Interneurons

Freund, Kali · Scholarpedia · 2008 · neuroscience · 10.4249/scholarpedia.4720 · record Freund2008-interneurons
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Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Because this is a Scholarpedia review, its 'limitations' are stated about the evidence base it surveys rather than about an experiment of its own; all three quoted limitation sentences are of that kind. A second candidate relation — the review's pushback against the Markram et al. (2004) conclusion that conjoint anatomical-physiological criteria imply an astronomical number of cell types — was left out because the sentence naming Markram et al. merely reports their position and the disagreeing sentence that follows does not name them, so no single verbatim sentence carries the relation. The paper also makes a normative methodological claim ('Any meaningful classification scheme can only be based on function'), which the mechanism tag does not capture. 2026-08-12 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

This record’s own method is review, and the tags below follow from that. A review’s findings, quantities and statistics are things stated IN this paper, and some of them report results obtained elsewhere. No tag on this page names a different author. Measured across every review in this corpus, 81% of a review’s tags carry no citation at all — most of them are the review speaking. The corpus does not adjudicate the rest: read an unmarked tag as a claim this paper makes, not necessarily one it made first.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 23 concept tags on this paper, 1 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

Interneurons principal cells feed-forward inhibition feed-back inhibition Interneuron-Selective interneurons Perisomatic Inhibitory cells Dendritic Inhibitory cells axo-axonic basket cells parvalbumin cholecystokinin O-LM Bistratified cells Ivy cells long-range interneurons hippocampo-septal theta gamma sharp wave phase precession sparse representations resonances GABA Kv3-family potassium channel expression gives parvalbumin basket cells their fast-spiking phenotype, which is what allows them to respond with minimal delay and sustain high-frequency firing interneuron-driven synchronization of principal cell firing produces coincident spikes, which are a more effective trigger of firing downstream and therefore raise transmission efficiency synchronized principal cell firing facilitates synaptic potentiation and thereby the formation of the potentiated cell ensembles that carry memory traces O-LM feed-back inhibition blocks plasticity of entorhinal inputs at the theta trough, but pyramidal cells firing ahead of the population in phase precession escape that inhibition and so can potentiate their inputs feed-forward and feed-back inhibition reduce the number of simultaneously active principal cells, producing sparse representations useful for sensory coding and long-term memory feedback inhibition sets up winner-take-all competition among principal cells, so that one cell's increased activity suppresses its neighbours feed-forward feed-back Interneuron-Selective somatostatin calretinin Kv3 chandelier cells interneuron resonance firing pattern principal cell compartment calcium binding protein content phase-locked impedance profile review

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.4720. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 7 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 10 · concepts 1 · content_tags 51 · contribution 1 · limitations 9 · mechanisms 18 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 7 · transfers 3

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 1 of 10 relations here carries that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	the classification of cortical inhibitory interneurons and what their diversity is for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	which measurable differences between interneurons should be allowed to define distinct cell types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	sets a functional criterion for admitting new interneuron types, organises the known classes by input source and target compartment, and reports the in vivo evidence that anatomically defined classes are functionally homogeneous Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	cortical inhibitory interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Kv3-family potassium channel expression gives parvalbumin basket cells their fast-spiking phenotype, which is what allows them to respond with minimal delay and sustain high-frequency firing	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interneuron-driven synchronization of principal cell firing produces coincident spikes, which are a more effective trigger of firing downstream and therefore raise transmission efficiency	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: synchronized principal cell firing facilitates synaptic potentiation and thereby the formation of the potentiated cell ensembles that carry memory traces	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: O-LM feed-back inhibition blocks plasticity of entorhinal inputs at the theta trough, but pyramidal cells firing ahead of the population in phase precession escape that inhibition and so can potentiate their inputs	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feed-forward and feed-back inhibition reduce the number of simultaneously active principal cells, producing sparse representations useful for sensory coding and long-term memory	`mechanisms[4]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feedback inhibition sets up winner-take-all competition among principal cells, so that one cell's increased activity suppresses its neighbours	`mechanisms[5]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	a rule is stated for when a measured difference may create a new category: only when it is causally linked to a functional dichotomy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the failure mode of dropping that rule is named - admitting every measurable feature yields an astronomical number of types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the discriminating question is put in evolutionary terms: which features are adaptations for the job and which are side products that merely survived Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the classification is built from input-output properties, because those determine the morphology rather than the other way round Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the tree is then branched twice - first by whether the target is another interneuron, then by which compartment of the principal cell is targeted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the anatomical taxonomy is checked against an independent criterion: firing phase relative to naturally occurring population