phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | metacognition of perceptual decisions— “Here, we address this question by asking participants to perform perceptual decisions while providing concurrent metacognitive reports during fMRI scanning.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “In summary, our results provide evidence that rlPFC plays a central role in linking decision confidence to metacognitive reports.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We scanned 23 participants while they carried out a perceptual decision task followed by ratings of decision confidence ( Fig. 1 ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “In contrast, how the human brain generates metacognitive awareness of task performance remains unclear.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Here we propose three criteria to triangulate brain region(s) functionally involved in metacognitive reports. First, activity should increase during metacognitive ratings compared to a matched control condition ( Yokoyama et al., 2010 ). Second, this activity should correlate with subjective confidence. Based on previous studies of confidence… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We show that activity in right rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (rlPFC) satisfies three constraints for a role in metacognitive aspects of decision-making. Right rlPFC showed greater activity during self-report compared to a matched control condition, activity in this region correlated with reported confidence, and the strength of the… | |
| transfer | from signal detection theory: the type 1 versus type 2 distinction, which is what makes metacognition measurable separately from performance— “Perceptual performance was assessed using type 1 signal detection theory (SDT; Green and Swets, 1966 ). We calculated sensitivity” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from metamemory research: the object-level versus meta-level model, imported as the framework for perceptual metacognition— “An influential model of metacognition postulates a dissociation between the “object” level cognition and the “meta” level, conceptualized as monitoring and controlling the object level” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | rostrolateral PFC re-represents object-level decision uncertainty at the meta level, which is what makes an explicit confidence report possible— “We discuss these findings in a theoretical framework where rlPFC re-represents object-level decision uncertainty to facilitate metacognitive report.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | object-level uncertainty signals computed within the decision circuitry are re-coded for use in report, rather than confidence being read off the decision itself— “Instead, we suggest that these studies reveal neural representations of object-level task uncertainty that may be then re-represented for use in metacognitive report.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | metacognitive accuracy arises from trial-by-trial access to internal decision uncertainty, not from monitoring one's own reaction time— “Instead, our behavioral data support an account where above-chance metacognitive ability is supported by trial-to-trial access to decision uncertainty.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | a staircase equates objective performance across individuals, so metacognitive ability is not confounded by task performance— “The aim of the staircase procedure was to equate objective performance across individuals, thus rendering metacognitive accuracy unconfounded by variation in task performance.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the Follow condition is yoked to the Report condition, matching the motor act of moving the cursor without any confidence judgment— “The Follow condition was yoked to the Report condition such that half of the previous 10 Report ratings were randomly selected to specify the current block of Follow target positions.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the starting cursor position is jittered to prevent motor preparation from carrying the confidence signal— “The initial cursor position on each trial was randomly jittered around the midpoint of the scale (±12% of scale length) to discourage advance motor preparation of the confidence response.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | no feedback is given, so confidence cannot be updated from knowledge of accuracy— “No feedback was given as to whether the perceptual decision was correct or incorrect.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the proposal: object-level uncertainty represented elsewhere is re-represented in rlPFC in a form suitable for explicit report— “Instead, we suggest that these studies reveal neural representations of object-level task uncertainty that may be then re-represented for use in metacognitive report. The mechanism underlying this process, particularly across different species, remains an open question.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | metacognitive ability is measured as area under the type 2 ROC, distinct from type 1 sensitivity— “Metacognitive ability ( A roc ) was calculated as documented previously ( Fleming et al., 2010b ) by calculating the area under the type 2 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) using nonparametric methods” | mechanisms[8] |
| extends | Rounis et al. (2010); Fleming et al. (2010b); Yokoyama et al. (2010)— “Our work complements and extends previous studies implicating a dependence of metacognitive ability on anterior PFC structure and function ( Rounis et al., 2010 ; Fleming et al., 2010b ; Yokoyama et al., 2010 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Song et al. (2011); Maniscalco and Lau (2012)— “Behaviorally, we replicate previous findings that variation in metacognitive ability can be dissociated from variation in metacognition due to task performance ( Song et al., 2011 ; Maniscalco and Lau, 2012 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Fleming et al. (2010b); Kornbrot (2006)— “Metacognitive ability ( A roc ) was calculated as documented previously ( Fleming et al., 2010b ) by calculating the area under the type 2 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) using nonparametric methods ( Kornbrot, 2006 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | structural and TMS evidence that anterior PFC supports metacognitive accuracy— “We discuss these findings in a theoretical framework where rlPFC re-represents object-level decision uncertainty to facilitate metacognitive report.” | claim_relations[3] |
| qualifies | studies of decision confidence that manipulate difficulty without collecting concurrent confidence reports— “However, in the absence of concurrent reports of decision confidence (e.g., post-decision wagers) it is difficult to assess the… | claim_relations[4] |
