Prefrontal Contributions to Metacognition in Perceptual Decision Making

Fleming, Huijgen, Dolan · Journal of Neuroscience · 2012 · neuroscience · 10.1523/jneurosci.6489-11.2012 · record Fleming2012-prefrontal-contributions-to-metacognition-in
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. This is the same group's follow-up to Fleming2010 (also in this corpus) and cites it as 'Fleming et al., 2010b'; the behavioural dissociation between metacognitive ability and type-1 performance is explicitly reported as a replication, but the new rlPFC functional claim is itself untested elsewhere, hence replication status untested. The PMC/HTML source carries navigation boilerplate and figure legends above the body; all quotes were taken from the abstract, results, or discussion prose. Spaces inside parentheses ('( Fig. 1 )', '( A roc )') are the source's own. 2026-08-13 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
uncertainty 6 fields · confidence 5 fields · standard deviation 3 fields · fMRI 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 13 concept tags on this paper, 1 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

metacognition metacognitive ability rostrolateral prefrontal cortex rlPFC confidence object meta type 2 staircase Follow condition psychophysiological interaction fluid intelligence dACC rostrolateral PFC re-represents object-level decision uncertainty at the meta level, which is what makes an explicit confidence report possible object-level uncertainty signals computed within the decision circuitry are re-coded for use in report, rather than confidence being read off the decision itself metacognitive accuracy arises from trial-by-trial access to internal decision uncertainty, not from monitoring one's own reaction time rostrolateral prefrontal signal detection perceptual decision self-report insight object level receiver operating characteristic fMRI yoked uncertainty A roc psychophysiological interaction (PPI) three criteria decision confidence fMRI time series type 1 reaction time motion correction parameters reported confidence signal detection theory receiver operating characteristic / area under the curve t-test (paired) paired t test t-test (one-sample) one-sample t test correlation Pearson product–moment correlation partial correlation partial r regression linear regression model general linear model general linear model (GLM) random-effects group analysis second-level random effects analysis using one-sample t tests against zero multiple-comparison correction corrected, at the cluster level for multiple comparisons using a cluster-defining threshold standard deviation type 1 signal detection theory area under the type 2 ROC orthogonalisation against reaction time

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.6489-11.2012. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 7 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 4 · concepts 1 · content_tags 50 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 10 · mechanisms 9 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 4 · transfers 2

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	the neural basis of metacognitive awareness of one's own perceptual decisions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	which brain region supports metacognitive report, as opposed to the decision itself Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	identifies right rostrolateral PFC by three pre-stated criteria, and proposes it re-represents object-level uncertainty in a form usable for report Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	metacognition of perceptual decisions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	fmri Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fmri	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: rostrolateral PFC re-represents object-level decision uncertainty at the meta level, which is what makes an explicit confidence report possible	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: object-level uncertainty signals computed within the decision circuitry are re-coded for use in report, rather than confidence being read off the decision itself	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: metacognitive accuracy arises from trial-by-trial access to internal decision uncertainty, not from monitoring one's own reaction time	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	a staircase equates objective performance across individuals, so metacognitive ability is not confounded by task performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the Follow condition is yoked to the Report condition, matching the motor act of moving the cursor without any confidence judgment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the starting cursor position is jittered to prevent motor preparation from carrying the confidence signal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	no feedback is given, so confidence cannot be updated from knowledge of accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the proposal: object-level uncertainty represented elsewhere is re-represented in rlPFC in a form suitable for explicit report Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	metacognitive ability is measured as area under the type 2 ROC, distinct from type 1 sensitivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The region-wise correlations linking confidence-related activity to metacognitive accuracy were not corrected for multiple comparisons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the region-wise correlation results only: TESTING FOR REGIONAL CORRELATIONS WAS CARRIED OUT WITHOUT CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS, AND THUS A POSITIVE RESULT HERE SHOULD BE TEMPERED BY THIS CAVEAT	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The study cannot separate the respective contributions of rostrolateral (BA10) and dorsolateral (BA46) prefrontal cortex to metacognitive ability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any attribution to a specific prefrontal subregion: THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF RLPFC (BA10) AND DLPFC (BA46) IN METACOGNITIVE ABILITY IS NOT YET CLEAR	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Whether the rlPFC account generalises beyond perceptual decisions to mnemonic metacognition is not settled by these data. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the domain-generality claim: FURTHER COMPARISON OF PERCEPTUAL AND MNEMONIC TASKS IS REQUIRED to separate domain-specific from domain-general substrates	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	the regional correlations were tested without correction for multiple comparisons, and the authors say the positive result should be tempered by it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - the uncorrected regional correlations	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	some connectivity activations did not survive correction and are reported uncorrected Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the visual-cortex activations: ADDITIONAL ACTIVATIONS WERE OBSERVED IN PRIMARY AND EXTRASTRIATE VISUAL CORTEX THAT DID NOT SURVIVE CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS (p < 0.001, UNCORRECTED)	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the respective roles of rlPFC and dlPFC in metacognitive ability are stated to be unclear Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - the respective roles of rlPFC and dlPFC in metacognitive ability cannot be separated here	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	whether the region serves metacognition outside perceptual decisions is an open question Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the domain of the rlPFC finding: WHETHER rlPFC ACTIVITY PLAYS A ROLE IN METACOGNITION IN DOMAINS OUTSIDE OF EVALUATION OF PERCEPTUAL DECISION MAKING IS AN OPEN QUESTION	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	a localiser scan was collected and then dropped because the main analysis found no visual cortex effects Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the visual-cortex question specifically, which was closed by the main analysis rather than by the data collected for it: AS OUR INITIAL WHOLE-BRAIN ANALYSES DID NOT FIND EFFECTS IN VISUAL CORTEX, WE DO NOT ANALYZE THESE DATA FURTHER HERE	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	three subjects excluded for performance, one more from the intelligence analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the sample every effect rests on: WE EXCLUDED THREE SUBJECTS FROM FURTHER ANALYSIS DUE TO TYPE 1 d' SCORES >2 SDs FROM THE GROUP MEAN. TWENTY-THREE SUBJECTS WERE INCLUDED	`limitations[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	metacognitive ability did not correlate with fluid intelligence, reported as a null Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any account linking metacognition to general ability: METACOGNITIVE ABILITY DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATE WITH FLUID INTELLIGENCE (g)	`limitations[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the type 1 versus type 2 distinction, which is what makes metacognition measurable separately from performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the object-level versus meta-level model, imported as the framework for perceptual metacognition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	a MATCHED control condition against which self-report activity was compared Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that right rostrolateral prefrontal activity reflects the act of reporting, the button press or the task's difficulty rather than metacognition · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concepts	metacognition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: metacognition	`concepts[0]`	0.85	the paper's words
senses	metacognitive ability is defined so as to be independent of task performance - measured by type 2 ROC after a staircase equates type 1 sensitivity across people Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	object level and meta level are distinguished as monitoring and controlling versus being monitored, which is what makes the two separable in principle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	confidence is instructed as RELATIVE rather than absolute, because the task is too hard for certainty Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	0.85	the tagger's words
senses	the paper distinguishes object-level uncertainty, which other studies measure, from metacognitive report, and argues the earlier work cannot separate them without concurrent reports Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: fMRI during a face/house discrimination with staircased difficulty and concurrent confidence ratings, against a yoked motor-matched control condition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: fmri — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: metacognition of decision performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: metacognition of perceptual decisions — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Rounis et al. (2010); Fleming et al. (2010b); Yokoyama et al. (2010) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → Song et al. (2011); Maniscalco and Lau (2012) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Fleming et al. (2010b); Kornbrot (2006) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → structural and TMS evidence that anterior PFC supports metacognitive accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → studies of decision confidence that manipulate difficulty without collecting concurrent confidence reports Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	distinguishes-from → left rlPFC, dACC and right PPC, which track confidence but do not predict metacognitive ability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS TRACKING VERSUS PREDICTING. 'Quotation withheld.' All these regions carry a confidence signal; only one predicts how good the metacognition is. Two different tests, and the regions separate on the second - so a study that only measured tracking would report them as equivalent.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the expectation that metacognitive ability tracks fluid intelligence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	metacognitive ability —operationalised-as→ type 2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: metacognitive ability · type 2	`concept_edges[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	meta —distinct-from→ object Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the model that licenses treating them as separable at all also in: meta · object	`concept_edges[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	metacognitive ability —distinct-from→ fluid intelligence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: argued from a null, which the paper reports plainly Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but metacognitive ability did NOT CORRELATE with fluid intelligence; distinct-from rests on a null correlation. also in: metacognitive ability · fluid intelligence	`concept_edges[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	rlPFC —distinct-from→ dACC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER CONFIDENCE-RELATED ACTIVITY PREDICTS METACOGNITIVE ABILITY. 'Quotation withheld.' All these regions TRACK confidence; only one predicts how good the metacognition is. Tracking and predicting are different tests and the regions separate on the second, not the first. · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: both track confidence; only rlPFC predicts metacognitive ability, which is the paper's third criterion doing the separating also in: rlPFC · dACC	`concept_edges[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	signal detection theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: signal detection theory	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	receiver operating characteristic / area under the curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: receiver operating characteristic / area under the curve	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	t-test (paired) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test (paired)	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	t-test (one-sample) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test (one-sample)	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	