Early remodeling of the neocortex upon episodic memory encoding

Bero, Meng, Cho, Shen, Canter, Ericsson, Tsai · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2014 · neuroscience · 10.1073/pnas.1408378111 · record Bero2014-early-remodeling-of-the-neocortex-upon-episo
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. method is recorded as 'animal-experiment' rather than one of the suggested labels because no single listed method fits: the paper combines genome-wide RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, transmission electron microscopy, Golgi-Cox spine morphology, ex vivo whole-cell patch clamp (electrophysiology), in vivo optogenetics and mouse fear-conditioning behaviour; tagging it 'electrophysiology' would misrepresent the design. Claim type is 'existence' for the headline finding (early neocortical remodeling occurs), but the optogenetic half is a causal/mechanism claim ('activity of excitatory mPFC neurons is required for hippocampal activation and formation of long-term memory') that the single-value facet cannot hold. Only one self-stated limitation appears in the text; the AD-related passages are forward-looking speculation rather than stated limits. 2026-08-12, 2026-08-14 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

7 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
episodic memory 3 fields · transmission electron microscopy 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 24 concept tags on this paper, 2 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

episodic memory memory encoding systems-level memory consolidation medial prefrontal cortex contextual fear conditioning transcriptome immediate early gene active zone postsynaptic density docked synaptic vesicles dendritic spines thin spines mushroom spines miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents synaptophysin optogenetic inhibition halorhodopsin entorhinal cortex hippocampus remote memory recent and remote long-term memory synaptic efficacy aerobic glycolysis microglia Excitatory mPFC neurons fire during encoding and drive activation of the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit, which in turn permits long-term memory to form Encoding rapidly reprograms mPFC gene expression, and this transcriptional shift primes the local circuit for the structural and functional synaptic plasticity that follows optogenetic remote recent RNA sequencing Golgi transmission electron microscopy CaMKII stage-dependent directionality model of memory-relevant information flow stage-dependent directionality model mPFC transcriptome immediate early gene expression active zone and postsynaptic density length ratio of thin spines to mushroom spines mEPSC frequency Zif268 expression freezing basal locomotor activity sensitivity to foot shock correlation Pearson r p-value standard error of the mean mean ± SEM genome-wide RNA sequencing Ingenuity Gene Network Analyses quantitative RT-PCR experiment

Method, as described: animal-experiment

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408378111. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 9 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 6 · concepts 2 · content_tags 53 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 5 · mechanisms 13 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 6 · transfers 2

