Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit

Aronov, Nevers, Tank · Nature · 2017 · neuroscience · 10.1038/nature21692 · record Aronov2017-mapping-of-a-non-spatial-dimension-by-the-hi
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית
Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (xml); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The paper is a Nature report whose citations are all numeric, so no prior work is named in the running text; the single claim_relation recorded is one where the relation is stated explicitly ('A conceptual framework... We tested this idea'), not inferred from a bare citation. The paper also positions itself against the view that physical space is primary for this circuit ('...rather than a primacy of physical space for this network 9 , 10 , 18 – 21 .'), but that target is a position rather than a named study, so no 'contradicts' relation was recorded. Claim type could arguably be 'mechanism' given the closing claim that a common circuit mechanism is shared across tasks ('Critically, Quotation withheld, suggesting a common circuit mechanism...'), but the load-bearing result is the demonstration that frequency fields exist, hence 'existence'. 2026-08-13 and 2026-08-14 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.
14 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.
How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
agency 33 fields · salience 21 fields · reward 16 fields · principal component analysis 5 fields · coefficient of variation 4 fields · information 4 fields · and 9 more →

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 46 concept tags on this paper, 4 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.
place cell grid cell border cell head direction time cell interneuron firing field CA1 entorhinal hippocampal SMT random foraging passive playback linear track task frequency location spatial non-spatial navigation cognitive map continuous mechanism population modulated information spatial information grid score shuffled percentile environment module theta speed SWR joystick press release trial duration octave reward salience agency behavioral context model Spatial firing arises because location happens to be a continuous task-relevant variable, not because physical space is privileged for this circuit Performing a task drives a sequence of firing fields that are elicited parametrically as behaviour progresses Overlap between neighbouring fields encodes the order and adjacency of behavioural states, supporting episodic linking and planning sound frequency velocity sound manipulation task frequency fields mutual information rate firing field width putative interneurons brief trials t-test coefficient of variation chi-squared test Wilcoxon rank-sum test shuffle (permutation) test mutual information mutual information rate between spikes and the phase of the task linear regression linear regression was fit to the relationship between theta phase and the warped time bootstrap correlation the Pearson correlation is measured between the PSTHs mean squared error mean squared error between the joystick release times simulated by the model and the actual release times standard error of the mean mean±s.e.m. here and elsewhere principal component analysis the first three principal components of the extracted waveforms confidence interval coefficient of determination shuffle test electrophysiology

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second readingalternativesan independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other workclaim_relationshow this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim typeclaim_typethe shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edgeconcept_edgesan asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
conceptconceptsan idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tagcontent_tagsa finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contributioncontributionwhat the paper claims to add
controlcontrolsan experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitationlimitationswhat the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanismmechanismshow the reported effect is said to come about
methodmethodhow the paper produced its evidence
object of studyobject_of_studywhat the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenonphenomenonthe effect or regularity under study
research questionresearch_questionthe question the paper sets itself
sensesensesa distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfertransfersa method or concept carried in from another field
unrecordable relationunhoused_relationsa relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason

The paper

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Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 8 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 19 · concepts 4 · content_tags 113 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 9 · mechanisms 7 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 12 · transfers 4 · unhoused_relations 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 19 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facettagfieldconf.whose words
object_of_studywhether the firing patterns that gave place cells and grid cells their names are about physical space, or about any continuous task-relevant variable
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object_of_studythe paper's words
research_questionwhether the hippocampal and entorhinal circuit represents an arbitrary non-spatial continuous dimension with the same discrete firing fields it uses for location
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research_questionthe paper's words
contributionthe same neurons, including identified place cells and grid cells, tile a sound-frequency axis with discrete firing fields in a task containing no spatial dimension
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contributionthe paper's words
claim_typeexistence
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claim_typethe paper's words
phenomenonhippocampal-entorhinal coding of a non-spatial continuous dimension
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phenomenonthe paper's words
methodelectrophysiology
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methodthe paper's words
mechanismsmechanisms
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
mechanisms[0]the tagger's words
mechanismsmechanisms
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
mechanisms[1]the tagger's words
mechanismsmechanisms
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
mechanisms[2]the tagger's words
mechanismstraversal speed is randomised trial by trial so that sound frequency and elapsed time are uncoupled, which is what makes a frequency field distinguishable from a time field
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mechanisms[3]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismsa model tested the strength of alignment of the neural activity to various task events, and each field was found to align best either to particular sound frequencies or to the press or the release of the joystick
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mechanisms[4]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismsthe proposed general mechanism is that task performance activates a progression of firing fields, so that neighbouring and overlapping fields represent the order and adjacency of behavioural states
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mechanisms[5]0.8the tagger's words
mechanismsand the absence of field broadening across the trial is attributed to an informative sensory variable being continuously available, unlike in a delay task where the code can drift
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mechanisms[6]0.8the tagger's words
limitationsToo few fields per grid cell in the sound task to test whether its firing corresponds to a one-dimensional slice through a hexagonal grid lattice.
