behavior without banning options or materially changing incentives

bucher2020-nudges-real-life-food-purchasing

Nudging has been proposed as a promising environmental intervention strategy for modifying food choices. The term ‘nudge’ was originally coined by Thaler and Sunstein in 2008 and defined as: ‘ Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way, without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives’ (p.6 ) [ 8 ]. Nudging became pop

an intervention that predictably alters behavior without forbidding options or substantially changing economic incentives

milkman2021-behavioural-nudges-covid-vaccinations

Nudges, defined as interventions that alter ‘people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing economic incentives’ 15 , could improve the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines 16 . Low-cost behavioural interventions such as these have been effectively applied to other health-related decisions 5 , such as healthy eating 17 , exercising 18 and influenza vaccinati

easy and reversible choice-architecture intervention steering behavior

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

Nudging is a popular approach to behavioral policy that harnesses the power of choice environments and the knowledge of human psychology to design choice architectures in ways that steer people’s decisions toward a greater individual or public good ( Thaler & Sunstein, 2008 ). Nudging is based on the insight that it is possible to change people’s behavior—via their environment—without changing the

not defined in this paper's own words; vesicles released on fusion of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane - and, in the same paper's tables, 30-100 nm particles carrying CD63/TSG101/Alix

zhang2019-exosomes-biogenesis-biologic-funct

Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released into surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane.

not defined in this paper's own words; nanosized vesicles released by fusion of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane - and, in practice, the 100,000x g pellet

hessvik2017-current-knowledge-on-exosome-bioge

Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles released by fusion of an organelle of the endocytic pathway, the multivesicular body, with the plasma membrane.

not defined in this paper's own words; EVs of endosomal origin, 30-150 nm, also called intraluminal vesicles, found in every body fluid that has been looked in

doyle2019-overview-of-extracellular-vesicles

Exosomes are a subtype of EV formed by an endosomal route and are typically 30–150 nm in diameter \ [1, 3, 4, 5\]. Specifically, exosomal vesicles form by inward budding of the limiting membrane of early endosomes, which mature into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) during the process

not defined in this paper's own words; the released intraluminal vesicles, as the biogenesis section names them

zhang2019-exosomes-biogenesis-biologic-funct

Exosomes are constitutively generated from late endosomes, which are formed by inward budding of the limited multivesicular body (MVB) membrane. Invagination of late endosomal membranes results in the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within large MVBs [ 15 ]. During this process, certain proteins are incorporated into the invaginating membrane, while the cytosolic components are engulfed

BY SIZE AND MARKERS, in Table 1: `Size Homologous 30-100 nm`, `Markers ... CD63, TSG101, Alix, flottilin`, `Density 1.13-1.19 g/mL` - against MV at 100-1000 nm and apoptotic bodies at 1-5 um

zhang2019-exosomes-biogenesis-biologic-funct

Table 1 Characteristics of main extracellular vesicles Feature Exosome Apoptotic body MV Size Homologous 30–100 nm Heterogeneous 1–5 μm Heterogeneous 100–1000 nm Markers Membrane impermeable (PI negative) CD63, TSG101, Alix, flottilin Membrane permeable (PI positive) Annexin V, DNA, histones Membrane impermeable (PI negative) integrin, selectin, flotillin-2

small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types that transfer cellular cargoes in intercellular communication

gurung2021-the-exosome-journey-from-biogenesis-to-uptake

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types playing intercellular communication roles in health and disease by transferring cellular cargoes such as functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells.

not defined in this paper's own words; shared beliefs, values, customs, behavior, and artifacts

colzato2008-religion-controls-visual-attention

However, research so far has completely ignored the influence of religion on attentional processing. Given that culture is commonly defined as a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts, this blind spot is surprising. It is even more surprising if one considers the recent history of increasingly dramatic international and societal conflicts based on apparent incompatibil

not defined in this paper's own words; normative context of recurring group interaction

smith2019-cultures-persons-individual-variability

We have argued that the culture of any type of group may be defined as the norms characterizing that type of group in situated interaction with the personalities of its members to yield each member’s response. This conceptualization of the cross-level relationship between culture and the psychology of its members opens up a host of possibilities for modeling individual behavior. Our vision has bee

not defined in this paper's own words; shared background influencing meaning and preference

specker2022-expertise-culture-visual-art-appreciation

Art across the world can differ in its subject matter, production methods, the role(s) played by the artist and the spectator, and its categorisation into different art forms and styles. Cultural differences can perhaps also explain why some artworks are thought to be beautiful to some spectators and not to others. Artists from diverse cultures often report distinct aesthetic experiences when look

a resource and source of evidence for health, not a barrier to biomedical intervention

hinchliffe2018-healthy-publics-enabling-cultures

In such instances, culture is not seen as a barrier to the implementation of better health; rather, culture offers us evidence, resources and possibilities for building and sustaining healthy publics.

a set of values, beliefs, norms, lifestyles, arts, and other human products that are learned, shared, and socially- transmitted between generations, guiding people's thoughts, behaviours, decisions, actions, and worldviews in a standardised manner over time and in different geographical locations

teixeira2023-transcultural-nursing-leadership

a point in data collection and analysis where new data or information does not contribute significantly to addressing the research question, or when existing data is replicated

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

the point in data collection and analysis when new incoming data produces little or no new information to address the research question

guest2020-thematic-saturation-method

New data tend to be redundant of data already collected. In interviews, when the researcher begins to hear the same comments again and again, data saturation is being reached… It is then time to stop collecting information and to start analysing what has been collected.

saunders2017-saturation-qualitative-research-exploring-conceptualization

is reached when no new analytical information arises anymore, and the study provides maximum information on the phenomenon

moser2017-qualitative-research-sampling-guidance

when other sources provided no added information, and a sense of closure is imminent

motsaanaka2022-clinical-learning-opportunity

not defined in this paper's own words; belief-consistent information selection

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

The diffusion of social media caused a shift of paradigm in the creation and consumption of information. We passed from a mediated (e.g., by journalists) to a more disintermediated selection process. Such a disintermediation elicits the tendencies of the users to a) select information adhering to their system of beliefs—i.e., confirmation bias—and b) to form groups of like minded people where they

not defined in this paper's own words; selective citation of evidence for human irrationality

hausman2015-evidence-libertarian-paternalism

I have devoted some space to studies that question the logical norm of descriptive invariance because these studies are rarely if ever discussed by libertarian paternalists, despite the importance they attribute to framing effects. You can call this a bias for people’s biases, or a confirmation bias: presenting studies that appear to demonstrate people’s systematic deviations from rationality but

not defined in this paper's own words; preference for content supporting favored narratives

bakshy2020-selective-exposure-facebook-news-diet

Selective exposure may lead to the emergence of echo chambers [ 19 , 20 ]—i.e. groups of like-minded people cooperating to frame and reinforce a shared narrative—thus facilitating fake news and more generally misinformation cascades [ 21 , 22 ]. This is especially valid when considering the way in which we have shifted from a paradigm where information was supplied by few official news sources med

not defined in this paper's own words; attention to evidence consistent with expectations or favored explanations

munafo2017-manifesto-reproducible-science

A hallmark of scientific creativity is the ability to see novel and unexpected patterns in data. John Snow's identification of links between cholera and water supply 17 , Paul Broca's work on language lateralization 18 and Jocelyn Bell Burnell's discovery of pulsars 19 are examples of breakthroughs achieved by interpreting observations in a new way. However, a major challenge for scientists is to

plastic particles <5 mm in diameter

kanhai2020-microplastics-arctic-sea-ice

plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in length

kooi2016-buoyant-plastics-depth-profile

not defined in this paper's own words; small plastic particles, here 32-651 um

pabortsava2020-atlantic-subsurface-plastic

The majority of the polymer-specific microplastics were <100 µm (PE = 68%, PP = 49% and PS = 67%) with the peak size distribution observed in the range 50–75 µm for all the polymer groups (Fig. 3 ).

any particle of synthetic plastic smaller than 5 mm

ross2021-polyester-fibres-arctic-ocean

not defined in this paper's own words; plastic particles under 5 mm - with the nano-scale included here and excluded by the other microplastics record in this corpus

smith2018-microplastics-in-seafood-and-the-i

Additionally, when plastics are exposed to natural forces like sunlight and wave action, plastics will degrade into microplastics—defined as plastic particles under 5 mm in size. This definition commonly includes plastic pieces in the nano-scale, < 1 μm in size.

water-insoluble, solid polymer particles that are <=5 mm in size - and A FORMAL DEFINITION FOR THE LOWER SIZE BOUNDARY DOES NOT EXIST

koelmans2019-microplastics-in-freshwaters-and-d

Microplastics are generally characterised as water-insoluble, solid polymer particles that are ≤5 mm in size ( Bergmann et al., 2015). A formal definition for the lower size boundary does not exist, but particles below 1 μm are usually referred to as nanoplastics rather than microplastic

pelagic plastic fragments under 5 mm in diameter

isobe2019-microplastics-upper-ocean

Recent studies have reported the presence of pelagic plastic fragments with diameters <5 mm (referred to as microplastics) in the open oceans including polar waters 1 – 6 , marginal seas 7 , 8 , and coastal waters 9 .

`synthetic solid particles or polymeric matrices, with regular or irregular shape and with size ranging from 1 um to 5 mm, of either primary or secondary manufacturing origin, which are insoluble in water`

campanale2020-a-detailed-review-study-on-potenti

Microplastics (MPs) are defined by [ 17 ] as “synthetic solid particles or polymeric matrices, with regular or irregular shape and with size ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, of either primary or secondary manufacturing origin, which are insoluble in water.

smaller than 5 mm

romera-castillo2018-plastics-dissolved-organic-carbon

not defined in this paper's own words; learning predictive models from data

schutt2019-machine-learning-molecular-wavefunctions

Machine learning (ML) methods reach ever deeper into quantum chemistry and materials simulation

not defined in this paper's own words; automation used to identify relevant evidence

page2021-prisma-systematic-review-reporting-guideline

Many innovations in the conduct of systematic reviews have occurred since publication of the PRISMA 2009 statement. For example, technological advances have enabled the use of natural language processing and machine learning to identify relevant evidence, 22 23 24 methods have been proposed to synthesise and present findings when meta-analysis is not possible or appropriate, 25 26 27 and new metho

not defined in this paper's own words; data-driven modeling used to construct atomistic potentials

smith2017-ani1-dataset-organic-molecules

Machine learning (ML) methods are emerging as a powerful approach to constructing various forms of transferable atomistic potentials.

not defined in this paper's own words; data-driven models fitted to reference calculations

smith2019-neural-network-potential-transfer-learning

Machine learning (ML) methods have seen much success in the last decade due to increased availability of data and improved algorithms 18 – 20 .

not defined in this paper's own words; family of predictive algorithms

jiang2021-graph-neural-networks-molecular-representation

Molecular property modelling, which assists in hunting for chemicals with desired pharmacological and ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties, is one of the most classical cheminformatics tasks [ 1 , 2 ]. A variety of machine learning (ML) approaches, such as Naive Bayes (NB) [ 3 – 5 ], k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) [ 6 ], logistic regression (LR) [ 7 , 8 ],

not defined in this paper's own words in this sentence

dang2023-human-centred-ai-mobile-health, sujeeun2020-nanofibrous-scaffold-performance

However, the application of machine learning (ML) to mobile health sensing poses unique challenges due to noisy sensor measurements, high-dimensional data, sparse and irregular time series, heterogeneity in data, privacy concerns and resource constraints.

not defined in this paper's own words; computational methods used across materials-property prediction, simulation, design, and synthesis-route prediction

reiser2022-graph-neural-networks-materials-chemistry

Machine learning plays an increasingly important role in many areas of chemistry and materials science, being used to predict materials properties, accelerate simulations, design new structures, and predict synthesis routes of new materials.

not defined in this paper's own words; supervised models trained on soil profiles and predictors

hassani2021-soil-salinization-climate

As a result of these practical limitations, we utilize Machine Learning (ML) algorithms as an alternative approach to predict the future of primary soil salinization on a global scale.

mathematical algorithms that have been coded into computer programs

kibble2020-integrative-machine-learning-obesity-twins

15 Machine learning, a branch of AI, can be broadly described as data analytical methods that learn from data without being explicitly programmed, with patterns identified based on the data itself.

collins2021-protocol-for-development-of-a-reporting-guideline

Deep learning overview ML aims at developing computational algorithms or statistical models that can automatically infer hidden patterns from data 12 , 13 .

su2020-deep-learning-in-mental-health-outcome-research

Machine Learning Terminology and Definitions Typically, ML methodologies involves a learning process with the objective to learn from “experience” (training data) to perform a task.

liakos2018-machine-learning-in-agriculture-a

algorithms that improve automatically through experience

jackson2021-text-thought-language-psychological-science

Many of these insights derive from the advancement of “machine learning”—computer algorithms that can improve automatically through experience.

a subset of AI centred on software that learns autonomously from data

najjar2023-redefining-radiology-a-review-of-artificial-intelligence

Machine learning, a subset of AI, is centred around the development of software that learns autonomously from accessed data.

not defined in this paper's own words; the source of the nonlinear function classes that make the detection step possible where earlier data-driven methods failed

Davies2021-advancing-mathematics-by-guiding-human-intui

The key contributions of machine learning in this regression process are the broad set of possible nonlinear functions that can be learned given a sufficient amount of data.

not defined in this paper's own words; error reduction by changing sampled states

williams2018-predictive-processing-representation-wars

So far this process is extremely reactive. An overarching imperative to minimize prediction error, however, can be satisfied in one of two ways: either by updating top-down predictions to bring them into alignment with the incoming data, or by updating the incoming data to bring it into alignment with top - down predictions . Whereas the former constitutes “reactive inference” (Sims 2016 ), the la

not defined in this paper's own words; free-energy-based account of perception and action

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

In line with much of Bayesian statistics, active inference claims that the brain is fundamentally in the business of finessing a generative model of the causes of its sensations; as if the brain was a scientist, trying to infer the causal architecture of its own relation to its world. Put another way, under active inference, the brain is a dynamical system that models the action-relevant causal st

coupled perception and action that minimize surprise and sustain organismic integrity

allen2016-cognitivism-autopoiesis-embodied-mind

From this fundamental property of existence, it follows that any biological organism will possess the following characteristics: Ergodicity By placing an upper bound on entropy, an organism will necessarily occupy (the neighbourhood of) some states more often than others. This means that the average probability of being in a given state is equal to the probability of the system being in that state

not defined in this paper's own words; belief and policy updating under expected free energy

constant2019-regimes-expectations-social-conformity

According to active inference, expectations are continuously updated according to Bayesian principles that underlie perceptual synthesis; namely, attention and perception ( Helmholtz, 1962 ; Dayan et al., 1995 ; Kersten et al., 2004 ; Knill and Pouget, 2004 ; Yuille and Kersten, 2006 ; Hohwy, 2016 ; Palacios et al., 2017 ). Active inference assumes that adaptive behavior can be described as realiz

a framework treating perception, learning, and action as processes that minimize differences between expectation and experience

constant2024-narrative-active-inference

Active inference is a theory of perception, learning and action, which aims to provide a unified explanation of these basic cognitive functions, as all operating under the same imperative to minimize the difference between what was expected and what was experienced (i.e., prediction error). Originally developed in computational neuroscience as a theory of the structure, function, and dynamics of t

predictive coding with classical motor reflexes

friston2012-dopamine-affordance-active-inference

an example of a concept in which none of the attributes are present

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education

does not include any defined attributes of the concept [ 17 ]

cao2023-nursing-professionalism-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; its contrary case holds none of the attributes of impressionability

gwon2018-impressionability-concept

This contrary case does not contain any attributes of impressionability. Rather, this is the complete opposite to impressionability

the direct opposite of a model case, which indicated a clear example of what the concept was not and thus lacked all the defining attributes

motsaanaka2022-clinical-learning-opportunity

represents a scenario that contradicts or opposes the defining attributes of the concept being analysed

abujaber2024-nursing-privilege

represents the opposite of the concept’s meaning

pereira2024-positive-nursing-practice-environment

a clear instance of what the concept is not

teixeira2023-transcultural-nursing-leadership

helps to improve the clarity of the concept under scrutiny by presenting a case that does not reflect the concept

hou2022-violence-against-nurses-emergency

a scenario that starkly contrasts with the core attributes of eco-conscious practices in nursing

