Temporal coding of reward-guided choice in the posterior parietal cortex

Hawellek, Wong, Pesaran · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2016 · neuroscience · 10.1073/pnas.1606479113 · record Hawellek2016-temporal-coding-of-reward-guided-choice-in-t
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The paper is unusually sparse in self-stated limitations - only the mutual-information bias caveat and the open question about beta-band generation/read-out are stated as such, so the limitations array is short rather than padded with my own assessment. Two monkeys were used and much of the data are multiunit rather than single-unit, but the paper does not flag either as a limitation. All prior work is cited by number, so relation targets are described rather than named; no 'contradicts' or 'replicates' relation was recorded because the discussion only reports agreement with earlier work. 2026-08-13 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

8 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
bias 38 fields · false-discovery rate 6 fields · principal component analysis 5 fields · integration 3 fields · bootstrap 2 fields · confidence interval 2 fields · and 1 more →

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 38 concept tags on this paper, none is grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

PPC IPS decision movement choice response field reward magnitudes temporal structure LFP SFC phase phase bins beta activity gamma activity theta activity mutual information choice-MI orthogonal-MI spike count firing rate excitability downswing stratifying resultant length modulation entropy trigonometric moment permutation test PAC phase–phase coupling single units multiunits spike waveforms electrode coherent evoked potentials baseline epoch choice epoch integration multiplex An asymmetric interplay of excitation and inhibition within the beta cycle produces an uninformative upswing and an informative downswing of spiking Beta rhythms are tuned to large-scale network communication rather than local processing, which is why choice information becomes separated in time from local excitability Downstream ensembles read out the two rhythms with different integration windows, beta's extending past the moment of peak synchronous input to catch the later information peak bias coherent unit n:m phase-phase coupling LFP phase bin movement condition reward magnitude spike-field coherence spike counts trial-locked evoked potentials mutual information (MI) random permutation test false discovery rate correction We controlled the FDR familywise error correction We controlled the FWE across frequencies using rank-based maximum resample statistics Rayleigh test (circular uniformity) Rayleigh tests Watson-Williams test Watson–Williams tests Fisher's exact test Fisher’s exact test circular correlation linear regression bootstrap a bootstrapping procedure confidence interval maximum likelihood estimation maximum likelihood estimates psychometric function fitting fit a psychometric function to the choice probabilities across bins multitaper spectral estimation multitaper methods principal component analysis k-means clustering the unsupervised clustering algorithm k -means permutation tests false-discovery rate electrophysiology

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606479113. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 9 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 14 · content_tags 105 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 8 · mechanisms 8 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 9 · transfers 4

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 14 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	whether the information a parietal neuron's firing rate carries about an upcoming choice depends on when in the ongoing population rhythm the spikes occur Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	whether and how the coding of decisions depends on the temporally structured firing of parietal neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	choice information is modulated by beta and gamma phase, and for beta it peaks at a different phase from the spike count, so information and excitability come apart Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	phase-dependent coding of choice in posterior parietal cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: mechanisms[3] also in: An asymmetric interplay of excitation and inhibition within the beta cycle produces an uninformative upswing and an informative downswing of spiking	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Beta rhythms are tuned to large-scale network communication rather than local processing, which is why choice information becomes separated in time from local excitability	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Downstream ensembles read out the two rhythms with different integration windows, beta's extending past the moment of peak synchronous input to catch the later information peak	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	beta spiking is proposed to come from an asymmetric interplay of excitation and inhibition, giving an uninformative upswing and an informative downswing at similar spike counts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[3]`	0.7	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the two bands are read as two network scales, gamma as local bottom-up processing and beta as top-down linkage to a larger cortical network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: may reflect	`mechanisms[4]`	0.7	the tagger's words
mechanisms	downstream ensembles may integrate over different windows in the two bands, with the beta window reaching past peak synchrony to the later information peak Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	0.6	the tagger's words
mechanisms	theta may regulate the faster scales, since theta phase predicts beta and gamma amplitude Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	0.8	the tagger's words
mechanisms	parietal spiking may multiplex decision signals into a beta and a gamma channel Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	0.5	the tagger's words
limitations	Mutual information estimates could have been inflated at phase bins containing few spikes; the authors re-ran the analysis with stratified spike counts. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every mutual-information value: MI ESTIMATION MAY HAVE BEEN BIASED BY THE DIFFERING SPIKE COUNTS AT DIFFERENT PHASES OF ACTIVITY	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	How the beta-band dissociation between spiking and information is generated, and how downstream populations could read it out, is left open. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the mechanism behind the beta dissociation: it RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW THE ACTIVITY CAN BE GENERATED AND HOW OTHER NEURONAL POPULATIONS CAN DECODE SUCH ACTIVITY EFFICIENTLY	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	how such a code is generated and how any downstream population could read it efficiently is left open Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - generation and readout both open	`limitations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the proposed source of the beta dissociation - the beta to gamma phase difference - was tested and did not correlate with it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the paper's own candidate explanation, which it tested and rejected: WE OBSERVED NO CORRELATION BETWEEN THE BETA-GAMMA PHASE DIFFERENCE AND THE MOMENT OF THE BETA CHOICE-MI	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the primary modulation statistic assumes a single concentration across phase bins and cannot see multimodal modulation, so a second statistic had to be run Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the modulation-strength statistic: THE MEAN