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what this limits: the hexagonal-lattice interpretation only: THE SMALL NUMBER OF FIELDS PRODUCED BY GRID CELLS in the sound task makes the 1-dimensional-slice reading untestable here
limitations[0]the tagger's words
limitationsThe task itself did not require the animals to represent the whole acoustic dimension, so the functional necessity of the representation is not established.
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what this limits: every functional claim about the acoustic representation: IN THE SMT, RATS DID NOT ACTUALLY NEED TO REPRESENT THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENTIRE ACOUSTIC SPACE - the representation is not necessary for the behaviour
limitations[1]the tagger's words
limitationsGrid-cell yield depended on arena size, fewer being detected in the smaller environment.
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what this limits: any comparison of grid-cell yield between environments: Quotation withheld THAN IN THE LARGER ONE
limitations[2]the tagger's words
limitationsThe three alignment classes (press-, release-, frequency-aligned) were not cleanly separable, with some fields loading on more than one task parameter.
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what this limits: the three-way classification of firing fields: THE THREE CLUSTERS WERE NOT PERFECTLY SEPARATED ... SOME FIRING FIELDS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY NON-ZERO REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR MORE THAN ONE TASK PARAMETER: 14% IN CA1 - the classes overlap, and by how much is measured
limitations[3]the tagger's words
limitationsthe hexagonal-lattice reading of the grid cell results could not be tested, because grid cells produced too few fields in this task
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what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - too few fields to test the lattice reading
limitations[4]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsthe rats did not actually need to represent the whole acoustic space to solve the task, since responding to one frequency would have sufficed
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what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - one frequency would suffice to solve the task
limitations[5]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsfewer grid cells were detected in the smaller environment than the larger one, so all grid comparisons had to be verified on the subset recorded in the larger environment
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what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - grid comparisons are confounded with arena size
limitations[6]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsa tightening of firing fields in the vicinity of joystick presses and releases may be due to a higher density of available sensory cues, or alternatively may result from the stronger salience of these events
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what this limits: the field-narrowing result near press and release: it may reflect A HIGHER DENSITY of sampling at those moments rather than a property of the fields
limitations[7]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsand a head-direction confound had to be excluded by a separate analysis, since head direction cells overlap the modulated population
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what this limits: the attribution of the modulation to the sound dimension: HEAD DIRECTION (HD) CELLS OVERLAP WITH SMT-MODULATED NEURONS, and a separate analysis was needed to exclude them
limitations[8]1.0the tagger's words
transfersplace cells, grid cells, border cells and head direction cells, carried into a task with no spatial dimension
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transfers[0]1.0the tagger's words
transfersthe spatial information measure, applied unchanged to time bins instead of spatial bins
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transfers[1]1.0the tagger's words
transfersthe perceptually uniform logarithmic frequency axis, used as the continuous dimension to be traversed
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transfers[2]1.0the tagger's words
transfersthe claim that continuous non-spatial dimensions are mapped by this circuit, brought down to single units
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transfers[3]0.7the tagger's words
controlsmodifications to the apparatus - a nosepoke aligned with the joystick handle - introduced in the second version
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eliminates: the possible SPATIAL CONFOUND of rats moving their heads while deflecting the joystick. It matters because the paper's claim is that these cells map a NON-SPATIAL dimension, so an uncontrolled head movement would make the result the very thing the paper denies · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held
controls[0]1.0the tagger's words
conceptsgrid cell
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also in: grid cell
concepts[1]the paper's words
conceptsmechanism
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also in: mechanism
concepts[22]the paper's words
conceptsinformation
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also in: information
concepts[25]the paper's words
conceptsenvironment
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also in: environment
concepts[30]the paper's words
unhoused_relationsSMT → linear track
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AN ANALOGY, BOUNDED BY ITS AUTHORS: the sound-manipulation task evolves along a continuous axis (sound frequency) and is therefore ANALOGOUS to spatial navigation on a linear track, SHARING SOME KEY FEATURES of neural representation - discrete firing fields tiling the task, multiple fields in MEC cells, clustering at salient features, and context-dependence. 'Some key features' is the authors' own bound and it is the part an equivalence edge deletes.