rhythms in vivo Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	and passes, with each anatomically defined class showing characteristic phase-locked patterns Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	a simpler homologous system is chosen for dissection precisely because its lamination lets connectivity be read off position Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the possibility that the observed diversity is an artefact of the slice preparation is raised rather than assumed away Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	two named types are flagged as possibly one type with an unlabelled axon Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	a continuum between two axonal arbour patterns is acknowledged where the scheme wants discrete types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the compartment logic is derived from function: dendrites are where plasticity happens, the perisomatic region is where output is decided Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Direct evidence about what interneurons actually do in cortical computation is scarce relative to descriptive anatomical and physiological data. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any functional claim in the review: COMPARED TO THE ABUNDANCE OF INFORMATION ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES ... THERE IS STILL A RELATIVE[ly small amount on what they do]	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Physiological classifications may be artefacts of in vitro recording conditions rather than properties of interneurons in the behaving animal. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the physiological classification itself: AT LEAST SOME OF THE DIFFERENCES SEEN IN PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR MAY RESULT FROM THE ARTIFICIAL RECORDING CONDITIONS IN VITRO, AND A DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION may follow from different conditions	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The molecular identity of at least one reviewed cell class is unsettled. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: results reported for this cell class: THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS CELL TYPE ARE CONTROVERSIAL, BUT MAY INCLUDE THE EXPRESSION OF CB AND/OR PV	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	the criterion demands function, and direct functional evidence is admitted to be scarce Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[0] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - direct functional evidence is scarce next to the descriptive anatomical and physiological literature	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the functions of the neocortical dendritic-inhibitory types in particular have been hard to identify Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the neocortical dendritic-inhibitory types: THE PRECISE FUNCTIONS OF THESE NEOCORTICAL CELL TYPES HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	some physiological diversity may be an artefact of in vitro recording conditions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - some physiological diversity may be an artefact of the in vitro recording conditions rather than a property of the cells	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the molecular characterisation of bistratified cells is contested Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - the molecular characterisation of bistratified cells is contested	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the stabilisation account of interneuron function is described by the authors as simplistic where epilepsy is concerned Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the stabilisation account of interneuron function: IT OFFERS A SIMPLISTIC EXPLANATION FOR THE CRITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNEURONS IN EPILEPSY	`limitations[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	a single dendritic inhibitory cell contributes negligibly on its own, so claims about their function require synchrony that is not always demonstrated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any functional claim about a single dendritic inhibitory cell: they PROVIDE 2 TO 20 SYNAPSES ONTO A SINGLE TARGET PYRAMIDAL CELL, WHICH ARE SCATTERED ALL OVER THE DENDRITIC TREE, so the claim is implicitly about a synchronised population	`limitations[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
transfers	the adaptation versus neutral side-product distinction, imported as the test for whether a measured feature may define a cell type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the impedance profile and resonance, used to explain why particular cell classes participate in particular frequency bands Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
transfers	sparse representation as a design goal, imported to give feed-forward and feed-back inhibition a shared computational purpose Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concepts	Interneuron-Selective interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Interneuron-Selective interneurons	`concepts[4]`	0.85	the paper's words
senses	interneuron - defined by local axons, versus the class called long-range interneurons which explicitly fails that definition and keeps the name anyway Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	a cell type - as any reproducible difference in morphology or physiology, versus only those differences causally tied to a functional dichotomy; the article insists on the second Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	a measured feature - as an adaptation for the cell's job versus as a surviving side product; the distinction that decides whether it may define a type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	inhibition - feed-forward, driven from outside the target territory, versus feed-back, driven by the very population it inhibits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	inhibitory target - dendritic, controlling plasticity of incoming excitation, versus perisomatic, controlling whether output is generated at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	GABAergic effect - hyperpolarising in general, but possibly depolarising at the axon initial segment, which would reverse what axo-axonic cells do Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	physiological classification - as measured in vitro versus as it might appear in the behaving animal; the first may create diversity the second would not show Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: curated synthesis of anatomical, neurochemical, physiological and in vivo recording evidence, organised around a functional classification criterion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: review — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: cortical inhibition and the division of labour among interneuron types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: cortical inhibitory interneurons — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Freund (2003) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → classification schemes that generate cell types from any measurable morphological or physiological difference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE FEATURE IS CAUSALLY LINKED TO FUNCTION. 