phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | neocortical remodeling during episodic memory encoding— “Herein, we show that episodic memory encoding elicits early remodeling of neocortical circuits in mouse brain.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Here we report that long-term memory encoding can elicit early transcriptional, structural, and functional remodeling of the neocortex.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Parallel studies using genome-wide RNA sequencing, ultrastructural imaging, and whole-cell recording in wild-type mice suggest that contextual fear conditioning initiates a transcriptional program in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that is accompanied by rapid expansion of the synaptic active zone and postsynaptic density, enhanced… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here we report that long-term memory encoding can elicit early transcriptional, structural, and functional remodeling of the neocortex.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which the prefrontal cortex contributes to long-term memory encoding remain poorly understood.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Collectively, our results provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that episodic memory encoding can induce early transcriptional, structural, and functional remodeling of the neocortex and identify the mPFC as a critical regulator of entorhinal–hippocampal circuit activation and the formation of long-term memory.” | |
| transfer | from genomics: genome-wide sequencing and gene-ontology network analysis, imported to turn a memory manipulation into a direction of transcriptional change rather than a candidate-gene test— “Gene ontology and gene network analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed that genes up-regulated in the mPFC during associative memory encoding form a highly interconnected network involved in biological processes that promote synaptic plasticity and memory formation, including synthesis of cAMP, neuritogenesis, long-term… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from microbial optogenetics: a light-driven chloride pump under a cell-type-specific promoter, which converts a regional correlation into an epoch-specific causal test— “Next, we used an in vivo optogenetic approach to permit real-time manipulation of excitatory mPFC neuronal activity in freely behaving mice.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Excitatory mPFC neurons fire during encoding and drive activation of the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit, which in turn permits long-term memory to form— “Together, these data suggest that activity of excitatory mPFC neurons is required for entorhinal–hippocampal circuit activation during long-term associative memory encoding.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Encoding rapidly reprograms mPFC gene expression, and this transcriptional shift primes the local circuit for the structural and functional synaptic plasticity that follows— “These results suggest that the mPFC transcriptome is reprogrammed rapidly during associative memory encoding and that memory encoding primes the mPFC transcriptome for neuroplasticity.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | an epoch is isolated rather than a region: excitatory prefrontal neurons are silenced only during the conditioning session, and memory is measured a day and a month afterwards— “To address the real-time contribution of the mPFC to long-term memory encoding, we performed temporally precise optogenetic inhibition of excitatory mPFC neurons during contextual fear conditioning. Using this approach, we found that real-time inhibition of the mPFC inhibited activation of the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit and impaired the… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the apparent contradiction with the standard model is resolved by indexing both claims to a stage rather than choosing between them— “As previous data indicate that late-stage memory consolidation requires hippocampus-driven reorganization of neocortical circuits ( 5 , 16 ), our data support a stage-dependent directionality model of memory-relevant information flow, in which neocortex-driven hippocampal activity is critical for memory encoding and formation, whereas… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | five measurements at five levels of description are stacked on one claim - transcript, ultrastructure, spine morphology, synaptic current, and causal necessity— “Parallel studies using genome-wide RNA sequencing, ultrastructural imaging, and whole-cell recording in wild-type mice suggest that contextual fear conditioning initiates a transcriptional program in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that is accompanied by rapid expansion of the synaptic active zone and postsynaptic density, enhanced… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the control condition is selected by measurement: context exposure produced more immediate-early gene expression than foot shock alone, so it becomes the conservative comparison throughout— “Additionally, as immediate early gene expression in the mPFC was significantly greater in context-exposed control animals relative to control animals exposed only to foot shock, context-exposed mice served as controls in subsequent experiments” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | unchanged total synapse density is what licenses the claim that existing circuitry was remodeled rather than new synapses added | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the optogenetic manipulation is verified to have worked before its behavioural consequence is interpreted, by measuring the activity marker it was meant to suppress Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the causal chain is traced outward one structure at a time - prefrontal, then entorhinal, then CA1 - rather than asserted from the endpoints Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | behavioural specificity is checked against the two obvious confounds, locomotion and shock sensitivity, both of which are unaffected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the transcriptional result is read as a direction rather than a list: plasticity-promoting genes up, plasticity-suppressing genes down Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | sequencing results are confirmed on independent samples by a second assay before being built on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | the encoding signature is compared with a disease signature and found to be its inverse, which converts a description into a prediction about pathology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| contradicts | the prevailing view that neocortical reorganization is limited to late stages of memory processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Marr's theoretical modeling work and the standard model of systems-level memory consolidation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | recent reports that prefrontal neurons are 'tagged' during encoding and are required for incorporating new information into existing schemas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the prevailing view that neocortical reorganization is limited to the late stages of memory processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | neuroimaging work