unhoused_relations[0]the tagger's words
sensesA CELL TYPE IS NAMED AFTER THE TASK IT WAS DISCOVERED IN: the well-known spatial patterns may be a consequence of the continuous nature of the task variable, rather than a primacy of physical space for this network
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senses[0]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand the same neurons produce the same discrete fields on an axis of sound frequency, so spatial and non-spatial representations come from one population
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senses[1]1.0the tagger's words
sensesMEMBERSHIP OF A NAMED CLASS BARELY PREDICTS THE SAME CELL IN ANOTHER TASK: the amount of task modulation had a very weak correlation with placeness and gridness, r2 about 0.005, which is read as nearly independent activity patterns
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senses[2]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHE DEFINITION OF THE TYPE IS A THRESHOLD ON THIS DATASET'S OWN SHUFFLES: grid cells are cells whose grid score exceeds the 95th percentile of the shuffled samples, which in this dataset was 0.46
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senses[3]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand place cells are cells whose spatial information exceeds 99% of their own shuffled values, so both categories are defined relative to the recording rather than absolutely
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senses[4]1.0the tagger's words
sensesAND THE COUNT OF A CELL TYPE DEPENDS ON THE ARENA: fewer grid cells were detected in the smaller environment than the larger one, so every grid comparison was re-verified on the subset recorded in the larger environment
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senses[5]1.0the tagger's words
sensesAN EXCLUSION CRITERION THAT DOES NOT EXIST OUTSIDE THE TASK IT WAS BUILT FOR: sharp-wave ripples are normally removed by rejecting low-velocity time points, and with no velocity in this task they had to be detected directly in the field potential
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senses[6]1.0the tagger's words
senseswith the negative disclosure attached: excluding those spikes did not qualitatively change any result, it only raised the in-field to background ratio
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senses[7]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHE SPATIAL CONFOUND IS DESIGNED OUT RATHER THAN CORRECTED FOR: rats moved their heads while deflecting the joystick in the first apparatus, so a nosepoke was added in the second
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senses[8]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHETA DID NOT TRACK SPEED HERE, UNLIKE IN NAVIGATION, which is read as the navigation relationship being dependent on locomotion-related signals
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senses[9]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHE CONTROL IS DECOMPOSED RATHER THAN RUN ONCE: passive playback alone engaged almost no cells, passive playback with a reward engaged a fifth of them with wider fields, so context matters and agency is not strictly required
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senses[10]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand a frequency field is called analogous to a place field, naming the new thing after the old one in the same sentence that shows the old name was too narrow
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senses[11]1.0the tagger's words
alternativesclaim_type: existence
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a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.
alternatives.claim_typethe tagger's words
alternativesmethod: a sound manipulation task in which a joystick drives frequency along a logarithmic axis at a randomly varied speed, so that frequency is uncoupled from elapsed time, with the same cells recorded again during random foraging
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a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.
alternatives.methodthe tagger's words
alternativesphenomenon: discrete firing fields that tile a continuous behavioural variable, and the overlap of that population with the known spatial cell types
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a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: hippocampal-entorhinal coding of a non-spatial continuous dimension — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.
alternatives.phenomenonthe tagger's words
claim_relationsbuilds-on → the cognitive-map framework (refs 7-10) holding that spatial coding is one case of a general mechanism for continuous task-relevant variables, including recent human fMRI work on cognitive spaces
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claim_relations[0]the tagger's words
claim_relationsgeneralises → the cognitive map account, from locations to any continuous task-relevant variable
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claim_relations[1]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsreinterprets → spatial firing itself, as a consequence of the continuity of the task variable rather than of space
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claim_relations[2]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsextends → the non-spatial modulation literature, from discrete stimuli and time points to a continuously traversed dimension
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claim_relations[3]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsdistinguishes-from → time cells, whose fields broaden across a delay where these did not
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differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE FIELDS BROADEN ACROSS A DELAY, AND THE EXPLANATION IS GIVEN. 'Quotation withheld.' The broadening is not denied of time cells - it is attributed to the ABSENCE of an external reference, which this task supplies.