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

one where there is an absence of the key defining attributes previously identified

balaam2017-migrant-women-pregnancy

not defined in this paper's own words; ability to avoid false positives

mcmurdie2014-rarefying-microbiome-data-inadmissible

In simulations evaluating performance in the detection of differential abundance, we found an improvement in sensitivity and specificity when normalization and subsequent tests are based upon a relevant mixture model ( Figure 6 ). Multiple t-tests with correction for multiple inference did not perform well on this data, whether on rarefied counts or on proportions. A direct comparison of the perfo

not defined in this paper's own words; diagnostic accuracy measure

benchimol2015-record-routinely-collected-health-data

The risk of misclassification bias in studies using routine health data, as in many other epidemiological studies, may threaten the validity of study findings [ 31 ]. Although the risk of misclassification is amplified in studies using databases containing large populations, such studies offer an opportunity to study rare or uncommon diseases [ 32 ]. Validation of identification methods has been i

not defined in this paper's own words; how detailed and unambiguous an intervention's description is

carroll2007-a-conceptual-framework-for-impleme

Detailed or specific interventions have been found to be more likely to be implemented with high fidelity than ones that are vague. For example, a study of guidelines intended for General Practitioners (GPs) found that detailed and clear recommendations were almost twice as likely to be followed as vague and non-specific recommendations [ 23 ]. The specificity of these guidelines was assessed by a

not defined in this paper's own words; true-negative performance metric

ainsworth2020-performance-characteristics-of-fiv

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic in 2020. Testing is crucial for mitigating public health and economic effects. Serology is considered key to population-level surveillance and potentially individual-level risk assessment. However, immunoassay performance has not been compared on large, identical sample sets. We aimed to investigate the perfo

not defined in this paper's own words; true-negative rate reported for family classification

asgari2015-protvec

For the evaluation we report specificity (true negative rate), sensitivity (true positive rate), and the accuracy of family classifications

not defined in this paper's own words; reported at 88% at the same cut-off, jointly fixing the operating point

ettman2020-prevalence-of-depression-symptoms

Depression symptoms in both studies were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire–9, a clinically validated survey with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% at a cutoff score of 10 or higher.

measures the ability of a method to avoid wrongly considering other behaviours as the target behaviour

jeantet2020-multi-sensor-loggers-sea-turtle-behaviour

not defined in this paper's own words; how precise a GO term's underlying concept is - the property depth fails to measure

schlicker2006-a-new-measure-for-functional-simil

One problem is that the depth of a term in the GO graph is not representative of the specificity of the underlying concept. Different terms on the same rank (same depth in the GO graph) usually are not equally specific.

the lawful correspondence between ecological information and available affordances

heft2018-history-philosophy-ecological-psychology

Ecological information is informative of the environment because it specifies the available affordances. ‘Specificity’ refers to the idea by which the presence of ecological information corresponds to the direct perception of affordances. Some authors interpret the meaning of specificity as in legal contracts: as a guarantee for the presence of certain elements (for example, a certain pattern of l

not defined in this paper's own words; FAIR integration dimension

wilkinson2016-fair-guiding-principles-data-stewardship

This article describes four foundational principles—Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability—that serve to guide data producers and publishers as they navigate around these obstacles, thereby helping to maximize the added-value gained by contemporary, formal scholarly digital publishing. Importantly, it is our intent that the principles apply not only to ‘data’ in the conventi

not defined in this paper's own words; ability of heterogeneous biodiversity sources to be combined and used

wieczorek2012-darwin-core-evolving-community-biodiversity-data-standard

Biodiversity data derive from myriad sources stored in various formats on many distinct hardware and software platforms. An essential step towards understanding global patterns of biodiversity is to provide a standardized view of these heterogeneous data sources to improve interoperability. Fundamental to this advance are definitions of common terms. This paper describes the evolution and developm

not defined in this paper's own words; cross-package operation without cumbersome conversion

lawrence2013-genomic-ranges-software

The primary argument for storing ranges in specialized, formal data structures is efficiency, in terms of both implementation and language. The notion of ranges can be made explicit in the application programming interface (API), permitting the expression of algorithms in a succinct and readable language that illustrates concepts instead of exposing implementation details. Another goal is interope

not defined in this paper's own words; direct transfer among SwissDrugDesign tools

daina2017-swissadme-free-web-tool

The SwissADME Web tool enables the computation of key physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-like and related parameters for one or multiple molecules. In one hand, efforts were put in the backend to embed free open-access and fast predictive models showing statistical significance, predictive power, intuitive interpretation, and straightforward translation to molecular design. These models are ad

not defined in this paper's own words; the ability of digital systems to work together, identified here as an unresolved integration issue

johnson2016-mimic-iii-critical-care-database

Despite this advance, interoperability of digital systems remains an open issue, leading to challenges in data integration. As a result, the potential that hospital data offers in terms of understanding and improving care is yet to be fully realized. In parallel, the scientific research community is increasingly coming under criticism for the lack of reproducibility of studies 2 .

the FAIR objective that digital objects can be automatically integrated across formats, standards, and resources

wilkinson2016-fair-guiding-principles-data-stewardship

We will consider the current approach to this problem from a variety of data discovery and integration perspectives. If the desired datasets existed, where might they have been published, and how would one begin to search for them, using what search tools? The desired search would need to filter based on specific species, specific tissues, specific types of data (Poly-A, microarray, NGS), specific

Interoperability: Current State The Health Information and Management Systems Society defines interoperability as “the ability of different information technology systems and software applications to communicate, exchange data, and use the information that has been exchanged” [ 14 ].

gordon2018-blockchain-technology-for-healthcare-facilitating-the-transition

a possibility for action available to an organism in relation to its environment

heft2018-history-philosophy-ecological-psychology

‘Affordance’ is the ecological concept that has had a major diffusion since it was coined in the 1960s ( J. J. Gibson, 1966 , p. 285), although J. J. Gibson used some terms for affordances previously ( J. J. Gibson, 1950 , pp. 198–199). He proposed ‘affordance’ as an alternative for ‘value’ as it is used in philosophy. During the 1970s, J. J. Gibson (1977) refined the term while his colleagues sta

not defined in this paper's own words; environmental possibility specified relative to an organism

baggs2020-ecological-psychology-enactivism-action

Gibson ( 1979 ) developed the concept of affordance—what the environment affords the organism in support of action, nutrition, social action, and so forth, and proposed that affordances are specified in the energy arrays that an animal's or human's perceptual systems resonate to as they move through and adapt to and change their surround. This idea clearly meets the three criteria of relational co

not defined in this paper's own words; environmental property or emergent organism-environment relation

heft2018-history-philosophy-ecological-psychology

Despite its centrality within ecological psychology, there is not a single definition shared by all ecological psychologists. We can differentiate between those authors who claim that affordances are properties of the environment that are complemented by aspects of organisms, while there are other authors claiming that affordances are properties of the organism-environment system.

not defined in this paper's own words; relational opportunity or constraint for action

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

In an often quoted definition: “[t]he affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes , either for good or ill” ( Gibson, 1979 , p. 127).

not defined in this paper's own words; relational opening for exploration rather than a fixed prescription

van-der-schijff2018-4e-music-pedagogy-self-organization

Similarly, one might also consider how a composition student may gain relevant knowledge of the harp by asking a professional harp player about its main features (e.g., the double-action pedals). The developing composer gains understandings of the possibilities of an instrument she does not play by interacting with the harpist as an extended cognitive resource. Likewise, when the harpist prepares

an object or an environment (implicitly) affects and structures human behavior by virtue of its material and formal properties

waldfuhrmann2021-classical-concert-listening

not defined in this paper's own words; what flips after reversal

Pho2018-task-dependent-representations-of-stimulus-a

We found that V1 selectivity did not change significantly after reversal (Fig.

not defined in this paper's own words; the part of tuning that survives normalisation

Chen2019-differential-cell-type-dependent-brain-state

2f, h ), but the temporal tuning selectivity (Fig.

not defined in this paper's own words; filtering of stimuli, thoughts, and feelings

ouwersloot2020-reintroducing-consciousness-in-psychopatholo

A disruption in the function of “filtering” or “selectivity” of consciousness leads to patients being overloaded by sensory stimuli, thoughts, and feelings when the filtering function is too loose as in manic disorder, attention disorders, and hyperactivity disorders.

Was the brain state change-induced quantitative differences in the fluorescence accompanied by qualitative changes in auditory tuning? To address this question, we normalized the frequency tuning curves by their respective maximum values. Compared to isoflurane anesthesia, tuning selectivity of the number 4 neuron was similar, whereas tuning selectivity of the number 22 neuron was increased during wakefulness.

Chen2019-differential-cell-type-dependent-brain-state

not defined in this paper's own words; the reciprocal of the number of clusters a gene set would annotate - the paper's own definition of how distinctive a marker is

zeisel2018-molecular-architecture-of-the-mous

We defined selectivity as the reciprocal of the number of clusters that would be assigned auto-annotation given the current gene set and the trinarization scores. That is, an annotation that would apply to k clusters would have selectivity 1/ k .

the potency of a prebiotic to stimulate a specific gut microbiota

davanidavari2019-prebiotics-definition

not defined in this paper's own words; virtual platforms for connection and content sharing

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

Social media, such as Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter, refers to online, virtual-based platforms that allow individuals to connect and share content, either in private or public capacities ( 8 ). Due to its widespread use and theoretical ability to connect individuals across different experiences and perspectives, social media has a potentially prominent role in both exacerbating and lessening wei

internet platforms enabling people to connect and share experiences, information, and ideas virtually

clark2021-weight-stigma-social-media

The use of social media, which refers to internet-based platforms that enable people to connect virtually to share experiences, information and ideas ( 8 ), has become ubiquitous.

not defined in this paper's own words; channel for official and user-generated outbreak information

gao2020-mental-health-problems-and-social

Introduction A public health emergency of international concern-novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbroke[ 1 ] in Wuhan, China on 31 December 2019, which has been spread to 24 countries outside of China and infected 37,558 patients globally (37,251 in China) by 9 February 2020[ 2 ]. The outbreak of COVID-19 in China has caused mental health problems among the public in China[ 3 ] and Japan[ 4

an umbrella term that describes a variety of online platforms

aichner2021-social-media-definitions

differ from other types of Internet platforms in that they are characterized by their mass use, they allow content creation, and are not only consumed passively

polancolevican2022-social-media-literacy-concept

The cases that do not reflect the defining attributes are called contrary cases

ananzeh2026-moral-distress-family-caregivers

contain none of the defining attributes

timoteo2024-legacy-end-of-life-care

examples that contain none of the defining attributes of the concept

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

distinct examples that illustrate instances where the concept is absent or does not apply

muswede2026-political-astuteness-nurse-leadership

Generalized Linear Models

troudet2017-taxonomic-bias-biodiversity-data

Using a general linear model (GLM) to fit neuronal calcium traces, we classified the trial-active neurons (n = 126) as cue-responsive (22.2%), touch-responsive (11.9%), mixed-responsive (11.9%) and suppressed (17.5%) based on the dynamics of their calcium responses to the trial period; the remaining 36.5% of ‘unclassified’ active neurons responded neither to auditory cues nor to texture presentation

Mohan2018-sensory-representation-of-an-auditory-cued-t

not defined in this paper's own words; the model that splits one trace into three components

Pho2018-task-dependent-representations-of-stimulus-a

Open in a new tab Generalized linear model (GLM) of V1 and PPC responses.

studies the influence of various independent factors on a dependant variable

lazard2012-cochlear-implant-factors-model

emphasizes the active engagement of patients in their care and treatment decisions

kehyayan2025-value-based-healthcare-concept

care provision that is consistent with the values, needs, and desires of patients and is achieved when clinicians involve patients in healthcare discussions and decisions

gartner2022-patient-centered-care-pathway

providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patients values guide all clinical decisions

boeykens2022-goal-oriented-care

not defined in this paper's own words; often “described by statements of what” it was not, e.g. doctor-centered or disease-centered

scholl2014-patient-centeredness-concept

Furthermore, patient-centered care has often been described by statements of what is was not, rather than explanations of what is was, e.g. doctor-centered, disease-centered [16] .

not defined in this paper's own words; nonverbal associations altered by lexical compounds

thierry2016-neurolinguistic-relativity-language-cognition

Effects such as those reviewed above are eminently predictable for one who is positively predisposed toward the premises of the linguistic relativity hypothesis: A difference in terminology relates to a difference in perceptual processing. A stronger argument in favor of linguistic relativity, then, would be to identify not merely concepts that can be distinguished on the basis of specific lexical

not defined in this paper's own words; structured long-term knowledge supporting meaning

jefferies2024-multidisciplinary-semantic-glossary

Tulving characterized semantic memory as a vast repository of meaning that underlies language and many other cognitive processes. This perspective on lexical and conceptual knowledge galvanized a new era of research undertaken by numerous fields, each with their own idiosyncratic methods and terminology. For example, “concept” has different meanings in philosophy, linguistics, and psychology. As s

similarity revealed when a cue word elicits words it brings to mind

stella2018-multiplex-mental-lexicon-learning

Free associations indicate similarities within semantic memory, i.e. when given a cue word “house”, human participants respond with words that remind them of “house”, for example “bed” or “home”. Networks of free associations play a prominent role in capturing word acquisition in toddlers 11 , 32 and also word identification 3 , 13 . Networks of synonyms are also found to play a role in lexical pr

knowing

garciapelegrin2021-evolution-storytelling

the degree to which the words’ meaning has social relevance by describing or referring to the following: a social characteristic of a person or group of people, a social behaviour or interaction, a social role, a social space, a social institution or system, a social value or ideology, or any other socially relevant concept

diveica2023-socialness-social-semantics

relevance to social characteristics, interaction, roles, spaces, institutions, systems, values, or ideologies

dove2022-social-semantics-abstract-concepts

the extent to which each word has social relevance by describing or referring to a social characteristic of a person or group of people (e.g. ‘trustworthy’), a social behaviour or interaction (e.g. ‘to fight’), a social role (e.g. ‘teacher’), a social space (e.g. ‘pub’), a social institution (e.g. ‘hospital’) or system (e.g. ‘nation’), a social value (e.g. ‘righteousness’) or ideology (e.g. ‘femin

a graded dimension rather than necessarily a discrete semantic category

dove2022-social-semantics-abstract-concepts

On the other hand, socialness can be framed as one of many dimensions that coexist to define a single representational space underlying general semantics.

an inclusive, broad construct rather than a narrow aspect of social experience

diveica2023-socialness-social-semantics

Thus, taking a crucial next step for understanding the construct of socialness, we aimed to collect ratings using an inclusive definition designed to capture all manner of features that are deemed to be socially relevant.

Autoencoder Autoencoder is a special variant of the DFNN aimed at learning new (usually more compact) data representations that can optimally reconstruct the original data vectors 16 , 20 .

su2020-deep-learning-in-mental-health-outcome-research

not defined in this paper's own words; networks trained to reconstruct their input through a compressed layer

wang2021-scgnn-graph-neural-network-single-cell

Unlike the previous autoencoder applications in scRNA-Seq data analysis, which only captures the top-down distributions of the overall cells, scGNN can effectively aggregate detailed relationships between similar cells using a bottom-up approach.

not defined in this paper's own words; network trained to reconstruct its input from a learned representation

voulodimos2018-deep-learning-for-computer-vision

An autoencoder is trained to encode the input **x** into a representation **r**( **x**) in a way that input can be reconstructed from **r**( **x**) \ [33\]. The target output of the autoencoder is thus the autoencoder input itself. Hence, the output vectors have the same dimensionality as the input vector. In the course of this process, the reconstruction error is being minimized, and the correspo

not defined in this paper's own words; opacity of machine-learning decision production

lysaght2019-ai-assisted-decision-making-healthcare

This lack of transparency is referred to as the ‘black box’ of AI.

not defined in this paper's own words; models whose decision process cannot be inspected

cirillo2021-bias-big-data-ai-open-science

Several powerful AI algorithms are employing a so-called “black box” approach, where it is difficult or even impossible to understand how the obtained results have been achieved. 66 Explainable AI by contrast includes interpretable AI models, where the strengths and weaknesses of a decision-making process are transparent. 67 AI applications often have to deal with a trade-off between model perform

a machine-learning system whose input and output are visible but whose internal rule formation is not

fritts2022-doctors-ai-human-responsibility-artificial-risks

The stark difference between ML and GOFAI, however, is not about the goals, but about the way they are achieved: the role played by the programmers of AI technology has radically changed in this paradigm shift. AI programmers are not called to program knowledge and rules into computing machines, but to feed data and tweak complex mathematical functions until they are able to process (i.e., classif

Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction

wang2017-protein-contact-deep-learning

Critical Appraisal Skills Programme

mansfield2021-loneliness-conceptual-review

not defined in this paper's own words; biennial benchmark challenge for testing structure-prediction accuracy

varadi2021-alphafold-protein-structure-database

AlphaFold is an AI system developed by DeepMind that makes state-of-the-art predictions of protein structures from their amino-acid sequences ( 9 ). CASP (Critical Assessment of Structure Predictions) is a biennial challenge for research groups to test the accuracy of their predictions against actual experimental data. In 2020, the organizers of the CASP14 benchmark recognized AlphaFold as a solut

not defined in this paper's own words; population-level allocation of content consumption

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

Thus, we use the term collective attention in a sense that is closely related to the computational social science notion 11 – 13 , that measures various forms of population-level content consumption patterns 14 – 16 .

not defined in this paper's own words; population-level concentration of searches on a public crisis

bento2020-information-seeking-local-covid-news

Because the extent of the epidemic is likely to be underestimated at this stage, it is crucial to know how much the early case announcements induce heightened collective attention and information-seeking behavior.

not defined in this paper's own words; aggregate topical traffic

wu2015-production-information-attention-economy

Phenomena like these have been already observed in a wide range of information-rich environments 1 , 14 , 19 , 20 , 25 . During the period of increased attention we see a previously unobserved phenomenon, namely that new articles about the Olympic Games are created at a higher frequency. A weaker pattern is observed for Hurricane Sandy too. To quantify the temporal relation between demand and prod

a maximal substrate with greater system integrated information than overlapping candidates

albantakis2023-integrated-information-theory-4-consciousness

In general, multiple candidate systems with overlapping units may have positive values of φ s ( T e , T c , s ) . By the exclusion postulate, the substrate of consciousness must be definite; that is, it must comprise a definite set of units. But which one? Once again, we employ the principle of maximal existence ( Box 2 ): among candidate systems competing over the same substrate with respect to a

not defined in this paper's own words; locally maximally integrated set of mechanisms

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

Complex: A set of elements within a system that generates a local maximum of integrated conceptual information Φ Max . Only a complex exists as an entity from its own intrinsic perspective.

made so by the professions or organizational levels targeted, or by a need to tailor

mohler2015-credeci-2-guideline

Characteristics that make interventions complex are different professions or different organizational levels targeted by the intervention (context of the intervention) and/or a need to tailor the intervention for specific settings (flexibility of the intervention) [ 4 ].

clusters of users exposed to news and opinions in line with their previous beliefs

pratelli2024-entropy-twitter-echo-chambers

not defined in this paper's own words; given as another name for the structural communities

rathje2022-social-media-vaccine-hesitancy

Community detection analysis revealed that Twitter networks in the US and the UK are divided into structural communities (or “echo chambers”) broadly reflecting liberal and conservative attitudes.

not defined in this paper's own words; environments where a user's opinion is reinforced by repeated interaction with similar peers - defined broadly here because the construct's very existence is contested

cinelli2021-the-echo-chamber-effect-on-social

We can broadly define echo chambers as environments in which the opinion, political leaning, or belief of users about a topic gets reinforced due to repeated interactions with peers or sources having similar tendencies and attitudes.