RESULTANT LENGTH R ASSUMES A UNIMODAL CONCENTRATION ... IT IS INSENSITIVE TO MORE COMPLEX FORMS OF MODULATION SUCH AS MULTIMODAL MODULATIONS - so the analysis was REPEATED using entropy-based permutation statistics	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	MI is positively biased for smaller samples and spuriously high for phase bins with few spikes, and spike counts differ across phases, so MI had to be reestimated with the counts equal across phase bins Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0], with the correction reported: WE REESTIMATED MI WHILE STRATIFYING SPIKE COUNTS TO BE EQUAL ACROSS PHASE BINS ... THE PATTERN ... PERSISTED	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the unit of analysis is mixed: 149 units of which only 45 are single units, the rest multiunit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: what a 'unit' means in every count here: 149 UNITS [97 ... (31 SINGLE UNITS AND 66 MULTIUNITS) FOR MONKEY C AND 52 (14 SINGLE UNITS AND 38 MULTIUNITS) FOR MONKEY R]	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	gamma coherence depended on how far apart the two electrodes were, which is read as gamma being more local rather than as a recording artefact Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the spatial reach of the gamma result: THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE ELECTRODE TIPS OF THE RECORDING PAIRS INFLUENCED THE SFC, comparing pairs at a median separation of 1.07 mm against the farther half	`limitations[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
transfers	the MI between the spiking of a neuron and the movement condition, in or out of the response field Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the trigonometric moment of a phase histogram, which is how the temporal concentration of spiking is measured in detail Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	PAC and N to M phase-phase locking, imported to ask how the three time scales relate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	a fitted psychometric function relating the reward difference between the two shapes to the probability of choosing one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[3]`	0.8	the tagger's words
controls	the whole analysis repeated while STRATIFYING the number of spikes at each phase bin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: spike count as the driver of mutual information - MI rises with the amount of data, so a phase bin with more spikes would show more MI whether or not the phase carries anything · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	THE ESTIMATOR'S OWN BIAS WOULD HAVE PRODUCED THE RESULT: mutual information runs high on small samples, the number of spikes differs from phase bin to phase bin, so phase-dependent information is exactly what a biased estimator would manufacture here Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and it is answered twice over - each bin's estimate is restricted to the smallest bin's sample size, and spikes in excess of that minimum are deleted at random and the estimate repeated a thousand times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	INFORMATION AND RATE ARE NOT THE SAME QUANTITY: in the beta band the spike count is symmetric about its preferred phase while the information is not, and the two peak at different times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	so a rate-based reading of this code would place the information at the wrong moment - and in the gamma band, where the two do coincide, it would be right Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THE NULL IS THE FINDING: removing the spike count's prediction leaves the beta information still modulated but flattens the gamma information entirely, so the same control analysis reports independence in one band and dependence in the other Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THE HEADLINE STATISTIC NAMES ITS OWN BLIND SPOT: the resultant length assumes one concentration across phase bins and is insensitive to multimodal modulation, which is why an entropy measure is run beside it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	A UNIT HERE IS TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBJECT: 45 single units and 104 multiunits, and every count in the paper is reported split rather than pooled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and 'coherent' is a label produced by a threshold - a unit qualifies if any one of 59 frequency bins passes, and where two electrodes were available the one with more significant bins was kept Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THEY TEST THEIR OWN PROPOSED MECHANISM AND IT FAILS: the beta to gamma phase difference looked like it could produce the dissociation, and the correlation is absent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: spike-field coherence and phase-binned mutual information between firing and choice, with the spike-count prediction regressed out to give an orthogonal information measure, and cross-frequency coupling between the three bands Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: phase-of-firing coding: the same firing rate carries different amounts of information about a decision depending on the phase of the surrounding rhythm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: phase-dependent coding of choice in posterior parietal cortex — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the body of evidence linking firing-rate information to ongoing population dynamics in cortex (refs 35, 40-48) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → recent accounts positing that beta and gamma activity reflect different network-level processes (refs 31, 49-52) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → previous reports on the impact of temporal structure on firing-rate encoding in primate cortex (refs 47, 48) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → work showing that coherently active parietal ensembles predict reaction times and movement choices better than incoherent neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → primate visual cortex work in which gamma enhances selectivity around peak excitability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → prefrontal working-memory work in which information about sequential objects arrives at different beta phases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → the account in which gamma reflects local bottom-up processing and beta top-down linkage across a larger cortical scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → its own explanation of the beta dissociation, by testing the beta to gamma phase difference against it and finding no relationship Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE REFERENCE RHYTHM. 'Beta-gamma phase-phase coupling could contribute to the temporal localization of the choice-MI with respect to the beta [rhythm].' The paper qualifies its own account by naming what the localisation is measured AGAINST - a self-qualification, which is the rarer and more careful use of this type. CORRECTED AT: the quote originally ended at 'could contribute to the temporal localization of the choice-MI' - THE HYPOTHESIS HALF OF THE SPAN. The paper then rejects it: 'However, we observed no correlation between the beta-gamma phase difference and the moment of the beta choice-MI phase histogram on a single-spike LFP level.' The target already said 'finding no relationship', so the row's prose was right and its EVIDENCE recorded the possibility rather than the finding. Widened through the reversal.	`claim_relations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the view that theta-band activity regulates activity on faster time scales Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[8]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	choice-MI —distinct-from→ spike count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS SYMMETRY AROUND THE PREFERRED PHASE. 