| distinguishes-from | left rlPFC, dACC and right PPC, which track confidence but do not predict metacognitive ability | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | the expectation that metacognitive ability tracks fluid intelligence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | metacognitive ability is defined so as to be independent of task performance - measured by type 2 ROC after a staircase equates type 1 sensitivity across people Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | object level and meta level are distinguished as monitoring and controlling versus being monitored, which is what makes the two separable in principle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | confidence is instructed as RELATIVE rather than absolute, because the task is too hard for certainty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the paper distinguishes object-level uncertainty, which other studies measure, from metacognitive report, and argues the earlier work cannot separate them without concurrent reports Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | a MATCHED control condition against which self-report activity was compared — held — rules out that right rostrolateral prefrontal activity reflects the act of reporting, the button press or the task's difficulty rather than metacognition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | left rlPFC, dACC and right PPC, which track confidence but do not predict metacognitive ability — THE AXIS IS TRACKING VERSUS PREDICTING. 'Unlike in right rlPFC, confidence-related activity in these regions did not significantly predict metacognitive ability across individuals.' All these regions carry a confidence signal; only one predicts how good the metacognition is. Two different tests, and the regions separate on the second - so a study that only measured tracking would report them as equivalent. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| edge | metacognitive ability —operationalised-as→ type 2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | meta —distinct-from→ object — the model that licenses treating them as separable at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | metacognitive ability —distinct-from→ fluid intelligence — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but metacognitive ability did NOT CORRELATE with fluid intelligence; distinct-from rests on a null correlation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | metacognitive ability —distinct-from→ fluid intelligence — argued from a null, which the paper reports plainly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | metacognitive ability —distinct-from→ fluid intelligence — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| differs in | rlPFC —distinct-from→ dACC — THE AXIS IS WHETHER CONFIDENCE-RELATED ACTIVITY PREDICTS METACOGNITIVE ABILITY. 'Unlike in right rlPFC, confidence-related activity in these regions did not significantly predict metacognitive ability across individuals.' All these regions TRACK confidence; only one predicts how good the metacognition is. Tracking and predicting are different tests and the regions separate on the second, not the first. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | rlPFC —distinct-from→ dACC — both track confidence; only rlPFC predicts metacognitive ability, which is the paper's third criterion doing the separating Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | rlPFC —distinct-from→ dACC — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the region-wise correlation results only: TESTING FOR REGIONAL CORRELATIONS WAS CARRIED OUT WITHOUT CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS, AND THUS A POSITIVE RESULT HERE SHOULD BE TEMPERED BY THIS CAVEAT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any attribution to a specific prefrontal subregion: THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF RLPFC (BA10) AND DLPFC (BA46) IN METACOGNITIVE ABILITY IS NOT YET CLEAR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the domain-generality claim: FURTHER COMPARISON OF PERCEPTUAL AND MNEMONIC TASKS IS REQUIRED to separate domain-specific from domain-general substrates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the uncorrected regional correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the visual-cortex activations: ADDITIONAL ACTIVATIONS WERE OBSERVED IN PRIMARY AND EXTRASTRIATE VISUAL CORTEX THAT DID NOT SURVIVE CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS (p < 0.001, UNCORRECTED) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the respective roles of rlPFC and dlPFC in metacognitive ability cannot be separated here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the domain of the rlPFC finding: WHETHER rlPFC ACTIVITY PLAYS A ROLE IN METACOGNITION IN DOMAINS OUTSIDE OF EVALUATION OF PERCEPTUAL DECISION MAKING IS AN OPEN QUESTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the visual-cortex question specifically, which was closed by the main analysis rather than by the data collected for it: AS OUR INITIAL WHOLE-BRAIN ANALYSES DID NOT FIND EFFECTS IN VISUAL CORTEX, WE DO NOT ANALYZE THESE DATA FURTHER HERE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the sample every effect rests on: WE EXCLUDED THREE SUBJECTS FROM FURTHER ANALYSIS DUE TO TYPE 1 d' SCORES >2 SDs FROM THE GROUP MEAN. TWENTY-THREE SUBJECTS WERE INCLUDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — any account linking metacognition to general ability: METACOGNITIVE ABILITY DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATE WITH FLUID INTELLIGENCE (g) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The region-wise correlations linking confidence-related activity to metacognitive accuracy were not corrected for multiple comparisons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The study cannot separate the respective contributions of rostrolateral (BA10) and dorsolateral (BA46) prefrontal cortex to metacognitive ability. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Whether the rlPFC account generalises beyond perceptual decisions to mnemonic metacognition is not settled by these data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the regional correlations were tested without correction for multiple comparisons, and the authors say the positive result should be tempered by it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | some connectivity activations did not survive correction and are reported uncorrected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the respective roles of rlPFC and dlPFC in metacognitive ability are stated to be unclear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | whether the region serves metacognition outside perceptual decisions is an open question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | a localiser scan was collected and then dropped because the main analysis found no visual cortex effects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | three subjects excluded for performance, one more from the intelligence analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | metacognitive ability did not correlate with fluid intelligence, reported as a null Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Right rostrolateral prefrontal cortex met all three of the paper's criteria for a role in metacognition: greater activity during self-report, correlation with confidence, and prediction of metacognitive ability across people. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Confidence-related activity was exclusively negative: dACC, right posterior parietal cortex and bilateral rlPFC scaled inversely with reported confidence and no region scaled positively with it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Metacognitive ability was statistically independent of perceptual task performance, replicating an earlier dissociation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Simply moving the confidence cursor in the control (Follow) condition did not modulate activity in the confidence-sensitive regions, showing the effect is specific to genuine self-report. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Functional connectivity of right rlPFC with contralateral prefrontal cortex and occipital cortex rose during metacognitive report relative to the control condition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The confidence effect in right rlPFC was not an artefact of reaction time, since it survived orthogonalizing confidence with respect to RT. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The individual-differences effect was lateralized: left rlPFC showed no relationship between confidence-related activity and metacognitive ability. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | right rlPFC activity was greater during confidence report than in the yoked control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | the strength of the confidence-activity relation in right rlPFC predicted metacognitive ability across people, r = -0.47 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | no such correlation in left rlPFC, r = 0.024 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | confidence-related activity was absent in the Follow condition, so using the scale is not sufficient to produce it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | activity did not differentiate correct from incorrect trials, so it is not an error signal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the confidence effect survived orthogonalising against reaction time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | connectivity between right rlPFC and contralateral PFC and occipital cortex rose during report Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | metacognitive ability did not correlate with fluid intelligence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| quantity | n = 23 — number of participants retained for analysis after exclusions, with age range and mean age Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 70.6 ± 3.2 — mean percentage of correct face/house decisions held near threshold by the staircase during scanning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | r = −0.47, p = 0.025 — across-subject correlation between the right rlPFC confidence beta and metacognitive ability (A roc), the paper's key individual-differences result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | mean R 2 = 0.98 — goodness of fit of the type 2 signal detection model to the confidence rating data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 1087 ms vs 971 ms — mean reaction time on incorrect versus correct perceptual decisions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | mean r = −0.32 ± 0.09 — within-subject correlation between reaction time and reported confidence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 26 recruited, 3 excluded for performance, 23 analysed — the sample after exclusions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | r = -0.47, p = 0.025, partial r = -0.46 controlling for d prime — the third criterion in right rlPFC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | r = 0.024, p = 0.91 — the same test in left rlPFC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | t(22) = 2.35, p = 0.028 — the confidence effect after controlling for reaction time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| variable | decision confidence (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | fMRI time series (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | metacognitive ability (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | type 1 reaction time (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | motion correction parameters (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | reported confidence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| definition | A roc Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | psychophysiological interaction (PPI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | metacognitive ability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | three criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| key-terms | metacognition, metacognitive ability, confidence, rostrolateral, prefrontal, signal detection, type 2, staircase, psychophysiological interaction, fluid intelligence, dACC, perceptual decision, self-report, insight, object level, receiver operating characteristic, fMRI, yoked, uncertainty |
| concept | metacognition — not defined in this paper's own words; awareness of one's own task performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| signal detection theory d ′ | as written: type 1 signal detection theory (SDT) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| receiver operating characteristic / area under the curve A roc | as written: area under the type 2 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) using nonparametric methods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test (paired) t | as written: paired t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| t-test (one-sample) t | as written: one-sample t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| correlation r | as written: Pearson product–moment correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| partial correlation partial r | as written: partial r Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| regression | as written: linear regression model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| general linear model GLM | as written: general linear model (GLM) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| random-effects group analysis | as written: second-level random effects analysis using one-sample t tests against zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| multiple-comparison correction p | as written: corrected, at the cluster level for multiple comparisons using a cluster-defining threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| type 1 signal detection theory | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| area under the type 2 ROC | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| psychophysiological interaction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| orthogonalisation against reaction time | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | fMRI during a face/house discrimination with staircased difficulty and concurrent confidence ratings, against a yoked motor-matched control condition — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: fmri Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | metacognition of decision performance — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: metacognition of perceptual decisions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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