Interclass Correlation Coefficient

bodroza2024-personality-testing-large-language-models

Intraclass correlation coefficient

clark2020-fetal-face-automatic-segmentation, rich2013-accelerometer-minimum-wear-time

not defined in this paper's own words; the tonotopically organized central nucleus, one of three subdivisions pooled here on the strength of a null

Goyernd-a-novel-class-of-inferior-colliculus-princip

Disc-shaped neurons maintain their dendritic arbors within isofrequency lamina and make up the majority of neurons in the tonotopically organized central nucleus of the IC (ICc).

not defined in this paper's own words; hierarchical minimization of prediction error

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

Predictive processing approaches in computational neuroscience, such as the hierarchical generative model, consider the brain as a machine that matches bottom-up inputs with top-down expectations through cortical processing, aiming to minimize the error in these predictions ( Clark, 2013 ). In this bi-directional model, top-down connections from higher levels encode the predictions in the lower le

not defined in this paper's own words; error-minimizing cognition with multiple philosophical variants

allen2016-cognitivism-autopoiesis-embodied-mind

Recent developments in cognitive science and neuroscience have led to a growth of interest in “predictive processing” theories of mind and cognitive function (Clark 2013 ; Friston 2010 ; Hohwy 2013 ). These diverse approaches share a common ground in situating top-down, error-minimising predictions as the key locus of information processing, as opposed to more classical accounts which emphasize fe

hierarchical prediction error minimization

williams2018-predictive-processing-representation-wars

Predictive processing attempts to bridge this gap (Friston et al. 2017 ). It claims that (approximate) Bayesian inference occurs through hierarchical predictive coding and prediction error minimization. There are two concepts central to an understanding of this process: the concept of a hierarchical probabilistic generative model , and the concept of predictive coding . I introduce both in turn.

lead halide perovskite solar cells

zhao2016-polymer-scaffold-self-healing-perovskite

polymer solar cells

bin2016-non-fullerene-polymer-solar-cells, sun2018-low-cost-polymer-donor-solar-cells

pancreatic stellate cells

briones-andrade2024-pancreatic-cancer-mathematical-model

not defined in this paper's own words; selective reporting that can occur within studies and reviews

moher2009-prisma

Different types of reporting biases may hamper the conduct and interpretation of systematic reviews. Selective reporting of complete studies (e.g., publication bias) [28] as well as the more recently empirically demonstrated “outcome reporting bias” within individual studies [40] , [41] should be considered by authors when conducting a systematic review and reporting its results. Though the implic

authors frequently provide analyses of outcomes in their published papers that were not the prespecified primary and secondary outcomes in their protocols, while ignoring their prespecified outcomes (that is, selective outcome reporting)

schulz2010-consort

not defined in this paper's own words; manipulation of which outcomes and analyses are reported, described as common even in randomized trials

ioannidis2005-false-findings

For example, there is strong evidence that selective outcome reporting, with manipulation of the outcomes and analyses reported, is a common problem even for randomized trails [ 25 ].

not defined in this paper's own words; self-aware capacity required for moral answerability

fritts2022-doctors-ai-human-responsibility-artificial-risks

Floridi & Sanders, ( 2004 ) argue that artificial autonomous agents can be considered moral agents, and that they constitute an instance of “mind-less morality”. In disagreement with them, Véliz, ( 2021 ) argues that “the main reason why algorithms can be neither autonomous nor accountable is that they lack sentience”. Sentience “is necessary for moral agency” because it implies the necessary mora

the capacity for conscious and subjective experiences of pain, suffering and pleasure

stucki2020-legal-animal-rights

not defined in this paper's own words; felt experience of pleasure and pain

cervantes2021-moral-zombies-algorithms-agents

The zombie thought experiment is yet to be applied to the realm of morality, but there is an analogous question to be explored regarding sentience and moral agency. Applying the zombie thought experiment to moral agency can help us assess whether moral agency is something independent of conscious experience, or sentience. By sentience I mean the capacity, at a minimum, to have a subjective experie

not defined in this paper's own words; investigation with participants, interventions, and outcomes

page2021-prisma-systematic-review-reporting-guideline

Study —An investigation, such as a clinical trial, that includes a defined group of participants and one or more interventions and outcomes. A “study” might have multiple reports. For example, reports could include the protocol, statistical analysis plan, baseline characteristics, results for the primary outcome, results for harms, results for secondary outcomes, and results for additional mediato

not defined in this paper's own words; the present observational investigation

gao2020-mental-health-problems-and-social

Design and participants This cross-sectional study was online conducted during Jan 31 to Feb 2, 2020. Chinese citizens aged≥18 years old were invited to participate online survey though Wenjuanxing platform( https://www.wjx.cn/app/survey.aspx ). In total, 5,851 participants took part in the survey. After removing the participants without completed questionnaires, 4872 participants from 31 province

not defined in this paper's own words; FLOTILLA's class combining data, tools, and plotting functions

wolf2018-scanpy-large-scale-single-cell-gen

Hence, only the latter provides a data analysis framework that solves more than one specific task. In contrast to SCANPY , however, FLOTILLA is neither targeted at single-cell nor at large-scale data and does not provide any graph-based methods, which are the core of SCANPY . Also, FLOTILLA is built around a complicated class STUDY , which contains data, tools, and plotting functions. SCANPY , by

topologically associating domains

albkhetan2018-chromatin-looping-statistical-model

contiguous regions with enriched physical contacts separated by insulator elements

brandani2024-bayesian-simulations-chromatin-condensation

not defined in this paper's own words; 0.5-1.0 Mb chromosome domains

chiariello2016-polymer-physics-chromosome-organisation

Chromosomes are folded into a sequence of 0.5–1.0 Mb long domains, known as TADs

not defined in this paper's own words; learning with many-layered neural networks

lao2017-deep-learning-radiomics-glioblastoma

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 12 is a typical artificial neural network in deep learning, which has achieved state-of-the-art performances on image and video recognition

not defined in this paper's own words; learning with multi-layer neural networks

cheng2016-computer-aided-diagnosis-deep-learning-breast

First , deep learning can directly uncover features from the training data, and hence the effort of explicit elaboration on feature extraction can be significantly alleviated.

deep learning algorithms attempt to model high-level abstractions in data by using multiple processing layers

koshiyama2024-algorithm-auditing-ai-risks

algorithms for learning deep neural network architectures with many hidden layers

sheehan2016-deep-learning-population-genetic-inference

The use of multiple layers of convolution and max-pooling (deep learning)

cunningham2019-automated-posture-estimation-cerebral-palsy

a machine learning approach based on the automatic learning of the relevant features found in the data

tiulpin2018-knee-osteoarthritis-deep-learning

not defined in this paper's own words in this sentence

newaz2020-network-protein-structural-classification

we aim to extract such features automatically via deep learning (DL).

not defined in this paper's own words; multi-layer representation-learning approach

jiang2021-graph-neural-networks-molecular-representation

Molecular property modelling, which assists in hunting for chemicals with desired pharmacological and ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties, is one of the most classical cheminformatics tasks [ 1 , 2 ]. A variety of machine learning (ML) approaches, such as Naive Bayes (NB) [ 3 – 5 ], k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) [ 6 ], logistic regression (LR) [ 7 , 8 ],

the application of multi-layered artificial neural networks to a wide range of problems

litjens2016-deep-learning-histopathology

neural-network feature learning through multiple hidden layers that combine low-level into abstract high-level features

liu2021-plant-diseases-and-pests-detection-based-on

The basic idea of deep learning is: using neural network for data analysis and feature learning, data features are extracted by multiple hidden layers, each hidden layer can be regarded as a perceptron, the perceptron is used to extract low-level features, and then combine low-level features to obtain abstract high-level features, which can significantly alleviate the problem of local minimum.

not defined in this paper's own words; pre-trained neural models of computer vision that embed images in feature spaces

epjds2023-compression-ensembles

Compression vectors can be rapidly compared, clustered, or used in image recognition and comparison tasks, as demonstrated below. Our method is comparable, but largely orthogonal to deep learning models of computer vision that also embed images in numeric vector spaces. Typically pre-trained on very large image databases, the latter excel at inferring image similarity (in the feature space), and c

not defined in this paper's own words; representation-learning approach for large messy multimodal data

rajkomar2018-scalable-accurate-deep-learning-electronic-health-records

Recent developments in deep learning and artificial neural networks may allow us to address many of these challenges and unlock the information in the EHR. Deep learning emerged as the preferred machine learning approach in machine perception problems ranging from computer vision to speech recognition, but has more recently proven useful in natural language processing, sequence prediction, and mix

layers of simple nonlinear models learning successively more abstract input representations

mcnutt2021-gnina-molecular-docking-deep-learning

Deep learning (DL) methods allow direct inference of features from inputs. They learn a representation of the inputs via layers of simple, non-linear models which transform the representation to higher abstractions to learn complex functions [ 29 ]. DL methods have demonstrated success in a variety of fields, such as computer vision and natural language processing [ 30 , 31 ]. In recent years, the

learning features directly from large image sets rather than hand-crafted extractors

litjens2016-deep-learning-histopathology

These systems function by learning relevant features directly from huge image databases (typically millions of images).

a machine-learning subset using multilayered artificial neural networks

najjar2023-redefining-radiology-a-review-of-artificial-intelligence

Deep learning, an ML subset, utilises multilayered artificial neural networks (aptly coined “deep”), enabling DL algorithms to model and understand complex data patterns.

AS DEFINED HERE: computational models of multiple processing layers learning representations at multiple levels of abstraction, MIMICKING how the brain perceives multimodal information - the definition carries a brain analogy inside it

voulodimos2018-deep-learning-for-computer-vision

Deep learning allows computational models of multiple processing layers to learn and represent data with multiple levels of abstraction mimicking how the brain perceives and understands multimodal information, thus implicitly capturing intricate structures of large‐scale data.

Deep learning refers to seeking meaning, relating and extending ideas, looking for patterns and underlying principles, checking evidence and relating it to conclusions, examining arguments cautiously and critically, and becoming actively interested in course content (see reference 29 ).

hattie2016-learning-strategies-a-synthesis-and-conceptual-model

`a subcategory of Machine Learning ... introduced in 1943 when threshold logic was introduced`, and in the abstract `a subset of ML`. Two containment words for the same relation in one paper, and only the second is on a list the gate holds

saleem2019-plant-disease-detection-and-classi

The Deep Learning (DL) approach is a subcategory of Machine Learning (ML), introduced in 1943 [ 1 ] when threshold logic was introduced to build a computer model closely resembling the biological pathways of humans.

events that occur before a concept and contribute to the occurrence of the concept

alshakhshir2024-spiritual-competence-nursing

events that must occur prior to the occurrence of the concept

hughes2018-public-involvement-concept-analysis

events that occur prior to the concept

jung2022-ehealth-literacy-older-adults

events that occur before the intended concept [ 17 ]

cao2023-nursing-professionalism-concept

events that precede the occurrence of the concept

motsaanaka2022-clinical-learning-opportunity

antecedents are defined as events that arise before the occurrence of the concept

monteiro2025-spiritual-awakening-concept

events or phenomena that precede the concept ( Rodgers, 2000 )

liang2022-social-isolation-cancer-concept

events occurring or in place before the concept can emerge

gartner2022-patient-centered-care-pathway

those events or incidents that must occur before or be in place prior to the occurrence of the concept

sun2022-psychological-birth-trauma

‘events or incidents that must occur or be in place prior to the occurrence of the concept’

razaq2025-digital-health-equity-concept

events or incidents that must occur or be in place prior to the occurrence of the concept

balaam2017-migrant-women-pregnancy, shin2020-community-health-outreach

events that occur prior to the occurrence of the concept, and they are required for the concept to exist

ananzeh2026-moral-distress-family-caregivers

Antecedents are the events that happen before a phenomenon occurs

gwon2018-impressionability-concept

factors that must be in place before a concept can occur

pryor2026-adult-social-care-nursing-concept

events or conditions that must occur before a particular concept can manifest and exist

pereira2024-positive-nursing-practice-environment

an event or incidental condition that happens before a concept occurs

kim2023-social-responsibility-nursing-organizations

The incidents necessary for a concept to exist or happen

zhao2021-compensatory-belief-health-behavior

antecedents are the events or incidents that need to take place before the concept occurs

larsson2023-feeling-safe-perioperatively

events or situations that must already exist before a concept can occur

cao2024-change-fatigue-nurses

events that must happen before the occurrence of filial piety

xiao2024-filial-piety-caregiving

factors that must be present before the occurrence of the concept

ostaszkiewicz2020-dignity-protective-continence-care

the events or attributes that must exist prior to the occurrence of a concept

carvalho2022-positive-mental-health-literacy

events or phenomena that can be grasped through the concept of past events, or phenomena that occurred prior to the occurrence of the concept

oh2022-nurses-clinical-decision-making

events that occur before the occurrence of the phenomenon under study and have an impact on its occurrence

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

the events or situations that need to happen before a concept can take place

kehyayan2025-value-based-healthcare-concept

the events that take place prior to the occurrence of digital resilience

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education

factors that contribute to the actions a concept describes

hallyburton2022-diagnostic-overshadowing

phenomena usually found prior to concept occurrence

brenner2020-technology-dependent-concept

refer to the events or conditions that must exist before a concept is possible

kangasniemi2023-nurses-collegiality

Antecedents are the conditions that lead up to the concept of interest

hillman2020-medication-experience-concept

events, conditions or capacities that precede the emergence of a concept

muswede2026-political-astuteness-nurse-leadership

events or phenomena leading to resilience

al-asfoor2024-health-system-resilience

the pre-existing conditions or factors that must be present for the concept to manifest within the healthcare setting

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

actions or instances that must occur first hand before a concept can result

nukpezah2020-happiness-children-long-term-illness

events that occur before or because of leadership in the context of digital health services

laukka2022-leadership-digital-health

the antecedents or what causes the concept

menassa2023-healthy-ageing-concepts-definitions

come before defining attributes, and all of them must be present for the concept to be realized

timoteo2024-legacy-end-of-life-care

events or happenings that occur before the phenomenon, including the relationships with its temporal and sociocultural context [ 15 ]

lima2023-resilience-older-people

events or incidents that precede the process of applying goal-oriented care

boeykens2022-goal-oriented-care

the foundational conditions and driving factors that are necessary for its emergence

lu2025-patient-public-involvement-research

a prerequisite for the concept to be experienced

timmins2024-moral-distress-student-nurses

preceding elements and conditions that are required for therapeutic adherence, although these elements are insufficient on their own

laranjeira2023-therapeutic-adherence-mental-disorders

pre‐existing actions or causes that are consistently associated with a concept

roberts2017-othering-nursing-concept

refer to the pre-existing events and contextual conditions that lay the foundational background and driving forces for the formation of a specific concept