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	whether the neocortex remodels early during memory encoding, rather than only weeks later during consolidation, and whether prefrontal activity is required for hippocampal engagement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	how does the prefrontal cortex contribute to long-term memory encoding, a role established correlationally but not mechanistically Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	shows encoding triggers transcriptional, structural and functional remodeling of medial prefrontal cortex within an hour, and that silencing those neurons during encoding blocks hippocampal activation and long-term memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	neocortical remodeling during episodic memory encoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: experiment	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Excitatory mPFC neurons fire during encoding and drive activation of the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit, which in turn permits long-term memory to form	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Encoding rapidly reprograms mPFC gene expression, and this transcriptional shift primes the local circuit for the structural and functional synaptic plasticity that follows	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	an epoch is isolated rather than a region: excitatory prefrontal neurons are silenced only during the conditioning session, and memory is measured a day and a month afterwards Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the apparent contradiction with the standard model is resolved by indexing both claims to a stage rather than choosing between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	five measurements at five levels of description are stacked on one claim - transcript, ultrastructure, spine morphology, synaptic current, and causal necessity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the control condition is selected by measurement: context exposure produced more immediate-early gene expression than foot shock alone, so it becomes the conservative comparison throughout Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	unchanged total synapse density is what licenses the claim that existing circuitry was remodeled rather than new synapses added Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the optogenetic manipulation is verified to have worked before its behavioural consequence is interpreted, by measuring the activity marker it was meant to suppress Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the causal chain is traced outward one structure at a time - prefrontal, then entorhinal, then CA1 - rather than asserted from the endpoints Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	behavioural specificity is checked against the two obvious confounds, locomotion and shock sensitivity, both of which are unaffected Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the transcriptional result is read as a direction rather than a list: plasticity-promoting genes up, plasticity-suppressing genes down Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
mechanisms	sequencing results are confirmed on independent samples by a second assay before being built on Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[11]`	0.85	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the encoding signature is compared with a disease signature and found to be its inverse, which converts a description into a prediction about pathology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The study does not establish the relative contributions of other nodes of the distributed neocortical network to hippocampal-dependent memory formation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the specificity of the mPFC result: FUTURE STUDIES DELINEATING THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF VARIOUS NODES OF THE NEOCORTICAL NETWORK ... WILL LIKELY PROVIDE CRITICAL INSIGHT	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	which neocortical inputs drive hippocampal activation at encoding was unknown, and this paper identifies one without excluding others Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the state of the question this paper answers: THE NEOCORTICAL INPUTS THAT DRIVE HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVATION DURING MEMORY ENCODING ... REMAIN UNCLEAR	`limitations[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	encoding engages widely distributed circuits, so the relative contribution of each node remains to be apportioned Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - encoding ELICITS THE COORDINATED ACTIVITY OF WIDELY DISTRIBUTED NEURAL CIRCUITS, and the apportionment is not made here	`limitations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the mechanisms by which prefrontal pathology impairs memory in disease are still unclear, and the account offered is a possibility rather than a result Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the disease reading: THE mPFC IS AMONG THE FIRST BRAIN REGIONS TO DEVELOP AMYLOID-BETA PLAQUE DEPOSITION - an association offered, with the mechanism unestablished	`limitations[3]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	prior mechanistic work concentrated on consolidation and retrieval, so the encoding literature it is being compared against is thin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the comparison with the prefrontal memory literature: MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN MEMORY PROCESSING HAS LARGELY FOCUSED ON ITS ROLE IN MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND RETRIEVAL, not encoding	`limitations[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
transfers	genome-wide sequencing and gene-ontology network analysis, imported to turn a memory manipulation into a direction of transcriptional change rather than a candidate-gene test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
transfers	a light-driven chloride pump under a cell-type-specific promoter, which converts a regional correlation into an epoch-specific causal test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	context-exposed mice as the control group in the subsequent experiments, chosen over foot-shock-only animals because immediate early gene expression in mPFC was significantly greater in the context-exposed controls Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the mPFC activation reflects the context or the foot shock on its own rather than the association between them - and the control is chosen to be the HARDER comparison of the two · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	memory encoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: memory encoding	`concepts[1]`		the paper's words
concepts	active zone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: active zone	`concepts[7]`		the paper's words
senses	neocortical remodeling - as a late consolidation process occurring weeks to months after encoding versus as an early process within the hour; the paper shows both exist and indexes them by stage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the direction of hippocampal-neocortical influence - neocortex driving hippocampus at encoding, hippocampus driving neocortex at consolidation; the same pair of structures with the arrow reversed by stage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	dendritic spine - thin and plastic versus mushroom and stable; a morphological continuum read as two functional kinds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	synaptic change - as more synapses versus as remodeling of existing ones; unchanged total density decides it here Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	mEPSC frequency versus amplitude - presynaptic against postsynaptic locus, and only the first moved Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	recent versus remote long-term memory - 1 day against 30 days, tested separately because the standard model predicts prefrontal involvement only in the second Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: single-trial contextual fear conditioning in mice, assayed by genome-wide RNA-seq, transmission electron microscopy, Golgi-Cox spine morphology and whole-cell recording, with optogenetic silencing of excitatory mPFC neurons during encoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: experiment — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: long-term episodic memory encoding and the early plasticity that accompanies it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: neocortical remodeling during episodic memory encoding — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the prevailing view that neocortical reorganization is limited to late stages of memory processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHEN THE NEOCORTEX IS INVOLVED. The span states the view being contradicted in full: 'long-term memory encoding requires early and rapid plasticity within the hippocampus, Quotation withheld'. The disagreement is about TIMING - early against late - and not about whether the neocortex reorganises.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Marr's theoretical modeling work and the standard model of systems-level memory consolidation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → recent reports that prefrontal neurons are 'tagged' during encoding and are required for incorporating new information into existing schemas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the prevailing view that neocortical reorganization is limited to the late stages of memory processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: SAME SPAN AS [0], SAME AXIS: the timing of neocortical involvement, early against late. Two claim relations off one sentence, both contradicting the same prevailing view, and neither carried the parameter until now.