claim_relations[4]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsqualifies → the reported relationship between theta frequency and running speed, which did not appear when speed was not locomotion
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differs in: THE AXIS IS THE DOMAIN. 'Quotation withheld; this may imply that the relationship between theta and speed during navigation is' [specific to navigation]. The qualification is that an established correlation is domain-bound - and the evidence for it is a NULL (slope not significantly different from 0, p = 0.70), so the row also carries the polarity gap: see an internal file.
claim_relations[5]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsbuilds-on → the grid module literature, with wide-spacing modules producing wide fields in this task too
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claim_relations[6]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsconfirms → the previously reported dependence of grid cell detection on environment size
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claim_relations[7]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgeslocation —is-a→ continuous
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: location is given as an EXAMPLE of a continuous task variable, which is the whole demotion Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span names location as a continuous task variable; is-a is loose.
also in: location · continuous
concept_edges[1]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesborder cell —part-of→ SMT
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strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but border cells were SMT-MODULATED; part-of a task is loose.
also in: border cell · SMT
concept_edges[9]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesplace cell —part-of→ SMT
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: a quarter of the place cells and a third of the grid cells were modulated in the sound task Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 25.1% of place cells were SMT-MODULATED; part-of a task is loose.
also in: place cell · SMT
concept_edges[10]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesgrid cell —part-of→ SMT
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strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 34.3% of grid cells PARTICIPATED in the SMT; part-of a task is loose.
also in: grid cell · SMT
concept_edges[11]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesrandom foraging —contrasted-with→ SMT
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: the same cells recorded in both, with a mixed representation in CA1 - some cells in one task only, some producing fields in both Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but cells were recorded in both the random-foraging task and the SMT and some fired in both; contrasted-with is loose.
also in: random foraging · SMT
concept_edges[12]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesgrid cell —operationalised-as→ grid score
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE DEFINITION IS A THRESHOLD ON THIS DATASET'S OWN SHUFFLES: the 95th percentile of the shuffled samples, which here was 0.46
also in: grid cell · grid score
concept_edges[15]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesgrid score —operationalised-as→ percentile
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strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the grid score is compared against shuffled percentiles; operationalised-as is loose.
concept_edges[16]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesplace cell —operationalised-as→ spatial information
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: and place cells are those whose information rate exceeds 99% of their own shuffled values
concept_edges[18]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesspatial information —operationalised-as→ location
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: the same formula as the task-phase information, run over 1600 spatial bins instead of time bins Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but spatial information is defined via location; operationalised-as is loose.
concept_edges[19]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesSWR —part-of→ CA1
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strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but some CA1 spikes occurred DURING sharp-wave ripple events; part-of is loose.
also in: SWR · CA1
concept_edges[26]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgeshead direction —distinct-from→ SMT
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the residual head-direction confound was tested directly, since those cells overlap the modulated population
also in: head direction · SMT
concept_edges[29]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgestime cell —contrasted-with→ SMT
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strength of the relation: 1
also in: time cell · SMT
concept_edges[33]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgestask —contrasted-with→ passive playback
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE CONTROL SEPARATES THE STIMULUS FROM THE TASK: 1.7% of the same CA1 cells responded to the identical sweeps outside the task, against 31.1% inside it
concept_edges[34]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesreward —operationalised-as→ salience
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the control is then run a second time WITH a reward, recovering a fifth of the cells Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says salience was increased by delivering a reward; the direction of operationalised-as is loose.
also in: reward · salience
concept_edges[35]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesbehavioral context —causes→ firing field
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: fields in the rewarded playback task were more than twice as wide, so context affected both how many cells were activated and how precise they were
concept_edges[37]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesfrequency —causes→ release
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: releases were predicted by frequency alone with almost no added influence of elapsed time Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says sound frequency influenced when rats released the joystick; the endpoint 'release' is terse.
also in: frequency · release
concept_edges[58]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesfrequency —distinct-from→ duration
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: trial durations were three times more variable than release frequencies, which is how the strategy is identified Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span compares variability of durations and frequencies; distinct-from is loose.
also in: frequency · duration
concept_edges[59]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesoctave —operationalised-as→ frequency
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the unit is RELATIVE - octaves above a 2 kHz start, so the number does not join without its reference Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span measures frequency in octaves; the direction of operationalised-as is reversed.