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

the prerequisites that must be met for decolonisation of the curriculum to take place

makhene2023-decolonisation-nursing-curriculum

variables that precede or influence hope

antunes2023-hope-in-nursing-care

A low level of intent to be vaccinated can be understood within the concept of hesitancy, the behavioural ‘delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine services’ (SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy, 2014 ).

freeman2020-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-in-the-uk

The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy define it as the “ delay in acceptance or refusal of safe vaccines despite availability of vaccination services ” ( MacDonald, 2015 ).

robertson2021-predictors-of-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-in

Vaccine hesitancy is defined as the delay in acceptance, reluctance, or refusal of vaccination despite the availability of vaccination services [ 2 , 3 ].

soares2021-factors-associated-with-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy

Vaccine hesitancy is the term used to define refusal or reluctance in the acceptance of vaccination despite the availability of vaccination services [ 1 ].

sallam2021-high-rates-of-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy

measured here as low self-reported confidence in the vaccine's safety and effectiveness

rathje2022-social-media-vaccine-hesitancy

In Study 1, we found that following the accounts of US Republican politicians or hyper-partisan/low-quality news sites were associated with lower confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine—even when controlling for key demographics such as self-reported political ideology and education.

not defined in this paper's own words; named by WHO as one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019, and treated here as the converse of confidence

figueiredo2020-mapping-global-trends-in-vaccine-c

In this context, WHO has named vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019 alongside climate change.

not defined in this paper's own words; quoted from WHO SAGE in the narrowed form - `vaccines` and `vaccine services` where the source wrote `vaccination` and `vaccination services`

betsch2018-beyond-confidence-development-of-a

The first international systematic endeavor was a working group of a WHO advisory body (Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, SAGE), defining vaccine hesitancy as the “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine services. Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context specific, varying across time, place and vaccines. It is influenced by factors such as comp

not defined in this paper's own words; mismatch between expected and obtained social reward

veissiere2018-hypernatural-monitoring-smartphone-addiction

Cue-activated reward anticipation and prediction errors and subsequent dopaminergic activity (adapted from Keiflin and Janak, 2015 ). (A) Before the cue is conditioned, the unexpected reward results in phasic activation of dopamine neurons and a positive reward prediction error. (B) Once a reward is conditioned, the cue (and not the reward) results in a positive reward anticipation and increased d

not defined in this paper's own words; mismatch between top-down and bottom-up signals

fabry2019-mind-wandering-reader-predictive-enculturation

According to recently developed predictive processing accounts, perceptual, active, and cognitive phenomena are realized by the minimization of the discrepancies between top-down predictions and bottom-up prediction error signals (Friston, 2005 , 2010 ; Clark, 2013 , 2016 ; Hohwy, 2013 ). The assumption is that the human cortex implements a hierarchical generative model. Each layer of the hierarch

not defined in this paper's own words; mismatch signal used to update expectations

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

These top–down predictions continuously encounter bottom-up sensory input and in the event that the model has generated an incorrect prediction, a PE signal is used to update the model ( Kopell et al., 2000 ; Fontolan et al., 2014 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; difference between expected and experienced states

constant2024-narrative-active-inference

Active inference is a theory of perception, learning and action, which aims to provide a unified explanation of these basic cognitive functions, as all operating under the same imperative to minimize the difference between what was expected and what was experienced (i.e., prediction error). Originally developed in computational neuroscience as a theory of the structure, function, and dynamics of t

not defined in this paper's own words; dopamine-linked reward-learning signal

clithero2008-foundations-neuroeconomics

Aside from producing new hypotheses, neurobiological knowledge can also introduce constraints. Models of neural function have guided theories of executive control and decision making [ 76–82 ]. Likewise, integrating psychological concepts into models is not new to economics [ 83 , 84 ]. We argue that neuroscience can inspire models of behavior that conform to our current scientific knowledge, i.e.

not defined in this paper's own words; mismatch between expected and received sensory input

williams2018-predictive-processing-representation-wars

By combining generative models and predictive coding in this way, the brain can identify the multilevel set of interacting hidden causes that best explain its evolving sensory input by minimizing the error in its predictions of this input—a process thought to combine prior expectations enshrined in the generative model with incoming evidence in the Bayes optimal way outlined above (Clark 2013 ; Ho

not defined in this paper's own words; one of its two named fields

padial2010-the-integrative-future-of-taxonomy

Systematics: biological discipline that studies evolutionary patterns of biological diversity, including the fields of taxonomy and phylogenetics. Taxonomy: biological discipline that identifies, describes, classifies and names extant and extinct living beings and deals with the theory of classification. Taxonomic character: observable or quantifiable organismal trait used to separate species.

not defined in this paper's own words; the discipline comprising classification and naming, dated by this paper to Linnaeus

lefkowitz2018-virus-taxonomy-the-database-of-the

The process used to study any new biological entity begins by classifying it in relation to other known biological organisms, and then giving it a name ( 1 – 3 ). This process of classification and naming comprises the discipline of taxonomy, and has been an integral part of biological research since at least the 18th Century when Carl Linnaeus defined the principles of modern taxonomy

Taxonomies are simplistic schemes that help in the hierarchical classification of concepts or objects [ 1 ]. They are usually limited to a specific domain and to a single relationship type connecting one node to another. Ontologies share the hierarchical structure of taxonomies. In contrast to taxonomies, however, they often have multiple relationship types and are really designed to provide a formal naming of the types, properties and interrelationships of entities or concepts in a specific discipline, domain or field of study [ 2 , 3 ].

djoumbou-feunang2016-classyfire-automated-chemical-clas

not defined in this paper's own words; the catalogue of specific harms, built so that classifications are mutually exclusive while temporal categories may be crossed

langham2015-understanding-gambling-related-harm-proposed

Consistent with the guidelines for creating a taxonomy, the division of entities into classifications were mutually exclusive, yet they can cross categorical boundaries. That is, a harm that occurs in the general harm temporal category could also occur during a crisis or as a legacy harm.

not defined in this paper's own words; the hierarchical, data-driven arrangement of molecular cell types derived here

zeisel2018-molecular-architecture-of-the-mous

Here, we used RNA sequencing of half a million single cells to create a detailed census of cell types in the mouse nervous system. We mapped cell types spatially and derived a hierarchical, data-driven taxonomy.

not defined in this paper's own words; the list form the field answers `what is news?` with - offered here explicitly as a tool for analysis rather than a settled account

harcup2016-what-news

Thus, we reiterate that the above news value taxonomy should be seen as a tool for analysis and further research—designed to provoke discussion and, indeed, contestation— not something to be churned out as if it is the last word on the subject. And, whenever the question arises of why a particular story is seen as newsworthy, there will always remain an element of truth to the reply: “It just is!”

not defined in this paper's own words; quality assessed through scaling and data-processing statistics

evans2013-how-good-are-my-data-and-what-is-t

The new scaling program AIMLESS is described and tests of refinements at different resolutions are compared with analyses from the scaling step. Following integration of the observed diffraction spots, the process of ‘data reduction’ initially aims to determine the point-group symmetry of the data and the likely space group. This can be performed with the program POINTLESS . The scaling program th

not defined in this paper's own words; fitness and reliability of heterogeneous biodiversity records

wieczorek2012-darwin-core-evolving-community-biodiversity-data-standard

Data quality and fitness for use are primary concerns in the biodiversity community [42] , where information comes from heterogeneous sources spanning the globe over hundreds of years. Both data discovery and data quality assessment are hampered by this heterogeneity. Part of the solution depends on the use of common vocabularies, part on dictionaries of synonymous terms, and a great deal on appli

not defined in this paper's own words; validity of benchmark chemical records

jiang2021-graph-neural-networks-molecular-representation

Data quality is one of the fundamental questions in cheminformatics and the incorrect or inappropriate structures contained in datasets would hinder the effort of developing reliable prediction models. Here we found that some salts, inorganics, counterions, solvents, mixtures and even duplicates with inconsistent labels existing in the datasets provided by Xiong et al. [ 27 ], but we do not remove

HAS NO AGREED CRITERION IN THIS FIELD, which is the stated reason nothing is screened out: `the lack of consensus within the functional imaging community on criteria for quality assurance`

zuo2014-an-open-science-resource-for-estab

Consistent with the established FCP/INDI policy, all data contributed to CoRR was made available to users regardless of data quality. Justifications for this decision include the lack of consensus within the functional imaging community on criteria for quality assurance, and the utility of ‘lower quality’ datasets for facilitating the development of artifact correction techniques.

a multidimensional construct covering attention checks, scale reliability, and recoverable experimental effect sizes

bosch2019-online-panels-social-science-research

Our definition of data quality was multi-faceted. We examined not only the pass rate of attention checks, but also the internal reliabilities of validated scales, and the effect sizes of several classic psychological phenomena including the impact of gain versus loss framing (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981 ), the impact of anchors on numeric estimates (Jacowitz & Kahneman, 1995 ), and differences in mor

The cases that contain most of the defining attributes but not all of them are called borderline cases

ananzeh2026-moral-distress-family-caregivers

examples that contain most of the defining attributes but not all of them

timoteo2024-legacy-end-of-life-care

examples, which comprise almost all the aspects of a given concept, but with one attribute that differs substantially from that conceptual framework

hou2022-violence-against-nurses-emergency

include most of the defining attributes of a concept but lack one or more key characteristics

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

scenarios that demonstrate some, but not all, attributes of eco-conscious nursing practices

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

not defined in this paper's own words; conditional probability that an association rule holds

mossong2008-social-contacts-mixing-infectious-disease

Selecting interesting rules from the set of all possible rules is based on various measures of significance and interest. The best-known are support, confidence, and lift. The support of an association rule X → Y is defined as the relative frequency of X ∩ Y . Finding rules with high support can be seen as a simplification of the learning problem called “mode finding” or “bump hunting.” The confid

not defined in this paper's own words; proximal product of practice with feedback

lewis2018-classification-causality-implementation-mechanisms

Proximal outcomes are direct, measurable, and typically observable, products of the implementation strategy that occur because of its specific mechanism of action. That is, affecting a proximal outcome in the intended direction can confirm/disconfirm activation of the putative mechanism, offering a low-inference way to establish evidence for a theorized mechanism. Most often, mechanisms themselves

not defined in this paper's own words; the one C the existing validated measures were built around, and the reason the paper is titled `Beyond confidence`

betsch2018-beyond-confidence-development-of-a

Existing validated measures assessing vaccine hesitancy focus primarily on confidence in vaccines and the system that delivers them. However, empirical and theoretical work has stated that complacency (not perceiving diseases as high risk), constraints (structural and psychological barriers), calculation (engagement in extensive information searching), and aspects pertaining to collective responsi

a calibrated probability between zero and one benchmarked against KEGG, and separately a three-grade label (high, medium, exploratory) shown to users; one word for a number and for a verbal band

szklarczyk2022-string-database

All protein–protein association evidence in STRING is assessed and quantified, and its correspondence to the above definition is benchmarked against common membership in KEGG pathway maps (excluding maps that are largely based on homology, such as ‘ABC transporters’). The result of this benchmarking/calibration is a STRING ‘confidence score’ for each association; confidence scores are scaled betwe

a graded metacognitive judgment about the correctness of a completed choice

rollwage2018-metacognitive-failure-radical-beliefs

Participants were rewarded according to the extent to which confidence ratings tracked their objective performance over 60 trials and were thus incentivized to report their confidence as accurately as possible.

not defined in this paper's own words; abbreviation for support vector machine

daina2017-swissadme-free-web-tool

SwissADME enables the estimation for a chemical to be substrate of P-gp or inhibitor of the most important CYP isoenzymes. We applied the support vector machine algorithm (SVM) 51 on meticulously cleansed large datasets of known substrates/non-substrates or inhibitors/non-inhibitors (for details, see Computational Methods ). In similar contexts, SVM was found to perform better than other machine-l

support vector machine

jeantet2020-multi-sensor-loggers-sea-turtle-behaviour

not defined in this paper's own words; descriptor-based support vector model

jiang2021-graph-neural-networks-molecular-representation

The present study attempts to give a comprehensive evaluation of descriptor-based and graph-based models on 11 public datasets with different property endpoints. Four ML algorithms were used to develop the descriptor-based models, including SVM, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), RF and deep neural networks (DNN). In order to better represent the chemical and structure features of the molecules

As a complement to the ideal observer ROC analysis, we trained a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier to decode texture graininess and texture omission from single-trial population activity, on a frame by frame basis. This simple readout model could effectively decode texture graininess and texture omission during the touch-stimulus window with about 55% and 70% accuracy, respectively (Fig. 4E ). The decoding accuracy was improved when the mean of the touch-stimulus window was used (60.1 ± 3.1% for texture graininess; 73.1 ± 4.3% for texture omission).

Mohan2018-sensory-representation-of-an-auditory-cued-t

a classifier or regressor seeking a maximum-margin hyperplane, with a kernel for nonlinear spaces

jiang2021-graph-neural-networks-molecular-representation

SVM is one of the most popular ML approaches and it is appropriate for both classification and regression [ 9 , 49 , 50 ]. It is also capable of dealing with both linearly separable and linearly inseparable problems. For linearly inseparable feature space, the kernel trick is needed to map the original feature space onto a new higher separable linear space. The basic objective of SVM is to find th

the right to alter one's mental states with neurotools and to refuse coercive alteration

ianca2017-new-human-rights-neuroscience-neurotechnology

A first, essential step towards the creation of a neuro-oriented human rights framework has been the recent debate over the notion of cognitive liberty. According to Bublitz ( 2013 ), this complex notion, often also referred to as mental self-determination , comprises two fundamental and intimately related principles: (a) the right of individuals to use emerging neurotechnologies; (b) the protecti

not defined in this paper's own words; mental self-determination concerning neurotechnology

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

As already stated in the introduction, the four main neurorights are: (1) cognitive liberty; (2) mental privacy; (3) mental integrity; and (4) psychological continuity. The first, sometimes also called the right to mental self-determination, has two aspects: access to neurotechnologies and protection against their coercive and unconsented use; cognitive liberty is also considered the most fundamen

not defined in this paper's own words; positive and negative mental self-determination

ienca2021-on-neurorights

As we have seen earlier, cognitive liberty was a precursor to the neuro-rights debate. Albeit there are differences in its formulation, there is a general consensus in the literature that cognitive liberty entails a person’s autonomous, unhindered control over their mind. This is well-captured by Bublitz’s (2013) use of cognitive liberty as a synonym for “mental self-determination.” According to B

the right and freedom to control one's consciousness and thought processes

ienca2021-on-neurorights

A pioneering step toward neurorights was marked by Boire’s (2001) and Sententia’s (2004) work on the notion of “cognitive liberty” in the early 2000s. Sententia ( 2004 , p. 227) defined cognitive liberty as “the right and freedom to control one’s own consciousness and electrochemical thought process.” It should be noted that this field of ethical-legal enquiry has emerged in full continuity with t

not defined in this paper's own words; group-emergent intelligence

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

Since the birth of Web 2.0, the participatory and collaborative nature of the online realm has enabled the emergence of new forms of collective intelligence. The notion of collective intelligence (CI) is based on the idea that intelligence emerges not only from individual human brains but also from groups of people. The most interesting forms of applied collective intelligence for our purposes are

not defined in this paper's own words; the optimistic account of networked information production contrasted with pervasive rumors

bessi2015-science-conspiracy-misinformation

The large availability of user provided contents on online social media facilitates people aggregation around shared beliefs, interests, worldviews and narratives. In spite of the enthusiastic rhetoric about the so called collective intelligence unsubstantiated rumors and conspiracy theories—e.g., chemtrails, reptilians or the Illuminati—are pervasive in online social networks (OSN). In this work

not defined in this paper's own words; larger problem-solving agent composed from competent subagents

levin2022-technological-approach-mind-everywhere

Every intelligence is a collective intelligence, and the modular, multi-scale architecture of life means that we are a holobiont in more than just the sense of having a microbiome ( Chiu and Gilbert, 2015 )—we are all patchworks of overlapping, nested, competing, and cooperating agents that have homeostatic (goal-directed) activity within their self-constructed virtual space at a scale that determ

a group's ability to solve diverse problems beyond its most intelligent individual member

momennejad2021-collective-minds-network-topology

Wooley and colleagues define collective intelligence as the above-mentioned collective's ability to solve a diverse set of tasks and problems beyond the ability of the most intelligent members of the collective [ 50 , 51 ]. They have conducted a number of studies investigating how the composition and diversity of teams can enhance its measurable collective intelligence and help achieve optimal goa

protection against neurotechnological alteration of psychological processes

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

As already stated in the introduction, the four main neurorights are: (1) cognitive liberty; (2) mental privacy; (3) mental integrity; and (4) psychological continuity. The first, sometimes also called the right to mental self-determination, has two aspects: access to neurotechnologies and protection against their coercive and unconsented use; cognitive liberty is also considered the most fundamen

not defined in this paper's own words; protection from harmful mental manipulation

ienca2021-on-neurorights

A strong conceptual convergence is also recognizable with regard to mental integrity. As we saw earlier, the right to mental integrity is enshrined in the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights (Article 3). However, there are differences on how this right is interpreted. Ienca and Andorno (2017b) defined the neuroright to mental integrity as the right of individuals to be protected from illicit and ha

not defined in this paper's own words; protection from harmful neural alteration

ianca2017-new-human-rights-neuroscience-neurotechnology

This reconceptualized right should provide a specific normative protection from potential neurotechnology-enabled interventions involving the unauthorized alteration of a person’s neural computation and potentially resulting in direct harm to the victim. For an action X, to qualify as a threat to mental integrity, it has to: (i) involve the direct access to and manipulation of neural signaling (ii

protection of the mental dimension from unauthorized harmful neural intervention

ianca2017-new-human-rights-neuroscience-neurotechnology

We propose to fill this normative gap by calling for a reconceptualization of the right to mental integrity. In fact, while the ECHR and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights consider mental integrity as a right to mental-health, pendant of the right of physical integrity understood as physical health, a more complex dimension of mental integrity is elicited by neurotechnology. Mental integrity in

unintentionally made false information

allily2018-public-temper-rumours-ethnography

not defined in this paper's own words; claim contradicting current expert evidence

sell2020-ebola-misinformation-social-media

The spread of misinformation has become an important global issue. Misinformation contradicts the best expert evidence available at the time and can lead to individual misperception or “factual beliefs that are false or contradict the best available evidence in public domain.” [ 1 , 2 ] The emergence of new communication platforms and access-enabling technology, such as social media and cell phone

not defined in this paper's own words

rathje2022-social-media-vaccine-hesitancy

While our results are consistent with the theory that exposure to misinformation and partisan cues in one's online social network influences vaccine attitudes, they are also consistent with other interpretations