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → neuroimaging work reporting hippocampal-prefrontal coactivation at encoding, which had identified the anomaly without a mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → the concentration of mechanistic prefrontal work on consolidation and retrieval rather than encoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → reports that prefrontal neurons are tagged at encoding and required for incorporating new information into existing schemas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the Marr-derived standard model in which the hippocampus integrates distributed neocortical input into a contextualised trace Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → the proposal that prefrontal metabolic properties suit it to learning-induced biosynthetic demand Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[8]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concept_edges	memory encoding —causes→ transcriptome Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says the transcriptome is reprogrammed during encoding; causes is loose. also in: memory encoding · transcriptome	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	memory encoding —causes→ active zone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 also in: memory encoding · active zone	`concept_edges[2]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	thin spines —contrasted-with→ mushroom spines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: thin spines · mushroom spines	`concept_edges[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	medial prefrontal cortex —operationalised-as→ immediate early gene Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but reduced Zif268 (immediate early gene) expression CONFIRMED that mPFC activation was prevented; operationalised-as is loose. also in: medial prefrontal cortex · immediate early gene	`concept_edges[5]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	synaptic efficacy —operationalised-as→ miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the efficacy of excitatory presynaptic transmission', not 'synaptic efficacy'. also in: synaptic efficacy · miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents	`concept_edges[7]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	episodic memory —operationalised-as→ contextual fear conditioning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 also in: episodic memory · contextual fear conditioning	`concept_edges[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	genome-wide RNA sequencing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: genome-wide RNA sequencing	`content_tags.statistics[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Ingenuity Gene Network Analyses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Ingenuity Gene Network Analyses	`content_tags.statistics[4]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	quantitative RT-PCR Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: quantitative RT-PCR	`content_tags.statistics[5]`	0.8	the tagger's words
content_tags	Pearson r Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Pearson r	`content_tags.statistics[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	One hour after contextual fear conditioning, 342 genes were differentially expressed in the medial prefrontal cortex relative to controls. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Memory encoding rapidly enlarged the active zone and postsynaptic density and increased docked vesicle number at individual mPFC synapses. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The ratio of thin to mushroom dendritic spines on mPFC pyramidal neurons rose within an hour of fear conditioning. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, but not amplitude, increased at mPFC synapses after encoding, indicating a presynaptic change. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Optogenetic silencing of excitatory mPFC neurons during encoding suppressed activity markers in hippocampal area CA1. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Silencing excitatory mPFC neurons only during encoding impaired both recent (1 day) and remote (30 day) fear memory. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Despite the structural and functional changes, the total number of mPFC synapses did not change, so the remodeling occurred in existing circuitry. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	342 genes were differentially expressed in mPFC an hour after fear conditioning, 121 up and 221 down Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	up-regulated genes formed a network for cAMP synthesis, neuritogenesis, long-term potentiation and axon guidance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	down-regulated genes were implicated in microglial proliferation, phagocyte activation and apoptosis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	an hour after conditioning the active zone and postsynaptic density had expanded and docked vesicle number had risen Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the three ultrastructural indices were highly correlated at individual synapses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the ratio of thin to mushroom spines rose an hour after conditioning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mEPSC frequency rose but amplitude did not, placing the change presynaptically Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	total synapse density was unchanged, so existing circuitry was remodeled rather than expanded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	silencing mPFC during encoding cut Zif268 and synaptophysin in hippocampal CA1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and in entorhinal cortex, the gateway between the two Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mice silenced during encoding froze less at both 1 day and 30 days Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	neither locomotion nor shock sensitivity differed between groups Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	context exposure alone raised mPFC immediate-early gene expression more than foot shock alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the encoding expression profile is the inverse of the Alzheimer profile - plasticity genes up and immune genes down, against immune up and plasticity down Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	contextual fear conditioning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: contextual fear conditioning	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	stage-dependent directionality model of memory-relevant information flow Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stage-dependent directionality model of memory-relevant information flow	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	contextual fear conditioning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: contextual fear conditioning	`content_tags.definitions[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Dendritic spines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Dendritic spines	`content_tags.definitions[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	stage-dependent directionality model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stage-dependent directionality model	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	thin spines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: thin spines	`content_tags.definitions[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mushroom spines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mushroom spines	`content_tags.definitions[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mPFC transcriptome Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mPFC transcriptome	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	immediate early gene expression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: immediate early gene expression	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	active zone and postsynaptic density length Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: active zone and postsynaptic density length	`content_tags.variables[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	ratio of thin spines to mushroom spines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ratio of thin spines to mushroom spines	`content_tags.variables[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mEPSC frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mEPSC frequency	`content_tags.variables[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Zif268 expression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Zif268 expression	`content_tags.variables[10]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	freezing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: freezing	`content_tags.variables[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	basal locomotor activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: basal locomotor activity	`content_tags.variables[12]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sensitivity to foot shock Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sensitivity to foot shock	`content_tags.variables[13]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	342 genes (121 up-regulated, 221 down-regulated) — Number of genes differentially expressed in mPFC one hour after fear conditioning versus control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Pearson r = 0.7991; P ≤ 0.0001 — Strength of the correlation between active zone length and docked synaptic vesicle number across individual synapses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	n = 77–92 — Number of individual synapses measured per group for active zone and postsynaptic density length by electron microscopy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	1 d and 30 d — Delays after training at which recent and remote long-term memory were tested Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	342 genes — differentially expressed in mPFC one hour after conditioning, 121 up and 221 down Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	1 h — the interval after conditioning at which every molecular and structural measure was taken Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. value source note: THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse mPFC 1 h following contextual…').	`content_tags.quantities[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	1 d and 30 d — recent and remote memory test points Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	2.5 ± 0.5 mo — age of the wild-type male mice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	GSE58510 — the GEO accession for the deposited sequencing data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.