reporting hippocampal-prefrontal coactivation at encoding, which had identified the anomaly without a mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | the concentration of mechanistic prefrontal work on consolidation and retrieval rather than encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | reports that prefrontal neurons are tagged at encoding and required for incorporating new information into existing schemas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | the Marr-derived standard model in which the hippocampus integrates distributed neocortical input into a contextualised trace Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| supports | the proposal that prefrontal metabolic properties suit it to learning-induced biosynthetic demand Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | neocortical remodeling - as a late consolidation process occurring weeks to months after encoding versus as an early process within the hour; the paper shows both exist and indexes them by stage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the direction of hippocampal-neocortical influence - neocortex driving hippocampus at encoding, hippocampus driving neocortex at consolidation; the same pair of structures with the arrow reversed by stage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | dendritic spine - thin and plastic versus mushroom and stable; a morphological continuum read as two functional kinds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | synaptic change - as more synapses versus as remodeling of existing ones; unchanged total density decides it here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | mEPSC frequency versus amplitude - presynaptic against postsynaptic locus, and only the first moved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | recent versus remote long-term memory - 1 day against 30 days, tested separately because the standard model predicts prefrontal involvement only in the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | context-exposed mice as the control group in the subsequent experiments, chosen over foot-shock-only animals because immediate early gene expression in mPFC was significantly greater in the context-exposed controls — held — rules out that the mPFC activation reflects the context or the foot shock on its own rather than the association between them - and the control is chosen to be the HARDER comparison of the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | the prevailing view that neocortical reorganization is limited to late stages of memory processing — THE AXIS IS WHEN THE NEOCORTEX IS INVOLVED. The span states the view being contradicted in full: 'long-term memory encoding requires early and rapid plasticity within the hippocampus, whereas reorganization of the neocortex is limited to the late stages of memory processing'. The disagreement is about TIMING - early against late - and not about whether the neocortex reorganises. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| differs in | the prevailing view that neocortical reorganization is limited to the late stages of memory processing — SAME SPAN AS [0], SAME AXIS: the timing of neocortical involvement, early against late. Two claim relations off one sentence, both contradicting the same prevailing view, and neither carried the parameter until now. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| audit | memory encoding —causes→ transcriptome — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says the transcriptome is reprogrammed during encoding; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | memory encoding —causes→ transcriptome — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| effect direction | memory encoding —causes→ active zone — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | memory encoding —causes→ active zone — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| edge | thin spines —contrasted-with→ mushroom spines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | medial prefrontal cortex —operationalised-as→ immediate early gene — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but reduced Zif268 (immediate early gene) expression CONFIRMED that mPFC activation was prevented; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | medial prefrontal cortex —operationalised-as→ immediate early gene — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | synaptic efficacy —operationalised-as→ miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the efficacy of excitatory presynaptic transmission', not 'synaptic efficacy'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | synaptic efficacy —operationalised-as→ miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | episodic memory —operationalised-as→ contextual fear conditioning — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the specificity of the mPFC result: FUTURE STUDIES DELINEATING THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF VARIOUS NODES OF THE NEOCORTICAL NETWORK ... WILL LIKELY PROVIDE CRITICAL INSIGHT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the state of the question this paper answers: THE NEOCORTICAL INPUTS THAT DRIVE HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVATION DURING MEMORY ENCODING ... REMAIN UNCLEAR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - encoding ELICITS THE COORDINATED ACTIVITY OF WIDELY DISTRIBUTED NEURAL CIRCUITS, and the apportionment is not made here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the disease reading: THE mPFC IS AMONG THE FIRST BRAIN REGIONS TO DEVELOP AMYLOID-BETA PLAQUE DEPOSITION - an association offered, with the mechanism unestablished Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparison with the prefrontal memory literature: MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN MEMORY PROCESSING HAS LARGELY FOCUSED ON ITS ROLE IN MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND RETRIEVAL, not encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The study does not establish the relative contributions of other nodes of the distributed neocortical network to hippocampal-dependent memory formation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | which neocortical inputs drive hippocampal activation at encoding was unknown, and this paper identifies one without excluding others Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | encoding engages widely distributed circuits, so the relative contribution of each node remains to be apportioned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the mechanisms by which prefrontal pathology impairs memory in disease are still unclear, and the account offered is a possibility rather than a result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | prior mechanistic work concentrated on consolidation and retrieval, so the encoding literature it is being compared against is thin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | One hour after contextual fear conditioning, 342 genes were differentially expressed in the medial prefrontal cortex relative to controls. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Memory encoding rapidly enlarged the active zone and postsynaptic density and increased docked vesicle number at individual mPFC synapses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The ratio of thin to mushroom dendritic spines on mPFC pyramidal neurons rose within an hour of fear conditioning. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, but not amplitude, increased at mPFC synapses after encoding, indicating a presynaptic change. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Optogenetic silencing of excitatory mPFC neurons during encoding suppressed activity markers in hippocampal area CA1. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Silencing excitatory mPFC neurons only during encoding impaired both recent (1 day) and remote (30 day) fear memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Despite the structural and functional changes, the total number of mPFC synapses did not change, so the remodeling occurred in existing circuitry. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | 342 genes were differentially expressed in mPFC an hour after fear conditioning, 121 up and 221 down Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | up-regulated genes formed a network for cAMP synthesis, neuritogenesis, long-term potentiation and axon guidance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | down-regulated genes were implicated in microglial proliferation, phagocyte activation and apoptosis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | an hour after conditioning the active zone and postsynaptic density had expanded and docked vesicle number had risen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the three ultrastructural indices were highly correlated at individual synapses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the ratio of thin to mushroom spines rose an hour after conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | mEPSC frequency rose but amplitude did not, placing the change presynaptically Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | total synapse density was unchanged, so existing circuitry was remodeled rather than expanded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | silencing mPFC during encoding cut Zif268 and synaptophysin in hippocampal CA1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | and in entorhinal cortex, the gateway between the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | mice silenced during encoding froze less at both 1 day and 30 days Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | neither locomotion nor shock sensitivity differed between groups Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | context exposure alone raised mPFC immediate-early gene expression more than foot shock alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | the encoding expression profile is the inverse of the Alzheimer profile - plasticity genes up and immune genes down, against immune up and plasticity down Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| quantity | 342 genes (121 up-regulated, 221 down-regulated) — Number of genes differentially expressed in mPFC one hour after fear conditioning versus control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | Pearson r = 0.7991; P ≤ 0.0001 — Strength of the correlation between active zone length and docked synaptic vesicle number across individual synapses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | n = 77–92 — Number of individual synapses measured per group for active zone and postsynaptic density length by electron microscopy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 1 d and 30 d — Delays after training at which recent and remote long-term memory were tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 342 genes — differentially expressed in mPFC one hour after conditioning, 121 up and 221 down Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 1 h — the interval after conditioning at which every molecular and structural measure was taken Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| value source note | quantity — THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse mPFC 1 h following contextual…'). | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 1 d and 30 d — recent and remote memory test points Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 2.5 ± 0.5 mo — age of the wild-type male mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | GSE58510 — the GEO accession for the deposited sequencing data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| variable | mPFC transcriptome (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | immediate early gene expression (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | active zone and postsynaptic density length Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | ratio of thin spines to mushroom spines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | mEPSC frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | Zif268 expression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | freezing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | basal locomotor activity (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| variable | sensitivity to foot shock (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[13] |
| definition | contextual fear conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | stage-dependent directionality model of memory-relevant information flow Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | contextual fear conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Dendritic spines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | stage-dependent directionality model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | thin spines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | mushroom spines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | episodic memory, memory encoding, medial prefrontal cortex, contextual fear conditioning, transcriptome, immediate early gene, active zone, postsynaptic density, docked synaptic vesicles, dendritic spines, thin spines, mushroom spines, synaptophysin, optogenetic, halorhodopsin, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, remote, recent, synaptic efficacy, aerobic glycolysis, microglia, RNA sequencing, Golgi, transmission electron microscopy, CaMKII |
| concept | memory encoding — not defined in this paper's own words; the initial acquisition stage, distinguished throughout from consolidation and retrieval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | active zone — not defined in this paper's own words; the presynaptic release site, whose length indexes synaptic strengthening Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| correlation r | as written: Pearson r Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| p-value P | as written: P Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| genome-wide RNA sequencing | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Ingenuity Gene Network Analyses | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| quantitative RT-PCR | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Pearson r | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | single-trial contextual fear conditioning in mice, assayed by genome-wide RNA-seq, transmission electron microscopy, Golgi-Cox spine morphology and whole-cell recording, with optogenetic silencing of excitatory mPFC neurons during encoding — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | long-term episodic memory encoding and the early plasticity that accompanies it — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: neocortical remodeling during episodic memory encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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