Misinformation, that is, information that people accept as true despite it being false, can have significant societal consequences.

cook2017-neutralizing-misinformation-through-inoculation-exposing-misleading-arg

not defined in this paper's own words; intentional capacity for responsible ethical action

de-cremer2023-ai-tools-organizational-ethics

When we expect that AI systems will be ethical decision-makers in organizations, we are ultimately expecting that these systems would be able to reason, think and make judgment calls about the most morally appropriate course of action, across a wide range of managerial contexts (Mittelstadt, 2019 ; De Cremer, 2022 ). Crucially, given that organizations operate in a volatile, uncertain, complex, an

not defined in this paper's own words; autonomy and sentience supporting responsibility

fritts2022-doctors-ai-human-responsibility-artificial-risks

If deliberative normality (autonomy)+self-consciousness (sentience)=human moral agency ( responsible although caused will), then said “moral agency” is not applicable to an AI system. In the face of an adverse event caused by an AI system, there is no reason that justifies an attribution of responsibility to the artifact. The imputation would have not any communicative meaning towards society. No

not defined in this paper's own words; causal impact, functional ethical action, or responsible reasons-guided conduct

cervantes2021-moral-zombies-algorithms-agents

Of course, different authors mean different things when referring to moral agency. A dominant way of categorising moral agency in the AI literature is that of James H. Moor ( Moor 2009 ). He proposes four categories of ethical agency: (1) ethical impact agents (agents whose actions have ethical consequences; most or all autonomous systems count as ethical impact agents); (2) implicit ethical agent

capacity associated with blame rather than being the object of concern

gervais2016-belief-god-analytic-thinking-mentalizing-morality

We broadly characterize the social deficit associated with psychopathy as a deficit in moral concern [ 24 ]. The concept of moral concern is motivated by a basic distinction in moral philosophy between moral patiency and moral agency, which are associated with distinct moral sentiments of concern and blame, respectively [ 43 ]. Work in psychology also supports the view that perceptions of moral pa

not defined in this paper's own words; eligibility for praise or blame

bertolini2022-robots-ai-legal-subjects

According to the traditional philosophical discourse based on Aristotleian ethics ( Aristotle, 1985 ), moral responsibility is the state which characterizes the subject whose actions are judged as worthy of praise or blame ( Eshleman, 2016 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; being answerable, and open to blame or praise, for what one does or is

rise2019-addiction-moral-responsibility

A key concept in the discourse about addiction is the question about moral responsibility (see e.g., Morse, 2004 ; Foddy, 2011 ; Levy, 2011 ; Uusitalo, 2011 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; deserving blame or punishment for what one did

hannikainen2019-determinism-moral-responsibility

To evaluate this prediction, we averaged blame and punishment ratings to form an index of moral responsibility (Cronbach’s α = 0.86), and tested whether attributions of control statistically mediate the difference in moral responsibility ascription across scenarios.

answerability for guiding conduct according to morality and being a proper target of praise or blame

cervantes2021-moral-zombies-algorithms-agents

Michael McKenna understands morally responsible agency as ‘accountability for guiding conduct in accord with the demands of morality’ (2013: 206). Accountability is intimately related to notions of moral blameworthiness and praiseworthiness. According to Arpaly, ‘any agent who is morally praiseworthy or blameworthy for her action is, by definition, at least somewhat morally responsible for that ac

not defined in this paper's own words; pleasure from smooth stimulus processing

mencke2019-atonal-music-uncertainty-pleasure

Learning mechanisms would facilitate stimulus perception and processing, allowing appreciation to arise from ‘processing fluency,’ the notion that enjoyment of art can result from smooth processing ( Reber et al., 2004 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; ease of processing that can enhance positive affect

menninghaus2017-measuring-aesthetic-emotions

Finally, epistemic emotions include not only those linked to searching for meaning, but also emotions resulting from the satisfaction of a drive for sense-making or knowledge (cf. [ 31 , 119 , 120 ]), such as the feeling of insight or knowing [ 31 ]. The emotional state of feeling inspired (which is included in some measures in Table 1 ) is linked to felt insight. Inspiration, and specifically the

not defined in this paper's own words; ease of processing that raises positive evaluation

mastandrea2019-art-wellbeing-aesthetic-emotion

In processing fluency theory of beauty , the more fluently the perceiver can process an object, the more positive the aesthetic response ( Reber et al., 2004 ).

the ease of processing that optimising colour-odour congruency affords, invoked to explain the value of congruent colour cues in marketing communications

olfactory-colour-crossmodal-correspondences

Optimising colour-odour congruency likely makes sense from the point of view of processing fluency (e.g. Barkat, Thomas-Danguin, Bensafi, Rouby, & Sicard, 2003 ; Kim, 2008 , 2013 ; Lunardo & Livat, 2016 ; Schifferstein & Howell, 2015 ; see also Porcherot, Delplanque, Gaudreau, & Cayeux, 2013 ; Scharf & Volkmer, 2000 ; Togawa, Park, Ishii, & Deng, 2019 ). Note that this is not only achieved by the

not defined in this paper's own words; competition for finite attention under information abundance

lorenz-spreen2019-accelerating-collective-attention

The resulting picture is an attention economy 11 , where the increasing abundance of information combined with the cognitive limitations and time constraints of users, leads to a redistribution of the available resources across time towards more rapid changes and higher frequencies.

not defined in this paper's own words; allocation of limited attention among competing information stimuli

wu2015-production-information-attention-economy

An overwhelming amount of information stimuli compete for our cognitive resources, giving rise to the economy of attention 6 , first theorized by Simon 7 .

management and monetization of scarce human attention as consumption time and behavioral data

williams2020-struggle-human-attention

Attention, understood as the time of consumption, is valuable data, as it serves to predict and guide future behavior. Therefore, capturing the user’s attention is the main objective of digital platforms and defines the field of action of the economy of attention. It is “an economic project that reflects the mutation of a new capitalism” [ 2 ] centered on the domination and control of the cognitiv

events or results that occur after the concept

timoteo2024-legacy-end-of-life-care

events that can occur as a result or outcome of a concept

alshakhshir2024-spiritual-competence-nursing

events that occur as a result of the concept

ostaszkiewicz2020-dignity-protective-continence-care

the events that happen as a result or outcome of the concept

ananzeh2026-moral-distress-family-caregivers

events or incidents that are the result of the occurrence of a concept [ 17 ]

cao2023-nursing-professionalism-concept

events or phenomena that result from the concept

smith2020-rapid-implementation

events that are the results of the mobilization of the concept

gartner2022-patient-centered-care-pathway

those events or incidents that appear as results of the concept

sun2022-psychological-birth-trauma

the consequences define what happens as a result of the concept of interest

hillman2020-medication-experience-concept

those events that occur because of the concept occurring

timmins2024-moral-distress-student-nurses

Consequences are the events or incidents that may arise because of the occurrence of a concept

monteiro2025-spiritual-awakening-concept

events or incidences that occur as a result of the occurrence of the concept

balaam2017-migrant-women-pregnancy

the results of the occurrence of the concept

motsaanaka2022-clinical-learning-opportunity

events that must occur as a result

hughes2018-public-involvement-concept-analysis

the events or situations that arise because of the realization of the concept

kehyayan2025-value-based-healthcare-concept

events or incidents that result from the occurrence of the concept; they are the outcomes of the concept

shin2020-community-health-outreach

the results of corresponding events or phenomena ( Rodgers, 2000 )

liang2022-social-isolation-cancer-concept

the outcomes of the concept that are determined by the antecedents

menassa2023-healthy-ageing-concepts-definitions

Consequences are the outcomes of the concept

larsson2023-feeling-safe-perioperatively

outcomes that follow the emergence of a concept

muswede2026-political-astuteness-nurse-leadership

what happens because of a concept

pryor2026-adult-social-care-nursing-concept

the outcomes and effects associated with hope

antunes2023-hope-in-nursing-care

the outcomes or events that arise as a result of a particular concept, either as direct effects or follow-up results

pereira2024-positive-nursing-practice-environment

refer to the results produced by the implementation or development of a certain concept

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

the outcomes or effects that arise from the application of sustainability principles within the nursing profession

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

consequences are the results of a phenomenon

gwon2018-impressionability-concept

not defined in this paper's own words; a positive aesthetic property coevolving through positive sensory engagement; the default aesthetic property of art

coevolutionary-aesthetics-in-human-and-biotic-artworlds

In the broadest sense, beauty is a positive aesthetic property that coevolves through positive sensory engagement of an evaluator. Thus, an aesthetic stimulus is beautiful if it engages the receiver within its own artworld through a positive, coevolved aesthetic experience. By positive, I mean that an aesthetic experience of beauty leads to associational behavior—the desire for continued associati

not defined in this paper's own words; mutable subjective aesthetic experience

conway2013-neuroaesthetics-trouble-beauty

Inspired by the power of polling, in 1994 a pair of artists, Komar and Melamid, set out to determine “USA's most wanted painting.” The painting was formulated on the basis of a thousand people's responses to questions of their favorite color, favorite setting, and favorite subjects. The resulting painting is absurd, showing that a composition with everything that people find beautiful does not mak

not defined in this paper's own words; a surface-level rating of how aesthetically pleasing an image is

humans-versus-ai-whether-and-why-we-prefer-human

Importantly, each image was presented in random order and had individual-level randomization of a label of “human-created” or “AI-created.” In other words, different labels were assigned to different images across participants. Thus, on average, participants were presented 15 images with an AI label, and 15 images with a human label, even though all images were in fact AI-created. 1 Participants w

not defined in this paper's own words; culturally and contextually variable rating dimension

specker2022-expertise-culture-visual-art-appreciation

An important point of consideration is the multi-dimensional nature of aesthetic ratings. For instance, how “beauty” is defined may differ between cultures, and liking something because one feels a sense of national/cultural identity may be different to liking something that feels exotic. That is, even with similar Likert ratings for liking, the aesthetic experience of Indians when liking an India

not defined in this paper's own words; the manipulated feature: a beautiful vs an ordinary-looking object

the-folk-concept-of-art

We explored peoples’ concept of art in a 2 (intention: intentional v. accidental creation) × 2 (beauty: beautiful v. ordinary-looking) × 2 (institutional recognition: present v. absent) between-subjects study. There were thus 8 conditions in total, to one of which participants were randomly assigned. The scenarios were composed of the following elements (labels in bold excluded, stating either the

a culturally mutable and context-sensitive experience lacking a universally accepted definition

conway2013-neuroaesthetics-trouble-beauty

Insofar as beauty is a product of the brain, correlations between brain activity and experiences of beauty must exist. At what spatial scale, and within what brain regions, do we find these correlations? What functions do the brain regions implicated serve in other behaviors? What signals during development and experience are responsible for wiring up these circuits? And perhaps most critically, h

a review using explicit systematic methods to collate and synthesize studies addressing a formulated question

page2021-prisma-systematic-review-reporting-guideline

Systematic review —A review that uses explicit, systematic methods to collate and synthesise findings of studies that address a clearly formulated question 43

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become increasingly important in health care

moher2009-prisma

A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.

moher2009-prisma

not defined in this paper's own words; the method this review states it is not

trenerry2021-preparing-workplaces-for-digital-t

Our review is broad in scope and integrates qualitative and non-qualitative studies using varying research designs rather than being a systematic review. We opted for this targeted approach as the field of digital transformation is multi-disciplinary and still in its nascent stages, thus limiting the potential and usefulness of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

not defined in this paper's own words; the pre-RCT study that is NOT a feasibility study, because it asks whether the trial is necessary rather than whether it is possible

eldridge2016-defining-feasibility-and-pilot-stu

Within our framework, some important studies conducted in advance of a future RCT to evaluate the effect of a therapy or intervention are not feasibility studies. For example, a systematic review, usually an essential pre-requisite for such an RCT, normally addresses whether the future RCT is necessary or desirable , not whether it is feasible .

wounds that fail to heal because they are stalled in an early inflammatory state

krzyszczyk2018-the-role-of-macrophages-in-acute-and

The wound healing process and chronic vs. acute wounds Chronic wounds fail to heal, despite the use of current therapies, because they are stalled in the early inflammatory state within the wound healing stages (Zhao et al., 2016 ).

Wounds that fail to heal (defined as generally remaining unhealed after 12 weeks) are termed chronic wounds.

wilkinson2020-wound-healing-cellular-mechanisms-and-pathological-outcomes

are not able to achieve optimal anatomical and functional integrity

tottoli2020-skin-wound-healing

wounds that fail to proceed through the normal phases of wound healing in an orderly and timely manner - a definition by failure, with no timescale

frykberg2015-challenges-in-the-treatment-of-chr

Chronic wounds are defined as wounds that fail to proceed through the normal phases of wound healing in an orderly and timely manner.

not defined in this paper's own words; model connecting observations to hidden causes

constant2024-narrative-active-inference

Active inference emerged from predictive processing , an umbrella term referring to several related approaches to modeling brain function (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999 ; Clark, 2015 ). The basic assumption in these approaches is that the brain uses predictive coding algorithms to process sensory information more efficiently. These algorithms are more efficient because they limit information process

not defined in this paper's own words; Bayesian causal architecture entailed by an agent

constant2021-representation-wars-active-inference

Active inference assumes that the brain entails 1 a causal model of the world (a.k.a. a generative model), whose structure represents the components involved in the cognitive function of interest, as well as the dynamics that realize that cognitive function. Formally, these components and dynamics are expressed as a Bayesian graphical model, with nodes and edges representing the dynamic relations

not defined in this paper's own words; model whose likelihood is bounded by the denoising objective

voulodimos2018-deep-learning-for-computer-vision

The denoising autoencoder \ [56\] is a stochastic version of the autoencoder where the input is stochastically corrupted, but the uncorrupted input is still used as target for the reconstruction. In simple terms, there are two main aspects in the function of a denoising autoencoder: first it tries to encode the input (namely, preserve the information about the input), and second it tries to undo t

a model of hidden causes capable of producing candidate instances of observed data

williams2018-predictive-processing-representation-wars

A generative model represents the hidden, interacting causes (the latent variables) responsible for generating some data set, and can induce candidate instances of that data for itself based on its generative assumptions (Danks 2014 , 44; Hinton et al. 1995 ). This is the data expected given its model structure and parameters: its representation of the causal matrix currently responsible for its i

not defined in this paper's own words; reference segmentation against which algorithmic results are compared

mcquin2018-cellprofiler-next-generation-image

We developed 3D pipelines to identify cells and subcompartments of cells for a number of experimental situations and sample types across a number of laboratories. We identified nuclei based on a DNA stain ( Fig 1A ) in 3D image stacks of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). After processing by several CellProfiler modules ( Fig 1C ), the final results agree well with manually annotated n

not defined in this paper's own words; labelled training data required by CNNs

voulodimos2018-deep-learning-for-computer-vision

Some of the strengths and limitations of the presented deep learning models were already discussed in the respective subsections. In an attempt to compare these models (for a summary see Table 2), we can say that CNNs have generally performed better than DBNs in current literature on benchmark computer vision datasets such as MNIST. In cases where the input is nonvisual, DBNs often outperform othe

not defined in this paper's own words; the known answer, which exists for gain in simulation and NOT for PSP and NOT in real data