also in: octave · frequency
concept_edges[62]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesgrid cell —part-of→ module
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the module a cell belongs to predicts its field width in the SOUND task as well as in the arena
also in: grid cell · module
concept_edges[68]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagst-test
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also in: t-test
content_tags.statistics[0]the tagger's words
content_tagscoefficient of variation
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content_tags.statistics[1]the tagger's words
content_tagschi-squared test
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content_tags.statistics[2]the tagger's words
content_tagsWilcoxon rank-sum test
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content_tags.statistics[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsshuffle (permutation) test
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content_tags.statistics[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsmutual information
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content_tags.statistics[5]the tagger's words
content_tagslinear regression
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content_tags.statistics[6]the tagger's words
content_tagsbootstrap
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also in: bootstrap
content_tags.statistics[7]the tagger's words
content_tagscorrelation
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also in: correlation
content_tags.statistics[8]the tagger's words
content_tagsmean squared error
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content_tags.statistics[9]the tagger's words
content_tagsstandard error of the mean
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content_tags.statistics[10]the tagger's words
content_tagsprincipal component analysis
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content_tags.statistics[11]the tagger's words
content_tagsconfidence interval
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about this quote: This quote ends with the stray word 'The', the first word of the next sentence. It is not trimmed, because the quote without it occurs more than once in the paper's text and could not be tied to one place. The claim is carried by the sentence before 'The'.
content_tags.statistics[12]the tagger's words
content_tagscoefficient of determination
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content_tags.statistics[13]the tagger's words
content_tagsshuffle test
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also in: shuffle test
content_tags.statistics[14]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsmutual information rate
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content_tags.statistics[15]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsWilcoxon rank-sum test
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content_tags.statistics[16]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagscoefficient of variation
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content_tags.statistics[17]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsbootstrap
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also in: bootstrap
content_tags.statistics[18]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagslinear regression
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content_tags.statistics[19]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsRats solved the task by tracking sound frequency rather than elapsed time, releasing the joystick later when frequency advanced more slowly.
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content_tags.findings[0]the tagger's words
content_tagsA large fraction of both CA1 and entorhinal cells were significantly task-modulated during the non-spatial sound task.
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content_tags.findings[1]the tagger's words
content_tagsTask-modulated activity took the form of discrete firing fields resembling those seen during spatial navigation.
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content_tags.findings[2]the tagger's words
content_tagsMost fields occurring during sound presentation were locked to sound frequency rather than to the motor events bounding the trial.
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content_tags.findings[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsAlmost no CA1 cells, including the task-modulated ones, responded to passive playback of the same sounds (1.7% against 31.1% during the task).
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content_tags.findings[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsAdding a reward at the end of passive sweeps produced task-modulated activity, but in fewer cells than the task itself (20.2%).
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content_tags.findings[5]the tagger's words
content_tagsFields in the rewarded passive-playback task were about twice as wide as SMT fields, i.e. temporally less precise.
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content_tags.findings[6]the tagger's words
content_tagsA quarter of identified place cells also carried the non-spatial sound representation.
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content_tags.findings[7]the tagger's words
content_tagsGrid cells likewise participated in the non-spatial task.
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content_tags.findings[8]the tagger's words
content_tagsHow spatially tuned a neuron was barely predicted how strongly it was modulated in the sound task, indicating the two codes are near-independent within the same cells.
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content_tags.findings[9]the tagger's words
content_tagsGrid module identity carried over to the sound task: modules with wider spatial fields produced wider sound fields.
