phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | cortical inhibitory interneurons— “Inhibition in cortical networks is supplied by a wide range of interneuron types that subserve different functions, and possess specific connectivity features, morphological, electrophysiological and neurochemical characteristics that enable them to fulfil these roles.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Interneurons innervating somata, proximal dendrites or axon initial segments (the Perisomatic Inhibitory cells) are specialized to control output from large principal cell populations, and one of their main functions is to rhythmically synchronize principal cell activity at theta (4-8 Hz) and gamma (30-100 Hz) frequencies.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In the sections below, the two largest classes of cortical interneurons (i.e., perisomatic and dendritic inhibitory cells) will be described in more detail, based mostly on data from the hippocampus, but with an emphasis on features that can be generalized to the entire cerebral cortex.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Any meaningful classification scheme can only be based on function; therefore, differences in morphological (e.g., the number or laminar distribution of dendrites, the arborization pattern of axons, co-transmitter content, receptor expression pattern) or physiological features (e.g. firing pattern, short- and long-term synaptic plasticity)… | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, the same question arises here as in case of morphological details, i.e., which characteristics are relevant from a functional point of view, which are those that evolved as an adaptive property to enable the cell type to fulfil its job more efficiently, and which are those that exist simply as a side product, but survive similarly to… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The results of these studies indicated that each anatomically/neurochemically defined cell type had characteristic (e.g., phase-locked) firing patterns relative to theta and gamma oscillations and sharp-wave-associated ripples (see below for cell-type-specific details), consistent with a functionally homogeneous role of each anatomical class… | |
| transfer | from evolutionary biology: the adaptation versus neutral side-product distinction, imported as the test for whether a measured feature may define a cell type— “However, the same question arises here as in case of morphological details, i.e., which characteristics are relevant from a functional point of view, which are those that evolved as an adaptive property to enable the cell type to fulfil its job more efficiently, and which are those that exist simply as a side product, but survive similarly to… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from electrical engineering: the impedance profile and resonance, used to explain why particular cell classes participate in particular frequency bands— “Some neuronal classes show distinct peaks (" resonances ") in their impedance profiles at characteristic frequencies, which may contribute to their differential involvement in the generation of network oscillations in various frequency bands.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from computational theories of coding: sparse representation as a design goal, imported to give feed-forward and feed-back inhibition a shared computational purpose— “At the network level, both feed-forward and feed-back inhibition act to reduce the number of simultaneously active principal cells, working towards the creation of sparse representations (Acsády and Káli, 2007), which are thought to be advantageous for both sensory processing (Olshausen and Field, 2004) and long-term memory (Treves and Rolls… | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Kv3-family potassium channel expression gives parvalbumin basket cells their fast-spiking phenotype, which is what allows them to respond with minimal delay and sustain high-frequency firing— “For instance, parvalbumin-containing basket cells express voltage-gated potassium channels of the Kv3 family, which contributes essentially to the "fast-spiking" behavior of these neurons, allowing them to respond to incoming synaptic input with minimal delay, and to sustain high-frequency spiking activity in response to strong… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | interneuron-driven synchronization of principal cell firing produces coincident spikes, which are a more effective trigger of firing downstream and therefore raise transmission efficiency— “This may enhance the efficiency of information transmission by increasing the likelihood of coincident spiking, which is an effective trigger of action potential firing in downstream neurons.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | synchronized principal cell firing facilitates synaptic potentiation and thereby the formation of the potentiated cell ensembles that carry memory traces— “The outcome of interneuron activity is often synchronization of firing in large principal cell populations, which facilitates synaptic potentiation (enhancement of synaptic efficacy) and the formation of potentiated cell ensembles or networks as correlates of memory traces.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | O-LM feed-back inhibition blocks plasticity of entorhinal inputs at the theta trough, but pyramidal cells firing ahead of the population in phase precession escape that inhibition and so can potentiate their inputs | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | feed-forward and feed-back inhibition reduce the number of simultaneously active principal cells, producing sparse representations useful for sensory coding and long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | feedback inhibition sets up winner-take-all competition among principal cells, so that one cell's increased activity suppresses its neighbours Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | a rule is stated for when a measured difference may create a new category: only when it is causally linked to a functional dichotomy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the failure mode of dropping that rule is named - admitting every measurable feature yields an astronomical number of types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the discriminating question is put in evolutionary terms: which features are adaptations for the job and which are side products that merely survived Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the classification is built from input-output properties, because those determine the morphology rather than the other way round Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the tree is then branched twice - first by whether the target is another interneuron, then by which compartment of the principal cell is targeted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the anatomical taxonomy is checked against an independent criterion: firing phase relative to naturally occurring population rhythms in vivo Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | and passes, with each anatomically defined class showing characteristic phase-locked patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | a simpler homologous system is chosen for dissection precisely because its lamination lets connectivity be read off position Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | the possibility that the observed diversity is an artefact of the slice preparation is raised rather than assumed away Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[14] |