'Quotation withheld.' Both quantities are measured against the same reference phase; only one is distributed evenly about it, which is what dissociates the information from the firing that carries it. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE RESULT: in the beta band the two histograms have significantly different moments, so information and firing peak at different times in the cycle also in: choice-MI · spike count	`concept_edges[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	beta activity —causes→ choice-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: peak-to-trough modulation of 15.3 percent, with the information raised on the downswing and lowered on the upswing also in: beta activity · choice-MI	`concept_edges[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	gamma activity —causes→ choice-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AND HERE THEY COINCIDE: no difference between the moments of information and spike count, so the same rhythm behaves differently in the two bands also in: gamma activity · choice-MI	`concept_edges[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	beta activity —contrasted-with→ gamma activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the entire claim is a comparison of two bands measured in the same spikes at the same time also in: beta activity · gamma activity	`concept_edges[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	spike count —distinct-from→ beta activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but beta activity 'independently correlated' with spike counts and choice encoding; distinct-from is loose. also in: spike count · beta activity	`concept_edges[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	stratifying —operationalised-as→ spike count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: spikes in excess of the smallest bin are deleted at random and the estimate repeated a thousand times - data discarded on purpose to equalise the samples Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but spike counts were stratified per phase bin; operationalised-as is loose. also in: stratifying · spike count	`concept_edges[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	mutual information —operationalised-as→ movement choice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: 101 of 149 units carried significant choice information in the firing rate before any phase is considered also in: mutual information · movement choice	`concept_edges[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	single units —distinct-from→ multiunits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: 45 against 104, and every percentage in the paper is reported for the two classes separately instead of pooled also in: single units · multiunits	`concept_edges[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	single units —operationalised-as→ spike waveforms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: k-means over-clustering in a three-dimensional feature space, manual merging, and acceptance only where the cluster stayed clear of the multiunit cloud for a whole 100 second window also in: single units · spike waveforms	`concept_edges[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	theta activity —part-of→ temporal structure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: three scales that respond differently to the same event: theta constant, beta down, gamma up also in: theta activity · temporal structure	`concept_edges[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	phase–phase coupling —distinct-from→ choice-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: NOT MIS-TYPED - I HAD READ ONLY THE FIRST TWO SENTENCES. The span raises the possibility and then rejects it: 'Beta-gamma phase-phase coupling COULD CONTRIBUTE to the temporal localization of the choice-MI ... HOWEVER, WE OBSERVED NO CORRELATION BETWEEN THE BETA-GAMMA PHASE DIFFERENCE AND THE MOMENT OF THE BETA CHOICE-MI PHASE HISTOGRAM ON A SINGLE-SPIKE LFP LEVEL.' THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE PHASE DIFFERENCE PREDICTS THE CHOICE-MI MOMENT, and the evidence for the distinction is a NULL - the polarity gap again, in a row I had queued for retraction. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: THEY TEST THEIR OWN PROPOSED MECHANISM AND IT FAILS: the beta to gamma phase difference looked like it could produce the dissociation, and the circular correlation is flat Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but NO CORRELATION was found between the beta-gamma phase difference and the choice-MI moment; distinct-from rests on a null result. also in: phase–phase coupling · choice-MI	`concept_edges[25]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	choice-MI —distinct-from→ baseline epoch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the effect is absent before the targets appear and absent in coherent units that carry no choice information - two places it should not be, and is not also in: choice-MI · baseline epoch	`concept_edges[26]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	trigonometric moment —operationalised-as→ spike count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the spike histogram's moment is indistinguishable from its preferred phase, which is what makes it symmetric and the information histogram's asymmetry meaningful Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the trigonometric moment describes the temporal concentration OF spiking across phase bins; operationalised-as is loose. also in: trigonometric moment · spike count	`concept_edges[28]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	temporal structure —causes→ decision Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: stated as a hypothesis before any measurement Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span states a hypothesis; causes states it as a finding. also in: temporal structure · decision	`concept_edges[34]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mutual information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mutual information	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	permutation test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permutation test	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	false discovery rate correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false discovery rate correction	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	familywise error correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: familywise error correction	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Rayleigh test (circular uniformity) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Rayleigh test (circular uniformity)	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Watson-Williams test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Watson-Williams test	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Fisher's exact test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Fisher's exact test	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	circular correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: circular correlation	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	linear regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: linear regression	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	bootstrap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bootstrap	`content_tags.statistics[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval	`content_tags.statistics[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	maximum likelihood estimation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: maximum likelihood estimation	`content_tags.statistics[11]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	psychometric function fitting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: psychometric function fitting	`content_tags.statistics[12]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	