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content_tags.findings[10]the tagger's words
content_tagsthe reconciling framework is stated in advance - spatial representation as one example of a general mechanism for encoding continuous task-relevant variables
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content_tags.findings[11]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsneurons formed discrete firing fields at particular sound frequencies, and overlapped with the known spatial cell types
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content_tags.findings[12]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagscommon circuit mechanisms are proposed for representations of diverse behavioural tasks
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content_tags.findings[13]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe cognitive map frame already allowed the related entities to be distinct stimuli or abstract concepts, not only locations
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content_tags.findings[14]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagshippocampal firing was already known to be modulated by non-spatial variables, discrete stimuli and time points in delay tasks
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content_tags.findings[15]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsTRAVERSAL SPEED WAS RANDOMISED SO THAT FREQUENCY AND ELAPSED TIME WERE UNCOUPLED, which is what makes a frequency field distinguishable from a time field
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content_tags.findings[16]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsjoystick releases were predicted by sound frequency alone with almost no added influence of elapsed time
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content_tags.findings[17]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand trial durations were about three times more variable than release frequencies, which is how the strategy was identified
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content_tags.findings[18]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags40.0% of CA1 units and 51.3% of MEC units were significantly modulated during the task
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content_tags.findings[19]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsactivity was largely confined to discrete firing fields akin to those of spatial navigation, clustered at trial boundaries but spanning the entire task
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content_tags.findings[20]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsAND THE NEW THING IS NAMED AFTER THE OLD ONE: frequency fields, called analogous to place fields
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content_tags.findings[21]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsmore than half of the fields during sound presentation aligned best to frequency rather than to the press or the release
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content_tags.findings[22]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsTHE CONTROL SEPARATES THE STIMULUS FROM THE TASK: 1.7% of the same cells responded to identical sweeps outside the task, against 31.1% inside it
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content_tags.findings[23]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand the control was then run again WITH a reward, recovering a fifth of the cells
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content_tags.findings[24]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagswith fields more than twice as wide, so behavioural context affected both how many cells were activated and how precise they were, while agency was not strictly required
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content_tags.findings[25]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsa quarter of place cells and a third of grid cells were modulated in the sound task, with a mixed representation in CA1
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content_tags.findings[26]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsMEMBERSHIP OF THE NAMED CLASS BARELY PREDICTED THE SAME CELL IN THE OTHER TASK: r2 of about 0.005 against placeness and gridness
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content_tags.findings[27]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsso the two sets were not distinct subclasses of the circuit but a shared use of the same neural population between tasks
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content_tags.findings[28]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand the grid module a cell belongs to predicted its field width in the sound task as well as in the arena
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content_tags.findings[29]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsTHE ANALYSIS THAT WOULD HAVE DECIDED THE LATTICE READING COULD NOT BE RUN, for want of fields per grid cell
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content_tags.findings[30]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe sound task is declared analogous to a linear track, with the shared properties then listed one by one
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content_tags.findings[31]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsQuotation withheld
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content_tags.findings[32]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsA CELL TYPE IS NAMED AFTER THE TASK IT WAS DISCOVERED IN: the spatial patterns may be a consequence of the continuity of the task variable rather than a primacy of physical space
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content_tags.findings[33]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe rats did not need to represent the whole acoustic space; responding to one particular frequency would have sufficed
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content_tags.findings[34]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe conjecture is that task performance activates a progression of fields carrying the order and adjacency of behavioural states
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content_tags.findings[35]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagswith place and grid codes as a manifestation of that general mechanism rather than a spatial faculty
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content_tags.findings[36]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsbecause rats sometimes moved their heads while deflecting the joystick in version 1 of the apparatus, version 2 was modified to remove this possible spatial confound
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content_tags.findings[37]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsfrequency is reported in octaves RELATIVE to a 2 kHz start, so the number does not join without its reference
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content_tags.findings[38]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand deflections from stepping or leaning on the joystick were removed by a 3 s minimum, so not every deflection is a trial
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content_tags.findings[39]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsAN EXCLUSION CRITERION THAT DOES NOT EXIST OUTSIDE ITS OWN TASK: ripples are normally removed by rejecting low-velocity time points, and with no velocity here they had to be detected directly in the field potential
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content_tags.findings[40]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagswith the negative disclosure attached - excluding those spikes changed no result, it only raised the in-field to background ratio
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content_tags.findings[41]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe reported information is a RATIO TO CHANCE, real rate over the mean of 100 shuffles
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content_tags.findings[42]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand the information rate alone was rejected as the criterion because background differences inflate it, with the test placed on the peak rate instead
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content_tags.findings[43]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsputative interneurons are defined by a bare rate threshold and excluded
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content_tags.findings[44]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsplace cells are defined as cells whose spatial information exceeds 99% of their own shuffled values
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content_tags.findings[45]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsTHE DEFINITION OF A GRID CELL IS A THRESHOLD ON THIS DATASET'S OWN SHUFFLES - the 95th percentile, which here was 0.46