'differences in morphological ... or physiological features ... should be used to generate new cell types only if these differences are causally linked [to function].' The critique does not say morphology is the wrong feature - it says a feature earns its place in a classification only through a causal link, which is a condition on the METHOD of classifying, not on the features.	`claim_relations[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → the proposal that a functional cell class requires a conjunction of anatomical and physiological features, which would give an astronomical number of types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE COST OF THE CRITERION, AND THE PAPER PRICES IT. 'Quotation withheld.' A classification rule is not refuted - it is followed to its consequence, and the consequence is that the class stops being useful. Its [1] in this corpus carries the remedy: a feature counts only if CAUSALLY LINKED to function.	`claim_relations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → Somogyi and Klausberger, that anatomically and neurochemically defined classes are functionally homogeneous in vivo Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Freund and Buzsaki and subsequent reviews of interneuron diversity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	0.8	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → the proposal that PV basket cell ensembles are the indispensable clockwork of cortical oscillation, with CCK ensembles superimposed as a tuning system Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → the simple runaway-excitation account of interneuron function as an explanation of epilepsy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	Interneurons —contrasted-with→ principal cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: Interneurons · principal cells	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	feed-forward inhibition —contrasted-with→ feed-back inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: feed-forward inhibition · feed-back inhibition	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	Perisomatic Inhibitory cells —contrasted-with→ Dendritic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: the two classes are separated by the principal-cell compartment they target, and the paper calls the two kinds of inhibition functionally distinct Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'inhibition targeting pyramidal cell dendrites' / 'the perisomatic region', not the two cell classes. also in: Perisomatic Inhibitory cells · Dendritic Inhibitory cells	`concept_edges[2]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	Interneuron-Selective interneurons —part-of→ Interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 also in: Interneuron-Selective interneurons · Interneurons	`concept_edges[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	axo-axonic —part-of→ Perisomatic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says perisomatic cells innervate somata, proximal dendrites OR AXON INITIAL SEGMENTS; 'axo-axonic' is not named, so part-of rests on that gloss. also in: axo-axonic · Perisomatic Inhibitory cells	`concept_edges[4]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	basket cells —part-of→ Perisomatic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 also in: basket cells · Perisomatic Inhibitory cells	`concept_edges[5]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	O-LM —part-of→ Dendritic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'dendritic interneurons', not 'Dendritic Inhibitory cells'. also in: O-LM · Dendritic Inhibitory cells	`concept_edges[6]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	Perisomatic Inhibitory cells —causes→ gamma Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is cut before the role of perisomatic cells in rhythms is stated. also in: Perisomatic Inhibitory cells · gamma	`concept_edges[8]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	long-range interneurons —distinct-from→ Interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but long-range interneurons do NOT MEET the definition but are commonly called interneurons; distinct-from is loose. also in: long-range interneurons · Interneurons	`concept_edges[9]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	Interneurons —causes→ sparse representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.85 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'feed-forward and feed-back inhibition' = inhibition by interneurons (previous sentences). also in: Interneurons · sparse representations	`concept_edges[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The article argues that interneuron classification is only meaningful when morphological or physiological differences map onto a functional dichotomy, rather than being catalogued for their own sake. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Interneuron diversity increases with the complexity of local networks in a brain area. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	In vivo recordings from anatomically identified cells show each anatomical/neurochemical class has its own characteristic phase relationship to theta, gamma and ripples, supporting functional homogeneity of the anatomical classes. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	PV basket cells strongly increase their firing during sharp waves while CCK basket cells do not. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The article restates the proposal that PV basket-cell ensembles are an indispensable oscillatory clockwork of cortex. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Newly described ivy cells, marked by nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptide Y, may outnumber parvalbumin cells and thus displace them as the most abundant hippocampal interneuron. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	A single dendritic inhibitory cell's contribution to controlling principal-cell dendrites is likely negligible. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	each anatomically and neurochemically defined class has characteristic phase-locked firing relative to theta, gamma and ripples Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	PV and CCK basket cells both synchronize principal cells at theta and gamma but divide labour, behaving differently during sharp waves. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	CCK basket cells receive far less local glutamatergic input than PV cells and are selectively innervated by median raphe serotonergic afferents. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · each axo-axonic cell contacts the axon initial segments of about 1000-1500 pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was verbatim, anchored and correctly cut, and it contained NONE of this claim's numbers (1000, 1500). The paper states the claim in one sentence elsewhere and the tagger did not use it. the project, 2026-08-23: 'WE HAVE SPENT THE DAY VERIFYING THAT QUOTES ARE REAL AND NONE OF IT ASKS WHETHER THEY ARE RELEVANT.' Confirmed by reading the claim, the old span and the candidate together; the candidate carries every number AND the claim's own content words.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	each basket cell targets about 1500-2000 principal cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	axo-axonic GABA-A effects may be depolarising, which would make them synchronisers rather than silencers Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	PV basket cells express Kv3 channels, which underlie fast-spiking and minimal response delay Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Ivy cells may be more numerous than PV cells, previously thought the most abundant hippocampal interneuron Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	a single dendritic inhibitory cell makes only 2 to 20 synapses on a target pyramidal cell, so these cells must act in synchrony Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	pyramidal cells firing in phase-precession mode can escape O-LM feedback inhibition, so their entorhinal synapses can be potentiated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	HS cells have extremely long dendrites, suggesting they monitor global population synchrony Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	interneuron diversity increases with the complexity of the local network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	interneuron Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interneuron	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	feed-forward inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feed-forward inhibition	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	feed-back inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feed-back inhibition	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Dendritic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Dendritic Inhibitory cells	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Perisomatic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Perisomatic Inhibitory cells	`content_tags.definitions[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	long-range interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: long-range interneurons	`content_tags.definitions[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	phase precession Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase precession	`content_tags.definitions[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	resonance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: resonance	`content_tags.definitions[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Interneurons	`content_tags.definitions[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	feed-forward Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feed-forward	`content_tags.definitions[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Interneuron-Selective interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Interneuron-Selective interneurons	`content_tags.definitions[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	axo-axonic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: axo-axonic	`content_tags.definitions[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	phase precession Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase precession	`content_tags.definitions[13]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	long-range interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: long-range interneurons	`content_tags.definitions[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	1000-1500 — number of pyramidal cell axon initial segments innervated by a single axo-axonic (chandelier) cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	1500-2000 — number of principal cells whose somata and proximal dendrites a single basket cell targets Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	2 to 20 — number of synapses a single dendritic inhibitory cell makes onto one target pyramidal cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	4-8 Hz and 30-100 Hz — the theta and gamma frequency bands at which perisomatic inhibitory cells rhythmically synchronize principal cell activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	800 to 1,700 µm — measured extent of axonal arbours of intracellularly labelled hippocampal axo-axonic cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	at least three times — how much more glutamatergic synaptic input PV basket cells receive relative to CCK basket cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	about 400 by 800 µm — area covered by the axonal arbour of an O-LM interneuron in the transverse and longitudinal planes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	about 1 mm — transverse extent of hippocampal basket cell axonal arbours Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	1000-1500 pyramidal cells — axon initial segments contacted by one axo-axonic cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	1500-2000 — principal cells targeted by one basket cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	theta (4-8 Hz) and gamma (30-100 Hz) — the frequency bands perisomatic cells synchronise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	2 to 20 synapses — contacts made by one dendritic inhibitory cell on one pyramidal cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	800 to 1,700 µm — axonal arbour extent of labelled hippocampal axo-axonic cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[12]`	0.7	the tagger's words
content_tags	phase-locked Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase-locked	`content_tags.statistics[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	impedance profile Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: impedance profile	`content_tags.statistics[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	firing pattern Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: firing pattern	`content_tags.variables[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	principal cell compartment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal cell compartment	`content_tags.variables[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	calcium binding protein content Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: calcium binding protein content	`content_tags.variables[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.