| mechanism | two named types are flagged as possibly one type with an unlabelled axon Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[15] |
| mechanism | a continuum between two axonal arbour patterns is acknowledged where the scheme wants discrete types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[16] |
| mechanism | the compartment logic is derived from function: dendrites are where plasticity happens, the perisomatic region is where output is decided Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[17] |
| builds-on | Freund (2003) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| critiques | classification schemes that generate cell types from any measurable morphological or physiological difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| critiques | the proposal that a functional cell class requires a conjunction of anatomical and physiological features, which would give an astronomical number of types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | Somogyi and Klausberger, that anatomically and neurochemically defined classes are functionally homogeneous in vivo Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| builds-on | Freund and Buzsaki and subsequent reviews of interneuron diversity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the proposal that PV basket cell ensembles are the indispensable clockwork of cortical oscillation, with CCK ensembles superimposed as a tuning system Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| critiques | the simple runaway-excitation account of interneuron function as an explanation of epilepsy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | interneuron - defined by local axons, versus the class called long-range interneurons which explicitly fails that definition and keeps the name anyway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | a cell type - as any reproducible difference in morphology or physiology, versus only those differences causally tied to a functional dichotomy; the article insists on the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | a measured feature - as an adaptation for the cell's job versus as a surviving side product; the distinction that decides whether it may define a type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | inhibition - feed-forward, driven from outside the target territory, versus feed-back, driven by the very population it inhibits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | inhibitory target - dendritic, controlling plasticity of incoming excitation, versus perisomatic, controlling whether output is generated at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | GABAergic effect - hyperpolarising in general, but possibly depolarising at the axon initial segment, which would reverse what axo-axonic cells do Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | physiological classification - as measured in vitro versus as it might appear in the behaving animal; the first may create diversity the second would not show Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| differs in | classification schemes that generate cell types from any measurable morphological or physiological difference — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE FEATURE IS CAUSALLY LINKED TO FUNCTION. 'differences in morphological ... or physiological features ... should be used to generate new cell types only if these differences are causally linked [to function].' The critique does not say morphology is the wrong feature - it says a feature earns its place in a classification only through a causal link, which is a condition on the METHOD of classifying, not on the features. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| differs in | the proposal that a functional cell class requires a conjunction of anatomical and physiological features, which would give an astronomical number of types — THE AXIS IS THE COST OF THE CRITERION, AND THE PAPER PRICES IT. 'These results have led some to propose that a functional cell class may only be fully determined by a conjunction of anatomical and physiological features, leading to a potentially astronomical number of functionally distinct cell types.' A classification rule is not refuted - it is followed to its consequence, and the consequence is that the class stops being useful. Its [1] in this corpus carries the remedy: a feature counts only if CAUSALLY LINKED to function. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| edge | Interneurons —contrasted-with→ principal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | feed-forward inhibition —contrasted-with→ feed-back inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | Perisomatic Inhibitory cells —contrasted-with→ Dendritic Inhibitory cells — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'inhibition targeting pyramidal cell dendrites' / 'the perisomatic region', not the two cell classes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | Perisomatic Inhibitory cells —contrasted-with→ Dendritic Inhibitory cells — the two classes are separated by the principal-cell compartment they target, and the paper calls the two kinds of inhibition functionally distinct Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | Interneuron-Selective interneurons —part-of→ Interneurons — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | axo-axonic —part-of→ Perisomatic Inhibitory cells — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says perisomatic cells innervate somata, proximal dendrites OR AXON INITIAL SEGMENTS; 'axo-axonic' is not named, so part-of rests on that gloss. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | axo-axonic —part-of→ Perisomatic Inhibitory cells — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | basket cells —part-of→ Perisomatic Inhibitory cells — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | O-LM —part-of→ Dendritic Inhibitory cells — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'dendritic interneurons', not 'Dendritic Inhibitory cells'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | O-LM —part-of→ Dendritic Inhibitory cells — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | Perisomatic Inhibitory cells —causes→ gamma — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is cut before the role of perisomatic cells in rhythms is stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | Perisomatic Inhibitory cells —causes→ gamma — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | long-range interneurons —distinct-from→ Interneurons — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but long-range interneurons do NOT MEET the definition but are commonly called interneurons; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | long-range interneurons —distinct-from→ Interneurons — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | Interneurons —causes→ sparse representations — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'feed-forward and feed-back inhibition' = inhibition by interneurons (previous sentences). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| weight | Interneurons —causes→ sparse representations — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| for which use | limitation — any functional claim in the review: COMPARED TO THE ABUNDANCE OF INFORMATION ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES ... THERE IS STILL A RELATIVE[ly small amount on what they do] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the physiological classification itself: AT LEAST SOME OF THE DIFFERENCES SEEN IN PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR MAY RESULT FROM THE ARTIFICIAL RECORDING CONDITIONS IN VITRO, AND A DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION may follow from different conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — results reported for this cell class: THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS CELL TYPE ARE CONTROVERSIAL, BUT MAY INCLUDE THE EXPRESSION OF CB AND/OR PV Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - direct functional evidence is scarce next to the descriptive anatomical and physiological literature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the neocortical dendritic-inhibitory types: THE PRECISE FUNCTIONS OF THESE NEOCORTICAL CELL TYPES HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - some physiological diversity may be an artefact of the in vitro recording conditions rather than a property of the cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the molecular characterisation of bistratified cells is contested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the stabilisation account of interneuron function: IT OFFERS A SIMPLISTIC EXPLANATION FOR THE CRITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNEURONS IN EPILEPSY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — any functional claim about a single dendritic inhibitory cell: they PROVIDE 2 TO 20 SYNAPSES ONTO A SINGLE TARGET PYRAMIDAL CELL, WHICH ARE SCATTERED ALL OVER THE DENDRITIC TREE, so the claim is implicitly about a synchronised population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Direct evidence about what interneurons actually do in cortical computation is scarce relative to descriptive anatomical and physiological data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Physiological classifications may be artefacts of in vitro recording conditions rather than properties of interneurons in the behaving animal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The molecular identity of at least one reviewed cell class is unsettled. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the criterion demands function, and direct functional evidence is admitted to be scarce Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the functions of the neocortical dendritic-inhibitory types in particular have been hard to identify Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | some physiological diversity may be an artefact of in vitro recording conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the molecular characterisation of bistratified cells is contested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the stabilisation account of interneuron function is described by the authors as simplistic where epilepsy is concerned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | a single dendritic inhibitory cell contributes negligibly on its own, so claims about their function require synchrony that is not always demonstrated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The article argues that interneuron classification is only meaningful when morphological or physiological differences map onto a functional dichotomy, rather than being catalogued for their own sake. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Interneuron diversity increases with the complexity of local networks in a brain area. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | In vivo recordings from anatomically identified cells show each anatomical/neurochemical class has its own characteristic phase relationship to theta, gamma and ripples, supporting functional homogeneity of the anatomical classes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | PV basket cells strongly increase their firing during sharp waves while CCK basket cells do not. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The article restates the proposal that PV basket-cell ensembles are an indispensable oscillatory clockwork of cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Newly described ivy cells, marked by nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptide Y, may outnumber parvalbumin cells and thus displace them as the most abundant hippocampal interneuron. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | A single dendritic inhibitory cell's contribution to controlling principal-cell dendrites is likely negligible. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | each anatomically and neurochemically defined class has characteristic phase-locked firing relative to theta, gamma and ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | PV and CCK basket cells both synchronize principal cells at theta and gamma but divide labour, behaving differently during sharp waves. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | CCK basket cells receive far less local glutamatergic input than PV cells and are selectively innervated by median raphe serotonergic afferents. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · each axo-axonic cell contacts the axon initial segments of about 1000-1500 pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| retracted | finding — RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was verbatim, anchored and correctly cut, and it contained NONE of this claim's numbers (1000, 1500). The paper states the claim in one sentence elsewhere and the tagger did not use it. the project, 2026-08-23: 'WE HAVE SPENT THE DAY VERIFYING THAT QUOTES ARE REAL AND NONE OF IT ASKS WHETHER THEY ARE RELEVANT.' Confirmed by reading the claim, the old span and the candidate together; the candidate carries every number AND the claim's own content words. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | each basket cell targets about 1500-2000 principal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | axo-axonic GABA-A effects may be depolarising, which would make them synchronisers rather than silencers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | PV basket cells express Kv3 channels, which underlie fast-spiking and minimal response delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | Ivy cells may be more numerous than PV cells, previously thought the most abundant hippocampal interneuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | a single dendritic inhibitory cell makes only 2 to 20 synapses on a target pyramidal cell, so these cells must act in synchrony Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | pyramidal cells firing in phase-precession mode can escape O-LM feedback inhibition, so their entorhinal synapses can be potentiated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | HS cells have extremely long dendrites, suggesting they monitor global population synchrony Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | interneuron diversity increases with the complexity of the local network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| quantity | 1000-1500 — number of pyramidal cell axon initial segments innervated by a single axo-axonic (chandelier) cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 1500-2000 — number of principal cells whose somata and proximal dendrites a single basket cell targets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 2 to 20 — number of synapses a single dendritic inhibitory cell makes onto one target pyramidal cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 4-8 Hz and 30-100 Hz — the theta and gamma frequency bands at which perisomatic inhibitory cells rhythmically synchronize principal cell activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 800 to 1,700 µm — measured extent of axonal arbours of intracellularly labelled hippocampal axo-axonic cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | at least three times — how much more glutamatergic synaptic input PV basket cells receive relative to CCK basket cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | about 400 by 800 µm — area covered by the axonal arbour of an O-LM interneuron in the transverse and longitudinal planes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | about 1 mm — transverse extent of hippocampal basket cell axonal arbours Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 1000-1500 pyramidal cells — axon initial segments contacted by one axo-axonic cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 1500-2000 — principal cells targeted by one basket cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | theta (4-8 Hz) and gamma (30-100 Hz) — the frequency bands perisomatic cells synchronise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 2 to 20 synapses — contacts made by one dendritic inhibitory cell on one pyramidal cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 800 to 1,700 µm — axonal arbour extent of labelled hippocampal axo-axonic cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | firing pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | principal cell compartment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | calcium binding protein content Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | interneuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | feed-forward inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | feed-back inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | Dendritic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | Perisomatic Inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | long-range interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | phase precession Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | resonance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | Interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | feed-forward Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | Interneuron-Selective interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | axo-axonic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | phase precession Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| definition | long-range interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[14] |
| key-terms | interneurons, principal cells, feed-forward, feed-back, Interneuron-Selective, Perisomatic Inhibitory cells, Dendritic Inhibitory cells, axo-axonic, basket cells, parvalbumin, cholecystokinin, O-LM, Bistratified cells, Ivy cells, long-range interneurons, hippocampo-septal, theta, gamma, sharp wave, phase precession, sparse representations, resonances, GABA, somatostatin, calretinin, Kv3, chandelier cells |
| concept | Interneuron-Selective interneurons — not defined in this paper's own words; IS cells, containing calretinin or VIP, synapsing predominantly on other GABAergic cells; the first branch of the classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| phase-locked | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| impedance profile | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| claim type | method — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | curated synthesis of anatomical, neurochemical, physiological and in vivo recording evidence, organised around a functional classification criterion — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | cortical inhibition and the division of labour among interneuron types — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: cortical inhibitory interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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