Spivak2022-deconvolution-improves-the-detection-and-qua

3c , since no ground truth for PSP exists in the point process simulations.

not defined in this paper's own words; the underlying source data that the model seeks to remain close to

johnson2016-mimic-iii-critical-care-database

Developing the MIMIC data model involved balancing simplicity of interpretation against closeness to ground truth. As such, the model is a reflection of underlying data sources, modified over iterations of the MIMIC database in response to user feedback. Table 4 describes how data is distributed across the data tables. Care has been taken to avoid making assumptions about the underlying data when

high-quality images the reconstruction is checked against, which the denoising method itself does not need

hajiabadi2022-deep-learning-microscopy-reconstruction

A dilemma arises, where the effective application of deep learning networks can only proceed without acquisition of ground truth data, but ground truth data are required to assure the experimenter that reconstruction is error-free.

the paper states there is none for inferred cell-cell communication, then uses three surrogates in its place (overlap with other tools, top-ranking by another tool, and spatial adjacency), so 'accuracy' in this field names agreement, not correspondence

jin2021-cellchat

Although we found CellChat’s predictions can recapitulate known biology to a substantial degree, systematic evaluation of predicted cell–cell communication networks is challenging due to the lack of ground truth 7 . Here we employed three strategies to compare the performance of different computational methods. First, we reason that a more accurate method will have a larger proportion of overlappe

information environment exposing people only to like-minded sources

kozyreva2020-citizens-internet-cognitive-tools

Algorithms are designed by human beings, and they rely on existing data generated by human beings. They are therefore likely not only to generate biases because of technical limitations but also to reinforce existing biases and beliefs ( Bozdag, 2013 ), which in turn can deepen ideological divides and exacerbate political polarization. Along the same lines, it has been argued that personalized fil

not defined in this paper's own words; homogeneous community supporting a shared narrative

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

The aggregation of users around conflicting narratives lead to the emergence of echo chambers. Once inside such homogeneous and polarized communities, users supporting both narratives behave in a similar way, irrespective of the platform and content promotion algorithm.

not defined in this paper's own words; like-minded group reinforcing a shared narrative

bakshy2020-selective-exposure-facebook-news-diet

Selective exposure may lead to the emergence of echo chambers [ 19 , 20 ]—i.e. groups of like-minded people cooperating to frame and reinforce a shared narrative—thus facilitating fake news and more generally misinformation cascades [ 21 , 22 ]. This is especially valid when considering the way in which we have shifted from a paradigm where information was supplied by few official news sources med

a closed network of like-minded people that reinforces beliefs and limits opposing views

danaher2020-internet-cognitive-enhancement

The fact that most information curation services deliver personalized information to each individual user, tailored to suit their pre-existing beliefs and preferences, produces concerns connected to echo chambers. Echo chambers are closed systems of like-minded people that have the effect of amplifying and reinforcing users’ beliefs, while isolating them from opposing views. This happens because i

like-minded group sharing and polarizing around the same narrative

bessi2016-user-polarization-facebook-youtube

The diffusion of social media caused a shift of paradigm in the creation and consumption of information. We passed from a mediated (e.g., by journalists) to a more disintermediated selection process. Such a disintermediation elicits the tendencies of the users to a) select information adhering to their system of beliefs—i.e., confirmation bias—and b) to form groups of like minded people where they

This state, characterized by an imbalance between ROS production and elimination by the antioxidant system in favor of ROS formation, is termed oxidative stress (Sies 2023 ).

jomov2024-several-lines-of-antioxidant-defense-against-oxidative

an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by protective mechanisms

hussain2016-oxidative-stress-polyphenols

not defined in this paper's own words; cell damage from an excess of reactive oxygen species

lou-franco2020-gold-nanozymes-concept

This might be caused by small-sized AuNPs which have shown unusual chemical reactivity, especially under 2 nm in diameter, leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage that trigger necrosis [ 53 ].

defined in the abstract as an imbalance of production and elimination, and in the introduction as excessive production the antioxidant system cannot neutralize

hussain2016-oxidative-stress-polyphenols

Oxidative stress refers to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells and tissues and antioxidant system cannot be able to neutralize them.

An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is termed oxidative stress, a critical factor and common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases), and other disorders.

jomov2024-several-lines-of-antioxidant-defense-against-oxidative

not defined in this paper's own words; annotations about the primary ranges

lawrence2013-genomic-ranges-software

Every multi-element data structure in the IRanges suite supports the storage of per-element metadata: data about data. In this case, the metadata are the annotations, and the primary data are the ranges being annotated. This includes all of the data structures for storing ranges, such as IRanges, GRanges and GRangesList . The metadata are stored in a DataFrame with as many rows as there are elemen

not defined in this paper's own words; data about data whose role varies with the investigator's perspective

gentleman2004-bioconductor-open-software-development

Metadata are data about data and their definition depends on the perspective of the investigator. Metadata for one investigator may well be experimental data for another. There are two major challenges that we will consider. First is the evolutionary nature of the metadata. As new experiments are done and as our understanding of the biological processes involved increases the metadata changes and

not defined in this paper's own words; information about a dataset as a whole and its internal content

wilson2017-good-enough-practices-scientific-computing

Submit data to a reputable DOI-issuing repository so that others can access and cite it (1g) . Your data are as much a product of your research as the papers you write and just as likely to be useful to others (if not more so). Sites such as Figshare, Dryad, and Zenodo allow others to find your work, use it, and cite it; we discuss licensing in Section 3 below. Follow your research community's sta

not defined in this paper's own words; labels and descriptions associated with data

hoyer2017-xarray-labeled-arrays-datasets-python

Unlabeled, N-dimensional arrays of numbers (e.g., NumPy’s ndarray) are the most widely used data structure in scientific computing. However, they lack a meaningful representation of the metadata associated with their data. Implementing such functionality is left to individual users and domain-specific packages. As a result, programmers frequently encounter pitfalls in the form of questions like “i

not defined in this paper's own words; public descriptive layer within a Dataverse deposit

wilkinson2016-fair-guiding-principles-data-stewardship

Dataverse 7 : Dataverse is an open-source data repository software installed in dozens of institutions globally to support public community repositories or institutional research data repositories. Harvard Dataverse, with more than 60,000 datasets, is the largest of the current Dataverse repositories, and is open to all researchers from all research fields. Dataverse generates a formal citation fo

not defined in this paper's own words; type, shape, and strides interpreting array storage

harris2020-array-programming-numpy

The NumPy array is a data structure that efficiently stores and accesses multidimensional arrays 17 (also known as tensors), and enables a wide variety of scientific computation. It consists of a pointer to memory, along with metadata used to interpret the data stored there, notably ‘data type’, ‘shape’ and ‘strides’ (Fig. 1a ).

not defined in this paper's own words; what institutions actually publish - a shallow subset, because deeper description costs more than they have

lod2023-art-history

This leads institutions to publish only a subset of the available information, exposing minimal metadata (Doerr et al. 2010), which might prevent researchers from using the data and constrains them to conventional research methods.

Working memory represents a short-lasting on-line memory buffer that holds information relevant to ongoing tasks

Murray2015-parvalbumin-positive-interneurons-of-the-pre

the mechanisms and processes that hold the mental representations currently most needed for an ongoing cognitive task available for processing

oberauer2019-working-memory-attention

Memory “The term working memory refers to a brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning and reasoning” ( Baddeley, 1992 ).

Camina2017-the-neuroanatomical-neurophysiological-and-p

not defined in this paper's own words; one of the functions attributed to the frontal regions shared by both task types, and to the frontoparietal network

Li2025-meta-analysis-of-fmri-studies-related-to-mat

This network’s involvement in attention, working memory, and goal orientation aligns with the demands of mathematical problem-solving.

not defined in this paper's own words; the active store that manipulates, rehearses and reinstates information, and interfaces with long-term memory

Nees2016-have-we-forgotten-auditory-sensory-memory-re

These “working” aspects of WM— active mental manipulation, rehearsal, and reinstatement of information— represent an important functional distinction between WM and ASM.

not defined in this paper's own words; summary label for hidden mechanisms inferred from behaviour

thomas2018-educational-neuroscience-progress-prospects

Yet there are risks in a pure psychology approach. Psychological theory infers hidden causal mechanisms to explain and predict observed behaviour. For example, it infers mechanisms such as ‘working memory’ and ‘attention’, which are then imbued with certain properties: working memory has a ‘limited capacity’; attention works like ‘a spotlight’ or enforces a ‘bottleneck’ on perception. What is the

“The term working memory refers to a brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning and reasoning” ( Baddeley, 1992 ). At first (1974), they proposed the existence of three subsystems within the multi-storehouse model of short-term memory: the central executive, a phonological or articulatory loop and a visuospatial sketchpad.

Camina2017-the-neuroanatomical-neurophysiological-and-p

RMSE stands for root mean square error.

Ouellet2014-trajectory-of-the-main-gabaergic-interneuron

Root mean square error

noor2013-gibbs-energy-component-contributions, tustison2021-antsx-imaging-ecosystem

not defined in this paper's own words; regression error metric

jiang2021-graph-neural-networks-molecular-representation

According to the recommendations of MoleculeNet benchmarks [ 32 ], the classification models were evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) for the classification tasks except the maximum unbiased validation (MUV) dataset, which was evaluated by the area under precision-recall curve (AUC-PRC) due to its extreme biased data distribution. The regression models

To produce a closer fit to the AEF data we began by adjusting only the parameters defining the strength and timing of each input (all input parameters are displayed in Table 1 ), as well as the scale of the waveform. We first hand-tuned these parameters until there was visually close agreement between model and data, and subsequently used the automated parameter optimization feature in HNN to improve the model fit further. The optimization tool automatically adjusted parameters controlling input timing and strengths to minimize the error (root mean squared error; RMSE) between the simulated and empirical dipole waveforms

Kohl2022-neural-mechanisms-underlying-human-auditory

a dimensioned numerical-prediction error metric that heavily penalizes large errors

venter2016-global-terrestrial-human-footprint-maps

Two statistics were used to determine Human Footprint performance, root mean squared error (RMSE) 53 and the Cohen kappa statistic of agreement 54 . The RMSE is a dimensioned (expresses average error in the units of variable of interest) error metric for numerical predictions, and tends to heavily punish large errors. The Kappa statistic expresses the agreement between two categorical datasets cor

not defined in this paper's own words; the fit criterion, and the number that separates the rival mechanisms

Kohl2022-neural-mechanisms-underlying-human-auditory

However, this manipulation also impacted the subsequent P200m peak, which was significantly larger when the local connections to the inhibitory neurons were decreased due to increased pyramidal neuron firing (data not shown), and hence a larger RMSE between the model and recorded data were observed; RMSE = 7.84 compared to RMSE = 1.96 in Fig. 4 . Similarly, we found that the N100m amplitude decrea

an example of the concept that showcases all of the defining attributes

razaq2025-digital-health-equity-concept

an example of the use of the concept that demonstrates all the defining attributes of the concept

van-haeken2020-perinatal-resilience

an instance of a concept in which all defining attributes are demonstrated

teixeira2023-transcultural-nursing-leadership

a desirable case that includes the attributes of the concept of interest

oh2022-nurses-clinical-decision-making

contains all the necessary attributes of a concept

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education

a paradigmatic exemplar that includes all defining attributes of the concept

gwon2018-impressionability-concept

a scenario that fully encapsulates all the defining attributes of the concept being analyzed

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

includes all the defining attributes of a concept, thereby clearly demonstrating its existence

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

a real-life example which includes all the defining characteristics

egan2021-transitioning-long-term-care-id

a composite scenario created by the authors to demonstrate the defining attributes identified in Step 4 of the analysis

muswede2026-political-astuteness-nurse-leadership

serves as a useful tool for illustrating the essential characteristics of a concept

pereira2024-positive-nursing-practice-environment

the ability to understand and share the feelings of others

kalantari2024-conscience-based-nursing-care

the ability to be affected by the emotional states of others

garciapelegrin2021-evolution-storytelling

Empathy is the ability to vicariously experience and understand the affect of other people.

Lockwood2022-distinct-neural-representations-for-prosocia

cognitive: understanding others' thoughts and states, which shows no relation to the same pattern

Lockwood2022-distinct-neural-representations-for-prosocia

We found that affective empathy was positively correlated with the strength of prosocial effort patterns in ACCg (Pearson’s r (36) = 0.39, p = 0.02), whereas cognitive empathy was not (Pearson’s r (36) = 0.05, p = 0.78, correlations significantly different t = 2.04, p = 0.02).

reinforces one’s ability to understand and share the feelings of a customer by placing themselves in their shoes

liu2020-online-food-shopping

the process by which an observer comes to understand and feel what others are experiencing

huron2020-enjoyment-sad-music

a multidimensional capacity including mentalizing and emotional sharing

pino2016-literary-fiction-mentalizing

Empathy is the capacity to share the physiological and emotional states of other people [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Empathy has been recently described as including two dimensions: mentalizing and emotional sharing [ 4 – 7 ]. Mentalizing is the ability to understand what others are thinking or feeling, while the emotional sharing dimension includes the capacity to emotionally resonate with other people’s feeli

affective: resonating with the affect of others, and the only component that tracks the ACCg prosocial effort pattern

Lockwood2022-distinct-neural-representations-for-prosocia

An important distinction is often made in the literature between “affective empathy,” resonating with the affect of others, and “cognitive empathy,” understanding the thoughts and affective states of others.

cognitive recognition of others' emotions together with an emotional response, sympathy, and concern

bal2013-fiction-reading-empathy-emotional-transportation

Even though little research has been conducted on the effects of fiction reading on empathy, there are several researchers who have explained why fiction reading influences empathy. Mar and colleagues [6] , [7] , [21] argued that fiction reading may have profound effects on empathic skills of the reader. When an individual reads a story, emotions are triggered by that story, such that an affective

not defined in this paper's own words; the felt concern owed to a social agent, absent toward mere possessions

can-computers-create-art

I generalize this theory beyond humans to hypothesize: art is an interaction between social agents. A “social agent” is anything that has a status akin to personhood; someone worthy of empathy and ethical consideration. Many of our other behaviors are interactions between social agents, such as gifts, conversation, and social relationships like friendship, competition, and romance.

single cell RNA sequencing

mckenzie2018-brain-cell-coexpression-networks

single-cell RNA sequencing

dimitrov2022-cell-cell-communication-inference, li2020-deep-embedding-single-cell-clustering, reagor2023-pseudotime-lagged-causality

not defined in this paper's own words; abbreviation for single-cell RNA sequencing

zhang2020-cancer-immunotherapy-tumor-infiltrating-immune-cells

Single-cell protein analysis is a pivotal approach to understanding the phenotypic heterogeneity of TILs. Mass cytometry, or cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), utilizing metal-isotope-labeled antibodies in combination with finely tuned mass spectrometry-based detection, enables simultaneous quantification of more than 40 proteins from millions of individual cells at low cost. 175 By contrast, sc

single-cell RNA sequencing used to profile individual-cell transcriptomes

lun2016-a-step-by-step-workflow-for-low

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is widely used to profile the transcriptome of individual cells.