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content_tags.findings[46]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsAND THE COUNT OF A CELL TYPE DEPENDS ON THE ARENA: fewer grid cells in the smaller environment, so every grid comparison was re-verified on the subset recorded in the larger environment
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content_tags.findings[47]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsfields with more than one significant alignment coefficient are labelled mixed rather than forced into one class
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content_tags.findings[48]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsTHETA FREQUENCY DID NOT TRACK SPEED HERE, unlike in navigation, which is read as that relationship depending on locomotion-related signals
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content_tags.findings[49]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand fields did not broaden across the trial as time cells do, attributed to a sensory variable being continuously available
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content_tags.findings[50]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsa head-direction confound was tested directly, since those cells overlap the modulated population
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content_tags.findings[51]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsand two simultaneously recorded cells with similar head direction tuning had dissimilar sound-task firing, which is what rules it out
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content_tags.findings[52]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsfield tightening at the press and release is left with two rival explanations, denser sensory cues or greater salience
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content_tags.findings[53]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagseach interval is linearly warped to its median duration before any average is taken
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content_tags.findings[54]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagssound manipulation task
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content_tags.definitions[0]the tagger's words
content_tagscognitive map
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also in: cognitive map
content_tags.definitions[1]the tagger's words
content_tagsfrequency fields
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content_tags.definitions[2]the tagger's words
content_tagspress
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also in: press
content_tags.definitions[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsgrid score
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also in: grid score
content_tags.definitions[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsspatial information
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content_tags.definitions[5]the tagger's words
content_tagscognitive map
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also in: cognitive map
content_tags.definitions[6]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsplace cell
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also in: place cell
content_tags.definitions[7]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsgrid cell
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also in: grid cell
content_tags.definitions[8]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsinterneuron
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also in: interneuron
content_tags.definitions[9]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsmodulated
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also in: modulated
content_tags.definitions[10]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsspatial information
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content_tags.definitions[11]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsmutual information rate
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content_tags.variables[2]the tagger's words
content_tagsfiring field width
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content_tags.variables[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsputative interneurons
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content_tags.variables[5]the tagger's words
content_tagsbrief trials
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also in: brief trials
content_tags.variables[8]the tagger's words
content_tagsfrequency
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also in: frequency
content_tags.variables[9]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsduration
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also in: duration
content_tags.variables[10]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsgrid score
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also in: grid score
content_tags.variables[11]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsspatial information
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content_tags.variables[12]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsspeed
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also in: speed
content_tags.variables[13]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsenvironment
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also in: environment
content_tags.variables[14]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags2208 / 1164 — units recorded in dorsal CA1 (5 rats) and dorsal MEC (9 rats)
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content_tags.quantities[0]the tagger's words
content_tags40.0% and 51.3% — proportion of CA1 and MEC cells significantly modulated by the sound task
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content_tags.quantities[1]the tagger's words
content_tags70.8±2.6% — proportion of trials on which rats released the joystick inside the reward target zone
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content_tags.quantities[2]the tagger's words
content_tags1.7% compared to 31.1% — CA1 cells responding during passive playback versus during the active task
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content_tags.quantities[3]the tagger's words
content_tags25.1% of 295 — share of place cells that were also modulated by the sound task
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content_tags.quantities[4]the tagger's words
content_tags34.3% of 105 — share of grid cells that were also modulated by the sound task
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content_tags.quantities[5]the tagger's words
content_tagsr 2 =0.0054 and r 2 =0.0053 — variance in sound-task modulation explained by placeness and by gridness
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content_tags.quantities[6]the tagger's words
content_tags2.49±0.29 s and 1.16±0.05 s — mean field width in the rewarded passive-playback task versus the active sound task
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content_tags.quantities[7]the tagger's words
content_tags26%, 23% and 51% — share of CA1 sound-period fields aligned to joystick press, to release, and to sound frequency
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content_tags.quantities[8]the tagger's words
content_tags0.78±0.02 s and 1.36±0.05 s — sound-task field widths for grid module 1 versus modules 2/3
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content_tags.quantities[9]the tagger's words
content_tags0.46 — the grid score above which a cell is a grid cell - the 95th percentile of THIS dataset's own shuffles, not a constant
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content_tags.quantities[10]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsr 2 =0.0054 — a very weak correlation between the amount of SMT modulation and placeness, against 0.0053 for gridness, suggesting nearly independent activity patterns in the two tasks
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content_tags.quantities[11]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags1.7% — cells responding to the identical sweeps outside the task, against 31.1% inside it
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content_tags.quantities[12]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags20.2% — cells responding once a reward was added to the same passive sweeps
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content_tags.quantities[13]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags25.1% — of 295 place cells modulated in the sound task, against 34.3% of 105 grid cells
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[14]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags0.146±0.002 — coefficient of variation of trial duration against 0.046±0.005 for release frequency - the ratio that identifies the strategy
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[15]1.0the tagger's words

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