partial correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: partial correlation	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: regression	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	general linear model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: general linear model	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	random-effects group analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: random-effects group analysis	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	multiple-comparison correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multiple-comparison correction	`content_tags.statistics[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation	`content_tags.statistics[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	type 1 signal detection theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: type 1 signal detection theory	`content_tags.statistics[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	area under the type 2 ROC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: area under the type 2 ROC	`content_tags.statistics[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	psychophysiological interaction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: psychophysiological interaction	`content_tags.statistics[13]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	orthogonalisation against reaction time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: orthogonalisation against reaction time	`content_tags.statistics[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Right rostrolateral prefrontal cortex met all three of the paper's criteria for a role in metacognition: greater activity during self-report, correlation with confidence, and prediction of metacognitive ability across people. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Confidence-related activity was exclusively negative: dACC, right posterior parietal cortex and bilateral rlPFC scaled inversely with reported confidence and no region scaled positively with it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Metacognitive ability was statistically independent of perceptual task performance, replicating an earlier dissociation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Simply moving the confidence cursor in the control (Follow) condition did not modulate activity in the confidence-sensitive regions, showing the effect is specific to genuine self-report. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Functional connectivity of right rlPFC with contralateral prefrontal cortex and occipital cortex rose during metacognitive report relative to the control condition. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The confidence effect in right rlPFC was not an artefact of reaction time, since it survived orthogonalizing confidence with respect to RT. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The individual-differences effect was lateralized: left rlPFC showed no relationship between confidence-related activity and metacognitive ability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	right rlPFC activity was greater during confidence report than in the yoked control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the strength of the confidence-activity relation in right rlPFC predicted metacognitive ability across people, r = -0.47 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	no such correlation in left rlPFC, r = 0.024 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence-related activity was absent in the Follow condition, so using the scale is not sufficient to produce it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	activity did not differentiate correct from incorrect trials, so it is not an error signal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the confidence effect survived orthogonalising against reaction time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	connectivity between right rlPFC and contralateral PFC and occipital cortex rose during report Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	metacognitive ability did not correlate with fluid intelligence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A roc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A roc	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	psychophysiological interaction (PPI) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: psychophysiological interaction (PPI)	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	metacognitive ability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: metacognitive ability	`content_tags.definitions[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	three criteria Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: three criteria	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	decision confidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: decision confidence	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	fMRI time series Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fMRI time series	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	metacognitive ability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: metacognitive ability	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	type 1 reaction time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: type 1 reaction time	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	motion correction parameters Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: motion correction parameters	`content_tags.variables[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	reported confidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reported confidence	`content_tags.variables[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	n = 23 — number of participants retained for analysis after exclusions, with age range and mean age Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	70.6 ± 3.2 — mean percentage of correct face/house decisions held near threshold by the staircase during scanning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	r = −0.47, p = 0.025 — across-subject correlation between the right rlPFC confidence beta and metacognitive ability (A roc), the paper's key individual-differences result Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mean R 2 = 0.98 — goodness of fit of the type 2 signal detection model to the confidence rating data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	1087 ms vs 971 ms — mean reaction time on incorrect versus correct perceptual decisions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mean r = −0.32 ± 0.09 — within-subject correlation between reaction time and reported confidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	26 recruited, 3 excluded for performance, 23 analysed — the sample after exclusions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	r = -0.47, p = 0.025, partial r = -0.46 controlling for d prime — the third criterion in right rlPFC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	r = 0.024, p = 0.91 — the same test in left rlPFC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	t(22) = 2.35, p = 0.028 — the confidence effect after controlling for reaction time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.