multitaper spectral estimation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multitaper spectral estimation	`content_tags.statistics[13]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal component analysis	`content_tags.statistics[14]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	k-means clustering Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: k-means clustering	`content_tags.statistics[15]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mutual information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mutual information	`content_tags.statistics[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	permutation tests Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permutation tests	`content_tags.statistics[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Rayleigh tests Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Rayleigh tests	`content_tags.statistics[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Watson–Williams tests Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Watson–Williams tests	`content_tags.statistics[19]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	Fisher’s exact test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Fisher’s exact test	`content_tags.statistics[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	circular correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: circular correlation	`content_tags.statistics[21]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	false-discovery rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false-discovery rate	`content_tags.statistics[22]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	linear regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: linear regression	`content_tags.statistics[23]`	0.7	the tagger's words
content_tags	Most recorded parietal units carried significant information about the animal's upcoming choice in their firing rate. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	How much choice information a neuron's spiking carried depended on the phase of beta and gamma field activity, but not on theta phase. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	For beta activity, choice information peaked at a different phase from spike count, on the downswing of the cycle. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	For gamma activity, by contrast, choice information and spike count peaked at the same phase. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Once spike count was regressed out, gamma phase no longer modulated choice information, showing the gamma effect was not independent of excitability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Gamma activity appeared more spatially local than theta or beta activity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The three rhythms responded differently to the onset of the decision: theta unchanged, beta reduced, gamma enhanced. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Beta activity sits at the hub of cross-frequency interactions, coupled to theta by PAC and to gamma by phase-phase coupling. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	101 units (68%) carried significant choice information in their firing rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	spiking was coherent with the nearby field at three separate scales - theta, beta and gamma - which responded differently to the choice event Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	beta coherence and power both fell during the choice epoch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	gamma spike-field coherence, but not LFP power, rose during the choice epoch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	units coherent in one band were more often coherent in another than chance allows, across all three pairings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	preferred phases clustered on the downswing and trough and did not shift between baseline and choice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	choice information varied with beta and gamma phase but not with theta phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the same conclusion followed from a modulation entropy that makes fewer distributional assumptions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	beta spike counts were symmetric about the preferred phase, with a peak-to-trough modulation of 13.6 percent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE DISSOCIATION: beta choice information was asymmetric, peaked on the downswing, and its moment differed significantly from the spike count's Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	removing the spike count's prediction left the beta information histogram still significantly modulated, so beta relates to firing and to encoding independently Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	in gamma the information and the spike count shared the same concentration, with no difference between their moments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE SAME SUBTRACTION GIVES A NULL IN GAMMA: the orthogonal information was uniform across phase bins, so gamma's two correlations are not independent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the moment of gamma choice information differed significantly from the moment of beta choice information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE ESTIMATOR'S OWN BIAS WOULD HAVE MADE THIS RESULT: information runs high at small samples and spike counts differ by phase bin, and the pattern survived equalising the spike counts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[22]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the equalisation deletes spikes at random down to the smallest bin and repeats the estimate a thousand times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[23]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and each bin's probabilities are estimated over the lowest sample count across bins, with bootstrapped resampling to that size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[24]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE PRIMARY STATISTIC IS SAID TO BE BLIND TO SOMETHING: the resultant length assumes a single concentration across bins and cannot detect multimodal modulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[25]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the pattern held for each animal separately and for units split by coherence band, firing rate, sulcal bank and electrode separation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[26]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and it was absent in the baseline epoch and in coherent units without choice information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[27]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	theta phase showed no relationship to choice information even among units selected for significant theta coherence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[28]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	coherence above 20 Hz was stronger between closer electrode tips, which is read as gamma being more local than theta or beta Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[29]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the medial and lateral banks of the sulcus showed no difference in temporal structure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[30]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	theta phase predicted beta and gamma amplitude, with the theta to beta coupling strongest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[31]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	phase-phase coupling was strongest between beta and gamma, weaker between theta and beta, and absent between theta and gamma Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[32]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THEY TEST THEIR OWN EXPLANATION