standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | prediction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | development of statistical learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The paper's proposed developmental account is speculative and not yet tested. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the developmental account offered in the discussion: IT IS LARGELY SPECULATIVE AND REMAINS TO BE TESTED | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The developmental neuroimaging base is too thin to support conclusions about shifting neural substrates. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim about shifting neural substrates: A CONFIDENT APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL SHIFTS IN THE NEURAL STRUCTURES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN STATISTICAL LEARNING CANNOT BE MADE FROM JUST TWO STUDIES | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The developmental timelines invoked come from animal histology and general memory research, not from human statistical-learning data. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the developmental timelines the argument uses: MUCH OF THE DATA ON THESE EXACT TIMELINES COME FROM HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ANIMALS AND BEHAVIOURAL HUMAN MEMORY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, SO THESE POSSIBILITIES FOR STATISTICAL LEARNING REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN HUMAN INFANTS | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The review adopts one of two competing conceptualizations of its subject and says which it rejects. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any finding reported in this review: the authors reject the conceptualization of statistical learning as a singular and inherently implicit system in favour of a set of learning processes, some of which can result in conscious access to learning | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | A category boundary is drawn by how the excluded thing is typically assessed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the scope of statistical learning as used here: motor-based skill learning, such as serial reaction time tasks, is excluded because it is typically assessed in tasks that provide external feedback, so the boundary follows the assessment method rather than the phenomenon | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The quantity being compared across ages may itself differ by age. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any developmental comparison of statistical learning: the authors state it | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | statistical learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical learning | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | skill learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: skill learning | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | serial reaction time tasks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: serial reaction time tasks | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | external feedback Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: external feedback | concepts[3] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | implicit learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: implicit learning | concepts[4] | the paper's words | |
| senses | statistical learning - STIPULATED IN A BOX, WITH AN ADDED REQUIREMENT: defined as the learning of structure from repeated exposure to environmental statistics, with the further requirement that learning occur without reinforcement or external feedback - so the absence of feedback is part of the definition rather than a feature of the phenomenon Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | statistical learning - A SET OF PROCESSES, NOT A SINGLE IMPLICIT SYSTEM: the review names the rival conceptualization - a singular and inherently implicit learning system - and takes the other, under which some of the processes can result in conscious access; whether the term denotes one thing or several decides whether results from different tasks can be pooled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the exclusion of skill learning - A BOUNDARY MADE OF AN ASSAY: motor-based skill learning is put outside the category because it is TYPICALLY ASSESSED in tasks that provide external feedback, so the same phenomenon assessed without feedback would fall inside, and the hedge 'typically' is the authors' own Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → previous work arguing that children's advantage in language learning stems from their ongoing cognitive development (refs 16, 171, 172) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → definitions treating statistical learning as a singular, inherently implicit learning system (ref 185) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | skill learning —distinct-from→ statistical learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: skill learning · statistical learning | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | serial reaction time tasks —is-a→ skill learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: serial reaction time tasks · skill learning | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Indirect measures suggest statistical learning changes little or not at all with development. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Direct measures, by contrast, suggest developmental change in statistical learning ability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In children aged 5 to 12, visual but not aural-syllable statistical learning improved with age. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The review's central synthesis is that the format of what is learned changes with age, from fuzzy in infancy to specific in early childhood to broad-plus-specific later. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Sensory cortices and often the basal ganglia are conspicuously missing from the regions underpinning statistical learning in infancy and childhood. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The developmental neuroimaging evidence base is extremely thin, resting on a single infant functional imaging study. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The review finds different developmental trajectories: non-linguistic auditory and visual statistical learning improve across childhood while learning of aurally presented syllables does not. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | statistical learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical learning | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | fuzzy representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fuzzy representations | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | broad representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: broad representations | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | neural entrainment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: neural entrainment | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | indirect measures of statistical learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0–24 months / 2–7 years / 7–10 years / 18–35 years — the four developmental brackets the review uses to organize the literature Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | one of four — how many developmental statistical learning studies found basal ganglia involvement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 18–24 months — estimated age at which the trisynaptic hippocampal pathway supporting specific memories emerges in humans Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 5–7 vs 8–9 years — the age split at which children move from remembering only specific transitions to remembering both broad groups and specific transitions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 8-month-old — age at which infants were shown to represent statistical input as chunks rather than as specific transitional probabilities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.