x 10 9 may be x 10⁹, chi 2 5 may be chi-squared with five degrees of freedom, and 1 2 may be one half. Read any expression here against the published paper before relying on it.standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 1 of 7 relations here carries that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | Whether driving one cortical cell type is enough to create a network rhythm, and what that rhythm then does to sensory transmission. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | cortical gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | Synchronous inhibition from fast-spiking cells opens a narrow window in which excitation is effective, which is what synchronises the ensemble Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | The gamma band is a property of the circuit rather than of the drive: changing light intensity changes how much amplification occurs but not which frequencies are amplified Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | Stimulating at random frequencies still produces gamma, so the rhythm is emergent and does not have to be imposed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | The induced rhythm still needs excitatory feedback - blocking glutamate receptors abolishes it even while the interneurons keep firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | The functional consequence: inhibition blocks input at its peak and permits it after decay, which sharpens the timing of sensory responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | Cell-type targeting works through Cre-dependent expression, so the light acts only on neurons that already carry the driver Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The effect was not obtained in layer 5, so the result is confined to the layers where activation was observed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the laminar scope of the effect: WE DID NOT OBSERVE LIGHT ACTIVATION OF LAYER 5 FS CELLS (n=12 SITES IN 7 ANIMALS) | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Labelling efficiency falls off with distance from the injection, so the manipulated population is not uniform across the field Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: what 'the PV population' means at any distance from the injection: THE LABELLING EFFICIENCY OF AAV DIO ChR2-mCHERRY VARIED OVER DISTANCE FROM THE INJECTION SITE; CLOSE TO THE CENTRE OF THE INJECTION, >97% OF THE PV+ INTERNEURONS EXPRESSED ChR2-mCHERRY | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The excitatory comparison covers at most half the target population, against near-complete coverage on the inhibitory side Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '8.4×10 6', where the paper writes 10 to the power 6. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. · what this limits: the excitatory arm of the FS-versus-RS comparison, which is covered less completely than the inhibitory arm: AT LEAST 50% OF THE aCamKII+ NEURONS IN LAYER 2/3 EXPRESSED ChR2-mCHERRY (913 OF 1,638 CELLS) · for which use evidence status note: FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '8.4×10 6', where the paper writes 10 to the power 6. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The pyramidal-drive comparison at 40 Hz produced a small increase that did not reach significance, so the dissociation is asymmetric in strength Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the frequency specificity of the dissociation: RS STIMULATION AT 8 Hz CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF LFP POWER AT 8 Hz (P<0.001), WHEREAS RS STIMULATION AT 40 Hz CAUSED ONLY A SMALL, NONSIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN 40-Hz LFP POWER | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The phase-gating experiment rests on twenty cells in three animals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the phase-gating result: n=20 CELLS IN 3 ANIMALS, responses to a single vibrissa deflection at one of five phases relative to a single gamma cycle | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| transfers | a microbial light-sensitive cation channel is imported as the tool for driving a specific mammalian cortical cell type in vivo Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | the tagger's words | |
| controls | each imaging channel collected in MULTI-TRACK mode rather than simultaneously Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: optical cross-talk between channels - bleed from one fluorophore into another channel would appear as co-labelling that is not there · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gamma oscillations | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | fast-spiking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fast-spiking | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| senses | the causal claim - SUFFICIENCY: driving fast-spiking cells is enough to produce gamma, which is what the optogenetic activation shows Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the causal claim - NECESSITY: naturally occurring gamma depends on the same cells, shown by shifting its phase with a single pulse Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | the tagger's words | |
| senses | gamma - INDUCED by light: the rhythm created by driving interneurons, which is what most of the paper measures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | gamma - NATURALLY occurring: the spontaneous rhythm, a different object that the induced one is shown to connect with Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the frequency band - as set by the DRIVE: the alternative in which spike probability determines which band is enhanced Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the frequency band - as set by the CIRCUIT: resonance, which is what varying light intensity showed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis (prior computational models and recordings holding that gamma is generated by synchronous fast-spiking interneuron activity) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | supports → the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis derived from computational modelling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | supports → the account of gamma as gating synaptic input rhythmically to synchronise cell assemblies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → prior in vivo recordings showing sensory-evoked gamma and phase-locked pyramidal firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | fast-spiking —causes→ gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: driving the interneurons AMPLIFIES gamma, selectively across a wide drive range also in: fast-spiking · gamma oscillations | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | regular spiking —distinct-from→ gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but pyramidal activation amplifies ONLY LOWER-frequency oscillations, a double dissociation; distinct-from gamma is loose. also in: regular spiking · gamma oscillations | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | fast-spiking —causes→ inhibitory postsynaptic potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: fast-spiking · inhibitory postsynaptic potentials | concept_edges[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | inhibitory postsynaptic potentials —causes→ precision Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: inhibitory postsynaptic potentials · precision | concept_edges[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | phase —causes→ precision Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says precision was enhanced in a gamma-phase-dependent manner; 'phase causes precision' is loose. | concept_edges[4] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | AMPA —causes→ gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 also in: AMPA · gamma oscillations | concept_edges[5] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | resonant circuit property —contrasted-with→ spike probability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: resonant circuit property · spike probability | concept_edges[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Kruskal-Wallis test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Kruskal-Wallis test | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Optogenetically driving fast-spiking interneurons across a wide frequency range amplified oscillations selectively in the gamma band. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Driving FS cells at 20-80 Hz significantly amplified local field potential power at those frequencies. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | LFP power was selectively amplified in the gamma range whatever the light intensity or spike probability, though the drive affected the size of the enhancement. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | A single 1-ms light pulse to FS cells produced large fast IPSPs in nearby regular-spiking neurons, confirming direct monosynaptic inhibition. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Activating FS cells suppressed whisker-evoked responses in neighbouring excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The phase of the gamma cycle at which a whisker deflection arrived determined the amplitude, latency and temporal precision of the resulting cortical response. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Light-induced gamma depended on fast excitatory synaptic transmission, since blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors abolished it even while FS cells still fired strongly. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | A brief FS activation reset the phase of spontaneously occurring gamma oscillations, linking naturally occurring gamma to FS activity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | driving fast-spiking interneurons amplified the local field potential selectively in the 20-80 Hz band Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | driving excitatory neurons at 8-24 Hz raised LFP power at those frequencies but not at higher ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the amplified band did not move with light intensity or spike probability, so it is set by the circuit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | single pulses shifted the phase of naturally occurring gamma, linking the induced rhythm to the spontaneous one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the position of a whisker deflection within the gamma cycle changed the amplitude, latency and precision of the response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | activating the interneurons blocked whisker-evoked responses in neighbouring excitatory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cortical gamma oscillations (20–80 Hz) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | local field potential (LFP) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: local field potential (LFP) | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | double dissociation of cell-type-specific state induction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | channelrhodopsin-2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: channelrhodopsin-2 | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gamma oscillations | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | local field potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: local field potential | content_tags.definitions[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cell type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cell type | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | timing of the whisker deflection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: timing of the whisker deflection | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | relative power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: relative power | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | spike probability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spike probability | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | precision of sensory-evoked spikes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: precision of sensory-evoked spikes | content_tags.variables[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | LFP power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: LFP power | content_tags.variables[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | light intensity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: light intensity | content_tags.variables[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | untransduced contralateral barrel cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.variables[13] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 96.7±1.0% — proportion of ChR2-mCherry-expressing neurons that were parvalbumin-positive, confirming targeting specificity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | −67.6±1.9 mV — mean reversal potential of the light-evoked IPSPs, consistent with a GABA-A chloride conductance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 2.7±1.0 mV — mean peak amplitude of the light-evoked IPSP measured near −55 to −60 mV Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.5 to 0.75 ms — lead time by which light-evoked FS spikes preceded the onset of the postsynaptic IPSP Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | n =64 FS cells in 15 animals — number of fast-spiking single units recorded in PV–Cre mice (against 56 RS cells in 7 αCamKII–Cre mice) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 9.1 ± 0.08 ms — onset latency of layer 4 regular-spiking responses to whisker deflection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 20–80 Hz — the gamma band, the frequency range selectively amplified Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 96.7±1.0% — specificity of the targeting - labelled cells that really were parvalbumin-positive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | n =64 FS cells in 15 animals — the inhibitory recording sample Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.5 to 0.75 ms — how far the interneuron spike preceded the inhibitory potential it caused Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | −67.6±1.9 mV — the reversal potential identifying the current as GABA-A mediated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | five phases — the positions in the gamma cycle at which the whisker was deflected Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.