AND IT FAILS: the beta to gamma phase difference did not correlate with the beta information moment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[33]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	beta activity took a central role among three interrelated temporal modes, most prominently coupled to slower theta through PAC and to faster gamma through phase-phase coupling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[34]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A MIXED UNIT OF ANALYSIS: 149 units of which 45 are single units and 104 multiunits, with 186 field recordings alongside Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[35]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	single-unit status required the cluster to stay clear of the multiunit cloud across a whole 100 second window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[36]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	spikes and field phases were always taken from different electrodes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[37]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	trial-locked evoked potentials were regressed out of every trial before analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[38]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the family-wise correction was built against a named failure mode - a few large-effect frequencies dominating the maximum resample distribution and cutting its degrees of freedom Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[39]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	a unit counted as coherent if any one of the tested frequency bins passed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[40]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	16,123 trials from one monkey and 11,440 from the other entered the analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[41]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	reward magnitudes for each shape held for 50 to 60 trials and then changed without warning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[42]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	coherent unit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: coherent unit	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	orthogonal-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: orthogonal-MI	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	n:m phase-phase coupling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: n:m phase-phase coupling	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	modulation entropy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: modulation entropy	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mutual information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mutual information	`content_tags.definitions[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	orthogonal-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: orthogonal-MI	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	coherent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: coherent	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	stratifying Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stratifying	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	single units Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: single units	`content_tags.definitions[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	LFP phase bin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: LFP phase bin	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	movement condition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: movement condition	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	reward magnitude Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reward magnitude	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mutual information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mutual information	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spike-field coherence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spike-field coherence	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spike counts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spike counts	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	trial-locked evoked potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: trial-locked evoked potentials	`content_tags.variables[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	choice-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: choice-MI	`content_tags.variables[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	spike count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spike count	`content_tags.variables[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	SFC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SFC	`content_tags.variables[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase	`content_tags.variables[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	trigonometric moment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: trigonometric moment	`content_tags.variables[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	149 units — total number of recorded parietal units analyzed across the two monkeys Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	101 units (68%) — number and share of units with significant choice mutual information during the choice epoch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	13.6% / 6.6 spikes/s — peak-to-trough modulation of spike count by beta phase, and the equivalent firing-rate swing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	15.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice mutual information by beta phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	6.2% — peak-to-trough modulation of spiking by gamma phase (about three spikes/s) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	12.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice mutual information by gamma phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	16,123 trials (monkey C) and 11,440 trials (monkey R) — number of choice-task trials contributed by each animal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	1.07 mm vs. 2.86 mm — median electrode-tip separation of the near and far halves of recording pairs, used to test locality of the rhythms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	r = −0.063, P = 0.55 — circular correlation between beta-gamma phase difference and the moment of the beta choice-MI histogram (no relationship) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	13.6% — peak-to-trough modulation of the spike count by beta phase, about 6.6 spikes per second Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	15.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice information by beta phase - a similar size to the spike modulation but at a different phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	12.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice information by gamma phase, against 6.2 percent for the spike count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	P = 0.30 — the gamma orthogonal-information null - the result that says gamma's two effects are not separable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	r = −0.063 — the correlation between the beta-gamma phase difference and the moment of the beta choice-MI phase histogram, testing whether that coupling could contribute to the temporal localization of the choice-MI Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	149 units — 45 single units and 104 multiunits from two monkeys, with 186 simultaneous field recordings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	101 units (68%) — units with significant choice information in the firing rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	16,123 trials — trials from monkey C, against 11,440 from monkey R Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.