`a broad class of techniques which profile the transcriptomes of individual cells`. Defined by what it profiles and at what resolution, not by any one protocol - which is why the QC parameters cannot be fixed

mccarthy2016-scater-pre-processing-quality-cont

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) describes a broad class of techniques which profile the transcriptomes of individual cells.

single-cell RNA-seq

jew2020-bulk-expression-cell-composition-estimation

single-cell RNA-sequencing

vallejos2015-basics-bayesian-single-cell

Empirical referents in a concept analysis are ways in which the concept can be observed and measured.

hughes2018-public-involvement-concept-analysis

demonstrate the occurrence of a concept through its existence or presence

teixeira2023-transcultural-nursing-leadership

measurable indicators of the concept’s occurrence

carvalho2022-positive-mental-health-literacy

observable indicators that demonstrate the occurrence of the concept in the real world

kehyayan2025-value-based-healthcare-concept

classifications or categories; their presence determines the existence of the concept

motsaanaka2022-clinical-learning-opportunity

observable indicators that demonstrate the presence of a concept in practice

zhang2026-digital-social-prescribing-concept

ways to measure the concepts in the real world

konlan2024-clinical-readiness-nursing-students

classes or categories of actual phenomena that by their existence or presence demonstrate the occurrence of the concept itself

makhene2023-decolonisation-nursing-curriculum

classes or categories of actual phenomena that, by their existence or presence, demonstrate the occurrence of the concept itself

hua2025-demoralization-concept-analysis

measurable indicators or observable phenomena that embody this concept

shaban2024-eco-conscious-nursing

observable phenomena by which defining attributes are recognized

gartner2022-patient-centered-care-pathway

a way of recognizing or measuring the defining attributes of a concept, thereby determining its existence

larsson2023-feeling-safe-perioperatively

classes or categories of phenomena that provide evidence of the existence of that concept

hou2022-violence-against-nurses-emergency

proposes the standards by which to measure the concept

gwon2018-impressionability-concept

classes or categories of actual phenomena

shin2020-community-health-outreach

observable indicators that help identify a concept in practice

muswede2026-political-astuteness-nurse-leadership

a way to measure and recognise the concept of transitioning into long-term care for an older adult with an intellectual disability in both practice and research

egan2021-transitioning-long-term-care-id

measurable ways to demonstrate the occurrence of leadership in the study context

laukka2022-leadership-digital-health

provide an overview of the identified assessment tools related to the attributes aiming to make the concept, goal-oriented care, measurable

boeykens2022-goal-oriented-care

information literacy with regard to health topics

schulenkorf2021-school-health-literacy

not defined in this paper's own words; the capacity to find, judge and use information about one's health

zhang2025-physical-activity-health-literacy

Health literacy is categorized into three dimensions: functional, communicative, and critical health literacy

the ability of individuals to find, understand, and use health information to make informed health decisions

cho2025-digital-literacy-dementia-caregivers

comprising a broad range of knowledge and competencies

broder2019-child-youth-health-literacy

an individual’s ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services necessary to make appropriate health decisions

jung2022-ehealth-literacy-older-adults

people’s knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information

kuhne2021-prognostic-awareness

`people's knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in everyday life concerning healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life during the life course`

sorensen2012-health-literacy-and-public-health

Health literacy is linked to literacy and entails people's knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in everyday life concerning healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life during the life course . This definition encompasses the public health persp

entails people’s knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in everyday life

kirchhoff2022-organizational-health-literacy-schools

not defined in this paper's own words; the contested construct this paper synthesises a definition for

sorensen2012-health-literacy-and-public-health

It is important to distinguish health literacy from literacy in general. According to the United Nation Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) during its history in English, the word 'literate' mostly meant to be 'familiar with literature' or in general terms 'well educated, learned'. While maintaining its broader meaning of being knowledgeable or educated in a particular area, durin

DECLARED TO HAVE NO AGREED DEFINITION, AND THE CONSEQUENCE NAMED: `there is no consensus about the definition of health literacy or about its conceptual dimensions, which limits the possibilities for measurement and comparison.` The absence is not reported as untidiness - it is reported as the thing preventing the field from measuring anything.

sorensen2012-health-literacy-and-public-health

Although its importance is increasingly recognised, there is no consensus about the definition of health literacy or about its conceptual dimensions, which limits the possibilities for measurement and comparison

a product of situational requirements and individual attributes

broder2019-child-youth-health-literacy

a socio-cultural learning process, not a purely cognitive one

broder2019-child-youth-health-literacy

Therefore, we propose considering health literacy as a multifaceted socio-cultural learning process (and not a purely cognitive one), because it is built up through personal experiences and interactions within a given environment.

criticised as a top-down, expert-driven concept

broder2019-child-youth-health-literacy

Notably, health literacy has been criticized as being a ‘top-down’ or expert-driven concept [ 38 ].

Alternate phrases used to convey the concept are referred to as surrogate terms

cho2025-digital-literacy-dementia-caregivers

alternative terms of the chosen concept

tang2023-what-is-esports

can be used interchangeably to express concepts

duan2024-public-image-of-nursing

means of expressing a concept other than the word or expression selected by the researcher to focus the study

jung2022-ehealth-literacy-older-adults

words that express the ideas of a concept through words other than the concept that the researcher has chosen in his/her study

rahimi2024-saturation-qualitative-research

are synonymous and interchangeable with the concept of interest

van-wijk2022-public-opinion-leadership-nursing

technical synonyms: words or phrases that have the same meaning as a selected word or phrase

alshakhshir2024-spiritual-competence-nursing

use alternate words or terminology to express the concept under consideration

laranjeira2023-therapeutic-adherence-mental-disorders

terms in the literature that have similar meaning to the concept of interest and are often used interchangeably but have been named differently

hillman2020-medication-experience-concept

those that can be used instead of a concept

kangasniemi2023-nurses-collegiality

an example of the concept that has most of the defining attributes but not all of them

razaq2025-digital-health-equity-concept

an example that contains some but not all of the defining attributes of the concept

teixeira2023-transcultural-nursing-leadership

an instance of the concept containing some but not all of the attributes of the concept

sun2022-digital-resilience-school-education

an instance that contains most (but not all) of the defining attributes of the concept

zhao2021-compensatory-belief-health-behavior

contain most of the defining attributes but are inconsistent with the present concept

egan2021-transitioning-long-term-care-id

contains most of the defining attributes but not all of them

carvalho2022-positive-mental-health-literacy

the original CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement in 1996

schulz2010-consort

the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement, a minimum set of items for reporting a randomised trial

hopewell2025-consort-2025-statement-updated-guideline-for-reporting

The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement was designed to improve the quality of reporting and provides a minimum set of items to be included in a report of a randomised trial.

published to improve the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

mohler2015-credeci-2-guideline

not defined in this paper's own words; the trials checklist this one is modelled on - dated here as 1996 and revised five years later, which is the same chain schulz2010 continues in 2010

vonelm2007-strobe

Recommendations on the reporting of research can improve reporting quality. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement was developed in 1996 and revised 5 years later [ 12 ]. Many medical journals supported this initiative [ 13 ], which has helped to improve the quality of reports of randomised trials

the 2001 version: the previous statement, whose item numbers survive into the new one

schulz2010-consort

Thirty one members of the CONSORT 2010 Group met in Montebello, Canada, in January 2007 to update the 2001 CONSORT statement.

the 2010 version: this paper plus its 25-item checklist and flow diagram, the three together being the statement

schulz2010-consort

The CONSORT 2010 Statement is this paper including the 25 item checklist in the table ( Table 1 ) and the flow diagram ( Figure 1 ).

Cultural competence is a set of congruent behaviours, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enable that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations.

curtis2019-cultural-safety-rather-than-cultural

the ability of individuals to establish effective interpersonal and working relationships that supersede cultural differences by recognizing the importance of social and cultural influences on patients, considering how these factors interact, and devising interventions that take these issues into account [53] (p.2).

curtis2019-cultural-safety-rather-than-cultural

the ability of systems to provide care to patients with diverse values, beliefs and behaviours, including tailoring delivery to meet patients’ social, cultural, and linguistic needs [54] (p. v).

curtis2019-cultural-safety-rather-than-cultural

a complex know-act grounded in critical reflection and action, which the health care professional draws upon to provide culturally safe, congruent, and effective care in partnership with individuals, families, and communities living health experiences, and which takes into account the social and political dimensions of care [55] (p. 12).

curtis2019-cultural-safety-rather-than-cultural

not defined in this paper's own words; `a broad concept that has various definitions drawing from multiple frameworks`, with varying interpretations within and between countries

curtis2019-cultural-safety-rather-than-cultural

Cultural competency is a broad concept that has various definitions drawing from multiple frameworks. Overall, this concept has varying interpretations within and between countries (see Table 1 for specific examples).

trained recognition of cross-cultural expressions of illness and health used to counter patient marginalization

metzl2014-structural-competency-stigma-inequality

For much of the past two decades, “cultural competency” has been the rubric most often deployed in U.S. medical education for addressing the tensions of such moments of clinical encounter. Competency, in this formulation, implies the trained ability to identify cross-cultural expressions of illness and health, and to thus counteract the marginalization of patients by race, ethnicity, social class,

not defined in this paper's own words; the study of methods for bringing research findings into routine practice

waltz2015-concept-mapping-implementation

Concerns about poor consistency in implementation science (IS) terminology have led researchers to characterize the field as a “Tower of Babel” [ 1 ].

not defined in this paper's own words; the scientific study of methods for promoting systematic uptake of research findings and evidence-based practices into routine practice

nilsen2015-implementation-theories-models-frameworks

Implementation science is defined as the scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other EBPs into routine practice to improve the quality and effectiveness of health services and care [ 12 ].

the rigorous study of implementation

smith2020-rapid-implementation

not defined in this paper's own words; the field whose goals include identifying, developing and testing implementation strategies

powell2015-refined-compilation-implementation-strategies-eric

Identifying, developing, and testing implementation strategies are important goals of implementation science. However, these efforts have been complicated by the use of inconsistent language and inadequate descriptions of implementation strategies in the literature. The Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) study aimed to refine a published compilation of implementation strategy te

not defined in this paper's own words; the paper quotes another source, which describes it as studying how to design and assess activities that help evidence-based interventions get adopted

eslava-schmalbach2019-equity-implementation-research

This makes it very difficult to study it scientifically, which has motivated the progress of Implementation Science (IS) [ 3 , 6 ],

one research tradition under several names (knowledge translation research, improvement science, research utilization, delivery science, quality improvement), which the authors hold share far more than divides them, so one compilation is claimed for all of them

powell2015-refined-compilation-implementation-strategies-eric

a As Wensing et al. [ 51 ] note, the field of research focusing on “how to improve healthcare” has evolved under several different names ( e.g., implementation science, knowledge translation research, improvement science, research utilization, delivery science, quality improvement, etc.). While each of these traditions “bring their own nuances to the area…the reality is that there are far more com

not defined in this paper's own words; the units, besides sequences, that group tags apply to

tamura2021-mega11

MEGA has long supported a “group” tag for sequences and other operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Using the sequence “group” tags, MEGA offered a group-wise exploration of input data, selection of data subsets, and computational analyses ( Kumar 2001 ). Support for two new tags (“population” and “species”) was added in MEGA7, with the species tags used to mark duplicate genes in multigene family p

not defined in this paper's own words; clusters of sequence reads used as proxies for microbial populations

kurtz2015-spiec-easi-microbial-networks

First, the abundances of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from amplicon-based datasets are compositional.

not defined in this paper's own words; clusters of sequences at a set identity threshold

lagkouvardos2016-imngs-16s-rrna-profiles

All samples represent currently a total of 1.4 billion sequences that clustered into 53,696,442 sample-specific OTUs (operational taxonomic units).

not defined in this paper's own words; clusters of similar gene sequences used as stand-ins for microbial species

wilkins2019-dysbiosis-definition

Each individual harbors thousands of unique microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 28 , 29 .

not defined in this paper's own words; similarity-clustered sequence units

mcmurdie2013-phyloseq-microbiome-analysis

Barcoded [2] amplicon sequencing of dozens to hundreds of samples [4] is a method of phylogenetic sequencing of microbiomes, often targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene [3] , for which there are also convenient tools [5] and large reference databases [6] – [8] . The task of decoding the sample source of each sequence read by its barcode, followed by similarity clustering to def

not defined in this paper's own words; a cluster of reads differing by less than a fixed dissimilarity threshold, most commonly 3%

callahan2017-exact-sequence-variants-should-rep

The analysis of marker-gene data customarily begins with the construction of molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs): clusters of reads that differ by less than a fixed sequence dissimilarity threshold, most commonly 3% ( Westcott and Schloss, 2015 ; Kopylova et al. , 2016 ).

not defined in this paper's own words; research whose results can be recreated from its computational record

wilson2014-best-practices-scientific-computing

Our practices are summarized in Box 1 ; labels in the main text such as “(1a)” refer to items in that summary. For reasons of space, we do not discuss the equally important (but independent) issues of reproducible research, publication and citation of code and data, and open science. We do believe, however, that all of these will be much easier to implement if scientists have the skills we describ

not defined in this paper's own words; code-and-seed-supported exact recreation of analyses

mcmurdie2014-rarefying-microbiome-data-inadmissible

Our results have substantial implications for past and future microbiome analyses, particularly regarding the interpretation of differential abundance. Most microbiome studies utilizing high-throughput DNA sequencing to acquire culture-independent counts of species/OTUs have used either proportions or rarefied counts to address widely varying library sizes. Left alone, both of these approaches suf

not defined in this paper's own words; goal of code-data report compendia

ritchie2015-limma-differential-expression

Being R-based, reports of limma analyses can be compiled using Sweave ( 77 ) or knitr ( 78 ) and provided along with the raw data in a compendium to promote reproducible research in genomics ( 79 ).

a minimum standard in which results and protocols permit repetition and extension of analyses on the original data

sandve2013-ten-simple-rules-reproducible-computational-research

Replication is the cornerstone of a cumulative science [1] . However, new tools and technologies, massive amounts of data, interdisciplinary approaches, and the complexity of the questions being asked are complicating replication efforts, as are increased pressures on scientists to advance their research [2] . As full replication of studies on independently collected data is often not feasible, th

not defined in this paper's own words; computational scholarship distributed with data, executable code, instructions, and readable outputs

gentleman2004-bioconductor-open-software-development

Thus we believe that R and Bioconductor can provide a start along the path towards generally reproducible research in CBB. The infrastructure in R that is used to support replayability and remote robustness analysis could be implemented in other languages such as Perl [ 39 ] and Python [ 40 ]. All that is needed is some platform-independent format for binding together the data, software and script

research whose analyses, tables and figures can be exactly recreated from accompanying data and software

mcmurdie2013-phyloseq-microbiome-analysis

In exploratory statistical work it is easy to produce biased results [73] through poorly chosen metrics or tests, a failure to properly control for multiple inferences, undisclosed data “pruning”, and probably many other means. Although not commonly required [74] – [76] , an important defense against biased (or poorly-supported) findings is a higher standard for reproducibility in published resear

not defined in this paper's own words

cheeseman2024-humpback-whale-population-modelling

It is notable that the end of the shift did not appear to occur from population growth but rather from a decrease in carrying capacity triggered by rapid climate change.

not defined in this paper's own words; anthropogenic stressor affecting marine systems

selig2014-global-priorities-marine-biodiversity-conservation

Widespread impacts of human activities on the oceans [1] continue to cause declines in species diversity and abundance [2] , [3] . As recognition of the benefits that healthy marine ecosystems provide to people increases [4] , [5] , protecting biodiversity and the essential ecosystem services it supports has become a priority for the scientific community, resource managers, and national and intern

not defined in this paper's own words; long-term change in climate

schleuning2016-ecological-networks-plant-extinction-climate

Impacts of climate change on individual species are increasingly well documented, but we lack understanding of how these effects propagate through ecological communities.

not defined in this paper's own words; long-term change in climatic conditions

radchuk2019-adaptive-responses-climate-change

Climate change can reduce the viability of species and associated biodiversity loss can impact ecosystem functions and services 1 – 3 .

not defined in this paper's own words; proposed driver rendered unlikely by measured variables in this study

hallmann2017-flying-insect-biomass-decline-protected-areas

In light of previously suggested driving mechanisms, our analysis renders two of the prime suspects, i.e. landscape [ 9 , 18 , 20 ] and climate change [ 15 , 18 , 21 , 37 ], as unlikely explanatory factors for this major decline in aerial insect biomass in the investigated protected areas. Habitat change was evaluated in terms of changes in plant species composition surrounding the standardized tr

not defined in this paper's own words; absent observations whose handling the report must explain

vonelm2007-strobe

Describe all statistical methods, including those used to control for confounding (b) Describe any methods used to examine subgroups and interactions (c) Explain how missing data were addressed (d) Cohort study—If applicable, explain how loss to follow-up was addressed Case-control study—If applicable, explain how matching of cases and controls was addressed Cross-sectional study—If applicable, de

not defined in this paper's own words; absent values or identifiers in routine sources

benchimol2015-record-routinely-collected-health-data

Missing data are problematic for all observational research and have been addressed in Box 6 of the STROBE explanatory article [ 10 ]. Missing data are a particular issue for routinely collected data, as researchers cannot control data collection [ 73 ]. Missing data can result in selection bias if there are missing values in variables used to define the study cohort or missing identifiers that pr

not defined in this paper's own words; missing values handled across xarray operations

hoyer2017-xarray-labeled-arrays-datasets-python

Missing Data: xarray smoothly handles missing data in all operations, including arithmetic, alignment and aggregation.

