x 10 9 may be x 10⁹, chi 2 5 may be chi-squared with five degrees of freedom, and 1 2 may be one half. Read any expression here against the published paper before relying on it.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | cortical gamma oscillations— “Cortical gamma oscillations (20–80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Our data directly support the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis and provide the first causal evidence that distinct network activity states can be induced in vivo by cell-type-specific activation.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons.” | |
| transfer | from microbial/algal photobiology (a light-gated ion channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii): a microbial light-sensitive cation channel is imported as the tool for driving a specific mammalian cortical cell type in vivo— “we used the light-sensitive bacteriorhodopsin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a cation channel activated by ~470 nm blue light” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | Rhythmic FS-generated IPSPs gate sensory transmission: inhibition blocks input at its peak and releases it during decay, temporally sharpening cortical responses— “Our results indicate that the rhythmic, FS-induced IPSP restricts sensory transmission during its peak, and permits transmission after its decay, leading to a temporal sharpening of cortical sensory responses” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Increased FS firing recruits a resonance in the surrounding cortical network whose preferred band is set by the circuit's synaptic and biophysical properties— “One possible explanation for these results is that increased FS firing recruits resonant gamma-range activity in the surrounding local network as a function of the synaptic and biophysical properties of the cortical circuit.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Synchronous inhibition from fast-spiking cells opens a narrow window in which excitation is effective, which is what synchronises the ensemble— “Current theory predicts that gamma oscillations are generated by synchronous activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with the resulting rhythmic inhibition producing neural ensemble synchrony by generating a narrow window for effective excitation.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | The gamma band is a property of the circuit rather than of the drive: changing light intensity changes how much amplification occurs but not which frequencies are amplified— “Whereas drive affected the amplitude of enhancement, LFP power was selectively amplified within the gamma range regardless of light intensity or spike probability ( Fig. 3h ), indicating that the gamma oscillations evoked by FS activity are a resonant circuit property.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Stimulating at random frequencies still produces gamma, so the rhythm is emergent and does not have to be imposed— “In addition, randomly patterned light stimulation of FS cells with frequencies evenly distributed across a broad range evoked a significant increase in LFP power specific to the gamma range ( n =7 sites in 4… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | The induced rhythm still needs excitatory feedback - blocking glutamate receptors abolishes it even while the interneurons keep firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | The functional consequence: inhibition blocks input at its peak and permits it after decay, which sharpens the timing of sensory responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | Cell-type targeting works through Cre-dependent expression, so the light acts only on neurons that already carry the driver Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis (prior computational models and recordings holding that gamma is generated by synchronous fast-spiking interneuron activity) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| supports | the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis derived from computational modelling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| supports | the account of gamma as gating synaptic input rhythmically to synchronise cell assemblies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | prior in vivo recordings showing sensory-evoked gamma and phase-locked pyramidal firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| sense | the causal claim - SUFFICIENCY: driving fast-spiking cells is enough to produce gamma, which is what the optogenetic activation shows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the causal claim - NECESSITY: naturally occurring gamma depends on the same cells, shown by shifting its phase with a single pulse Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | gamma - INDUCED by light: the rhythm created by driving interneurons, which is what most of the paper measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | gamma - NATURALLY occurring: the spontaneous rhythm, a different object that the induced one is shown to connect with Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the frequency band - as set by the DRIVE: the alternative in which spike probability determines which band is enhanced Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | the frequency band - as set by the CIRCUIT: resonance, which is what varying light intensity showed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | each imaging channel collected in MULTI-TRACK mode rather than simultaneously — held — rules out optical cross-talk between channels - bleed from one fluorophore into another channel would appear as co-labelling that is not there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| effect direction | fast-spiking —causes→ gamma oscillations — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | fast-spiking —causes→ gamma oscillations — driving the interneurons AMPLIFIES gamma, selectively across a wide drive range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | regular spiking —distinct-from→ gamma oscillations — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but pyramidal activation amplifies ONLY LOWER-frequency oscillations, a double dissociation; distinct-from gamma is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | regular spiking —distinct-from→ gamma oscillations — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| edge | fast-spiking —causes→ inhibitory postsynaptic potentials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| edge | inhibitory postsynaptic potentials —causes→ precision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | phase —causes→ precision — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says precision was enhanced in a gamma-phase-dependent manner; 'phase causes precision' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | phase —causes→ precision — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | AMPA —causes→ gamma oscillations — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| edge | resonant circuit property —contrasted-with→ spike probability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the laminar scope of the effect: WE DID NOT OBSERVE LIGHT ACTIVATION OF LAYER 5 FS CELLS (n=12 SITES IN 7 ANIMALS) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — what 'the PV population' means at any distance from the injection: THE LABELLING EFFICIENCY OF AAV DIO ChR2-mCHERRY VARIED OVER DISTANCE FROM THE INJECTION SITE; CLOSE TO THE CENTRE OF THE INJECTION, >97% OF THE PV+ INTERNEURONS EXPRESSED ChR2-mCHERRY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| evidence status note | limitation — FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '8.4×10 6', where the paper writes 10 to the power 6. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the excitatory arm of the FS-versus-RS comparison, which is covered less completely than the inhibitory arm: AT LEAST 50% OF THE aCamKII+ NEURONS IN LAYER 2/3 EXPRESSED ChR2-mCHERRY (913 OF 1,638 CELLS) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use evidence status note | limitation — FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '8.4×10 6', where the paper writes 10 to the power 6. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the frequency specificity of the dissociation: RS STIMULATION AT 8 Hz CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF LFP POWER AT 8 Hz (P<0.001), WHEREAS RS STIMULATION AT 40 Hz CAUSED ONLY A SMALL, NONSIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN 40-Hz LFP POWER Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the phase-gating result: n=20 CELLS IN 3 ANIMALS, responses to a single vibrissa deflection at one of five phases relative to a single gamma cycle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The effect was not obtained in layer 5, so the result is confined to the layers where activation was observed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Labelling efficiency falls off with distance from the injection, so the manipulated population is not uniform across the field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The excitatory comparison covers at most half the target population, against near-complete coverage on the inhibitory side Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The pyramidal-drive comparison at 40 Hz produced a small increase that did not reach significance, so the dissociation is asymmetric in strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The phase-gating experiment rests on twenty cells in three animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Optogenetically driving fast-spiking interneurons across a wide frequency range amplified oscillations selectively in the gamma band. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Driving FS cells at 20-80 Hz significantly amplified local field potential power at those frequencies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | LFP power was selectively amplified in the gamma range whatever the light intensity or spike probability, though the drive affected the size of the enhancement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | A single 1-ms light pulse to FS cells produced large fast IPSPs in nearby regular-spiking neurons, confirming direct monosynaptic inhibition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Activating FS cells suppressed whisker-evoked responses in neighbouring excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The phase of the gamma cycle at which a whisker deflection arrived determined the amplitude, latency and temporal precision of the resulting cortical response. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Light-induced gamma depended on fast excitatory synaptic transmission, since blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors abolished it even while FS cells still fired strongly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | A brief FS activation reset the phase of spontaneously occurring gamma oscillations, linking naturally occurring gamma to FS activity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | driving fast-spiking interneurons amplified the local field potential selectively in the 20-80 Hz band Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | driving excitatory neurons at 8-24 Hz raised LFP power at those frequencies but not at higher ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the amplified band did not move with light intensity or spike probability, so it is set by the circuit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | single pulses shifted the phase of naturally occurring gamma, linking the induced rhythm to the spontaneous one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the position of a whisker deflection within the gamma cycle changed the amplitude, latency and precision of the response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | activating the interneurons blocked whisker-evoked responses in neighbouring excitatory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| quantity | 96.7±1.0% — proportion of ChR2-mCherry-expressing neurons that were parvalbumin-positive, confirming targeting specificity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | −67.6±1.9 mV — mean reversal potential of the light-evoked IPSPs, consistent with a GABA-A chloride conductance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 2.7±1.0 mV — mean peak amplitude of the light-evoked IPSP measured near −55 to −60 mV Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.5 to 0.75 ms — lead time by which light-evoked FS spikes preceded the onset of the postsynaptic IPSP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | n =64 FS cells in 15 animals — number of fast-spiking single units recorded in PV–Cre mice (against 56 RS cells in 7 αCamKII–Cre mice) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 9.1 ± 0.08 ms — onset latency of layer 4 regular-spiking responses to whisker deflection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 20–80 Hz — the gamma band, the frequency range selectively amplified Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 96.7±1.0% — specificity of the targeting - labelled cells that really were parvalbumin-positive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | n =64 FS cells in 15 animals — the inhibitory recording sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 0.5 to 0.75 ms — how far the interneuron spike preceded the inhibitory potential it caused Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | −67.6±1.9 mV — the reversal potential identifying the current as GABA-A mediated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | five phases — the positions in the gamma cycle at which the whisker was deflected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | cell type (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | timing of the whisker deflection (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | relative power (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | spike probability (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | precision of sensory-evoked spikes (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | LFP power (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | light intensity (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| variable | untransduced contralateral barrel cortex (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[13] |
| definition | channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | cortical gamma oscillations (20–80 Hz) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | local field potential (LFP) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | double dissociation of cell-type-specific state induction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | channelrhodopsin-2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | gamma oscillations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | local field potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | gamma oscillations, fast-spiking, regular spiking, channelrhodopsin-2, optogenetic, parvalbumin, local field potential, double dissociation, resonant circuit property, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, barrel cortex, vibrissa, phase, precision, spike probability |
| concept | gamma oscillations — not defined in this paper's own words; 20-80 Hz cortical rhythm, associated with attention and disrupted in disease Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | fast-spiking — not defined in this paper's own words; the parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneuron class whose synchrony is hypothesised to generate gamma Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| t-test P | as written: paired t -test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA P | as written: 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Kruskal-Wallis test P | as written: Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| standard error of the mean | as written: mean ± s.e.m. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard deviation | as written: mean±s.d. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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