not defined in this paper's own words; samples ignored then interpolated by normalized convolution

astropycollaboration2018-building-open-science-project

The astropy.convolution subpackage implements normalized convolution (e.g., Knutsson & Westin 1993), an image reconstruction technique in which missing data are ignored during the convolution and replaced with values interpolated using the kernel. An example is given in Figure 4. In astropy versions ≤1.3, the direct convolution and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) convolution approaches were inconsist

not defined in this paper's own words; unmeasured predictors or responses in ecological datasets

harrison2018-mixed-effects-modelling-ecology

When collecting ecological data it is often not possible to measure all of the predictors of interest for every measurement of the dependant variable. Such missing data are a common feature of ecological datasets, however the impacts of this have seldom been considered in the literature ( Nakagawa & Freckleton, 2011 ). Incomplete rows of data in dataframes i.e. those missing predictor and/or respo

not defined in this paper's own words; cross-sample confounding differences

ewels2016-multiqc-analysis-results

Motivation: Fast and accurate quality control is essential for studies involving next-generation sequencing data. Whilst numerous tools exist to quantify QC metrics, there is no common approach to flexibly integrate these across tools and large sample sets. Assessing analysis results across an entire project can be time consuming and error prone; batch effects and outlier samples can easily be mis

not defined in this paper's own words; systematic differences between data from different runs or technologies

wang2021-scgnn-graph-neural-network-single-cell

We also observed that the imputation of scGNN can decrease batch effects introduced by different sequencing technologies

not defined in this paper's own words; unexpected systematic sample patterns

ritchie2015-limma-differential-expression

After the pre-processing steps described above, the next major analysis stage is to identify differentially expressed genes. It is advisable to begin the DE analysis with a plot that visualizes the relative differences in transcriptional profile between the samples. The plotMDS function uses multi-dimensional scaling to plot differences in expression profiles between different samples (Figure 3C )

subtle confounding differences across expanding sample sets

ewels2016-multiqc-analysis-results

Advances in next-generation sequencing are leading to an avalanche of data. Whilst opening doors to new analysis types and experimental designs, expanding sample numbers make studies increasingly vulnerable to confounding batch effects ( Leek et al., 2010 ; Meyer and Liu 2014 ; Taub et al., 2010 ). Such biases are often subtle and difficult to detect and require careful quality control measures.

not defined in this paper's own words; free modular software system for automated cellular image analysis

carpenter2006-cellprofiler

CellProfiler, the first free, open-source system for flexible and high-throughput cell image analysis is described.

not defined in this paper's own words; open-source software for constructing reproducible biological-image-analysis pipelines

mcquin2018-cellprofiler-next-generation-image

CellProfiler has enabled the scientific research community to create flexible, modular image analysis pipelines since its release in 2005. Here, we describe CellProfiler 3.0, a new version of the software supporting both whole-volume and plane-wise analysis of three-dimensional (3D) image stacks, increasingly common in biomedical research. CellProfiler’s infrastructure is greatly improved, and we

open-source software for measuring and analyzing cell images through modular pipelines

mcquin2018-cellprofiler-next-generation-image

CellProfiler, our open-source software for measuring and analyzing cell images, has been cited more than 6,000 times, currently at a rate of more than 1,000 per year. The first version of CellProfiler was introduced in 2005 and published in 2006 [ 4 ]. It is widely adopted worldwide, enabling biologists without training in computer vision or programming to quantitatively measure phenotypes robustl

not defined in this paper's own words; open-source high-content image-analysis package

bankhead2017-qupath-open-source-digital-pathology

In recent years, a vibrant ecosystem of open source bioimage analysis software has developed. Led by ImageJ 3 , researchers in multiple disciplines can now choose from a selection of powerful tools, such as Fiji 4 , Icy 5 , and CellProfiler 6 , to perform their image analyses. These open source packages encourage users to engage in further development and sharing of customized analysis solutions i

Convolutional Neural Network

lao2017-deep-learning-radiomics-glioblastoma

convolutional neural network, a network with convolution operations

liu2021-plant-diseases-and-pests-detection-based-on

Convolutional neural network Convolutional Neural Networks, abbreviated as CNN, has a complex network structure and can perform convolution operations.

convolutional neural networks

tiulpin2018-knee-osteoarthritis-deep-learning

visual-system-inspired hierarchy of convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers mapping an input volume to a feature vector

voulodimos2018-deep-learning-for-computer-vision

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were inspired by the visual system's structure, and in particular by the models of it proposed in \ [18\]. The first computational models based on these local connectivities between neurons and on hierarchically organized transformations of the image are found in Neocognitron \ [19\], which describes that when neurons with the same parameters are applied on pat

not defined in this paper's own words; verbal and nonverbal conveyance of information and emotion

bishop2016-catalise-language-impairments-consensus

The complex and multifaceted nature of language adds to the difficulties of identifying and categorising language impairments. In common usage, the terms speech, language and communication are often treated interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. Language involves the comprehension and use of words and sentences to convey ideas and information. Language can occur in different modalities:

not defined in this paper's own words; signalling between producer and receiver; art is the subclass that coevolves with evaluation

coevolutionary-aesthetics-in-human-and-biotic-artworlds

Put simply, art consists of a form of communication that has coevolved with its evaluation. 2 Aesthetic coevolution is the process by which performances or artifacts and their evaluations mutually transform each other over time through their history of interactions. Aesthetic coevolution proceeds by the feedback between innovations in communication and evaluation upon each other. Evaluation involv

not defined in this paper's own words; the social function art is said to serve - displays and sharing between people

can-computers-create-art

Why do we create and consume art? I argue that art is primarily a social behavior: art is about communication and displays between people. For example, people often speak of art as being about personal expression, which is an act of communication.

not defined in this paper's own words; exchange between families, patients and professionals, strained by pandemic rules

costeira2024-death-unpreparedness-covid

Improving communication within a pandemic might potentially alleviate the emotional strain experienced by both impacted families and healthcare professionals

not defined in this paper's own words; direct organism-environment account of perception and action

baggs2020-ecological-psychology-enactivism-action

Ecological Psychology is the oldest radical challenger of classical representationist cognitive science with its seven-decade-long history. The germinal books for this approach are James J. Gibson's The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (1966) and The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception (1979, 2015). During these decades (between the 1970's and the 1990's) ecological psychologists kept

not defined in this paper's own words; non-representational organism-environment cognition

heft2018-history-philosophy-ecological-psychology

Ecological psychology is an embodied, situated, and non-representationalist approach to cognition pioneered by J. J. Gibson (1904–1979) in the field of perception and by E. J. Gibson (1910–2002) in the field of developmental psychology. Ecological psychology, in its very origins, aimed to offer an innovative perspective for understanding perception and perceptual learning that overcomes the tradit

not defined in this paper's own words; direct relational perception supporting adaptive action

popova2020-enactivism-ecological-psychology-agency

Ecological psychology is based on the assumption of an essentially active organism, where the coherence and adaptivity of action both shape and drive the cognitive processes. Perception is direct, continuous, and unmediated, and it involves the agent’s movement. The lack of the necessity for inferential processes stems from this directness and from the fact that perception provides rich and highly

an embodied, situated, non-representational approach centered on perception-action and organism-environment systems

heft2018-history-philosophy-ecological-psychology

Ecological Psychology is an embodied, situated, and non-representational approach pioneered by J. J. Gibson and E. J. Gibson. This theory aims to offer a third way beyond cognitivism and behaviorism for understanding cognition. The theory started with the rejection of the premise of the poverty of the stimulus, the physicalist conception of the stimulus, and the passive character of the perceiver

not defined in this paper's own words; the shift of burden from communicable to non-communicable diseases

ferrari2024-global-burden-371-diseases

In 2020 and 2021, global health outcomes, as measured by age-standardised DALY rates, worsened for the first time in three decades. From 1990 to 2019, GBD analyses showed consistent and rather encouraging improvements in overall health outcomes at the population level. During this period, achievements by the global health community included reductions in vaccine-preventable deaths and improvements

not defined in this paper's own words; the shift of burden towards non-communicable causes and disability with development

vos2020-global-burden-369-diseases

Countries and territories vary widely in their stages of the epidemiological transition. With increasing SDI, we expect to see a shift in the burden of disease from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases towards non-communicable causes. We also expect to see a shift towards a larger fraction of the burden due to YLDs compared with YLLs. These two major trends can be summarised

not defined in this paper's own words; shift from Group I and younger-age mortality toward noncommunicable and older-age mortality

mathers2006-projections-global-mortality-burden-disease

These projections represent a set of three visions of the future for population health, based on certain explicit assumptions. Despite the wide uncertainty ranges around future projections, they enable us to appreciate better the implications for health and health policy of currently observed trends, and the likely impact of fairly certain future trends, such as the ageing of the population, the c

a historical process named in theory, turned here into one ratio (non-communicable disease and injury YLDs over total DALYs), so the concept becomes a country-level number

vos2020-global-burden-369-diseases

The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator of a country's lag-distributed income per capita, average years of schooling, and the fertility rate in females under the age of 25 years ( appendix 1 section 6 ). 13 For changes over time, we present annualised rates of change as the difference in the natural log of the values at the start and end of the time interval divided by the numbe

not defined in this paper's own words; overlapping similarities among a concept's instances with no common property

artefacts-and-family-resemblance

I develop in this paper a conception of artefacts based on L. Wittgenstein’s idea of family resemblance. My approach peruses the notion of frame, which was invented in cognitive psychology as an operationisable extension of this philosophical idea. Following the metaphor of life-cycle I show how this schematic notion of frame may be filled with the content relevant for artefacts if we consider the

a concept whose instances share overlapping similarities with no property common to all

artefacts-and-family-resemblance

Usually the idea of family resemblance is traced back to two quotes from Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophische Untersuchungen : Consider for example the proceedings we call games […] if you look at them you will not see something that is common to all, but similarities, relationships, and a whole series of them at that […] look for example at board games with their multifarious relationships. Now p

not defined in this paper's own words; the philosophical and cognitive concept of polymorphic similarity, of which the ensemble is an estimate

epjds2023-compression-ensembles

The vector space of the ensemble allows for flexible operationalization and visualization, e.g. a single figure (e.g. 3) can summarize careers of several artists. This is not entirely dissimilar to the intuition of an human connoisseur trained on a given corpus of art. As each transformation in an ensemble represents a tangible visual aspect e.g. abundance of detail or colorfulness, as a whole, it

the Wittgensteinian idea that members of a category share overlapping similarities without any single property (or set of properties) common to all

the-folk-concept-of-art

All of the discussed definitions can be interpreted as essentialist: they invoke necessary and sufficient conditions for an object to be considered an artwork, or at least emphasize one factor as the most important, while others are treated as more peripheral. This view is challenged by anti-essentialists, who object to essentialist definitions with counterexamples that are intended to demonstrate

not defined in this paper's own words; GSEA tailored by the model to single-cell data

finak2015-mast-a-flexible-statistical-framew

Our model provides gene set enrichment analysis tailored to single-cell data.

not defined in this paper's own words; application for which direct protein-binding annotations are discouraged

aleksander2023-the-gene-ontology-knowledgebase-in

We suggest that users should be particularly cautious when using GO annotations directly to the term protein binding (GO:0005515; see Table 2 ). These are highly specific annotations that include the protein binding partner in another field of the annotation (not in the GO term itself) and should not be used in applications such as gene set enrichment analysis. Instead, they are recommended for ap

not defined in this paper's own words; database-scale co-regulated-set correlation

ritchie2015-limma-differential-expression

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) is an approach that correlates a large database of co-regulated gene sets with respect to a microarray or RNA-seq data set ( 62 , 63 ). GSEA is a hybrid approach: it is competitive in that different sets are pitted against one another, but significance is evaluated by permutation of sample labels. The romer function in limma implements a GSEA approach that is ba

not defined in this paper's own words; statistical search for functionally enriched sets offered on networks

szklarczyk2022-string-database

To improve this situation, STRING now allows its users to upload any fully sequenced proteome (including those that are already part of the database), enabling them to browse and query the predicted protein–protein interactions in an identical manner to the genomes already natively covered by the STRING database. This includes access to the evidence viewers, homology viewer, network clustering met

a globally standardized measure of the cumulative human footprint on the terrestrial environment

venter2016-global-human-footprint-biodiversity

a 0-50 score per 1 km grid cell summing eight weighted pressures

venter2016-global-human-footprint-biodiversity

For any grid cell, the human footprint can range between 0 and 50.

not defined in this paper's own words; standardized cumulative terrestrial pressure measure

venter2016-global-terrestrial-human-footprint-maps

Cumulative pressure maps have been developed at regional 9 , 10 and global scales 11 , 12 . The ‘Human Footprint’ was first released in 2002 using data primarily from the early 1990s (approximately 1993) on eight human pressures globally, making it the most complete, highest resolution and globally-consistent terrestrial dataset on cumulative human pressures on the environment 13 . It has been use

a standardized cumulative measure formed from eight direct and indirect human-pressure layers

venter2016-global-terrestrial-human-footprint-maps

To create the Human Footprint maps we adopted the methods developed by Sanderson and colleagues 13 . Data on human pressures in 1993 and 2009 were collected or developed for: 1) the extent of built environments, 2) population density, 3) electric infrastructure, 4) crop lands, 5) pasture lands, 6) roads, 7) railways, and 8) navigable waterways, which are described in detail below ( Fig. 1 , step 1

putting an intervention into effect when delivered in a setting

smith2020-rapid-implementation

the extent to which the intervention can be delivered as planned

klaic2022-implementability-healthcare-interventions

not defined in this paper's own words; the process of putting new practices to use or integrating them within a setting

nilsen2015-implementation-theories-models-frameworks

Implementation is part of a diffusion-dissemination-implementation continuum: diffusion is the passive, untargeted and unplanned spread of new practices; dissemination is the active spread of new practices to the target audience using planned strategies; and implementation is the process of putting to use or integrating new practices within a setting [ 16 , 17 ].

not defined in this paper's own words; a staff- and setting-level RE-AIM dimension covering fidelity, adaptation, and cost

glasgow2019-re-aim-planning-evaluation-framework

All RE-AIM dimensions are complex, but implementation currently has the most indices. It focuses on fidelity to an intervention: the extent to which the program is implemented consistently across different settings, staff, and patients. It also includes adaptations made ( 58 ) and costs from multiple stakeholder perspectives ( 59 ). Maintenance has indices at the individual- (long-term effectivene

not defined in this paper's own words; irreducible information generated above independent parts

oizumi2014-iit-phenomenology-mechanisms-consciousness

Integrated information ( φ ): Information that is generated by a mechanism above and beyond the information generated by its (minimal) parts. φ measures the integration or irreducibility of mechanisms (integration at the mechanism level).

not defined in this paper's own words; cause-effect power surviving a minimum partition

albantakis2023-integrated-information-theory-4-consciousness

In summary, the system integrated information ( φ s ( T e , T c , s ) , also called ‘ small phi ’, quantifies the extent to which system S in state s has cause–effect power over itself as one system ( i.e ., irreducibly). φ s ( T e , T c , s ) is thus a quantifier of irreducible existence.

not defined in this paper's own words; intrinsic cause-effect power over and above component contributions

cooke2021-what-is-consciousness-integrated-information

The description of consciousness that is offered in IIT is that consciousness is integrated information. Information should not be understood here as relating to Shannon information [ 19 ] but is instead the intrinsic cause–effect power of a system, the “differences that make a difference” [ 16 ]. A system that consists of fully independent components has no intrinsic cause–effect power, no differ

not defined in this paper's own words; whole-system information irreducible to separate constituents

wahbeh2022-what-if-consciousness-is-not-an-emergent-pro

Integrated information refers to a system’s constituents that are discriminated by their respective information. The whole cannot be reduced to the information of each part, called the “causal-effect power” ( Oizumi et al., 2014 ). These irreducible maxima of additional integrated information generated by the system as a whole compared to its parts are termed and quantified as Φ (“phi”) and affect

not defined in this paper's own words; protection against disclosure through neural data

schleim2021-neurorights-history-brain-control

As already stated in the introduction, the four main neurorights are: (1) cognitive liberty; (2) mental privacy; (3) mental integrity; and (4) psychological continuity. The first, sometimes also called the right to mental self-determination, has two aspects: access to neurotechnologies and protection against their coercive and unconsented use; cognitive liberty is also considered the most fundamen

not defined in this paper's own words; protection of mental information from unconsented intrusion

ienca2021-on-neurorights

Unlike the derivatives of freedom of thought, the neurorights originating from the right to privacy seem to be characterized by a much greater degree of conceptual and terminological agreement. Mental privacy is the expression generally used to denote people’s right against the unconsented intrusion by third parties into their brain data as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data

not defined in this paper's own words; privacy of thoughts and mental states

bublitz2022-novel-neurorights-nonsense-substance

The importance of a right to mental privacy is evident not only to lawyers. But it raises the question why it should be recognized as a standalone right (as the proposal is understood to suggest). Several international instruments protect a general right to privacy or private life. According to the standards of legal interpretation, this abstract right implies more context or domain-specific varia

protection of brain information and its neural source from illegitimate access or leakage

ianca2017-new-human-rights-neuroscience-neurotechnology

Based on these specific challenges, we argue that current privacy and data protection rights are insufficient to cope with the emerging neurotechnological scenarios. Consequently, we suggest the formal recognition of a right to mental privacy, which aims to protect any bit or set of brain information about an individual recorded by a neurodevice and shared across the digital ecosystem. This right