phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | phase-dependent coding of choice in posterior parietal cortex— “We hypothesize that the encoding of decisions in the PPC should depend on the temporal structure present in neuronal activity.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We test how the encoding of choice in a key decision-making node, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), depends on the temporal structure of the surrounding population activity.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We recorded spiking and local field potential (LFP) activity in the PPC while two rhesus macaques performed a decision-making task.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We test how the encoding of choice in a key decision-making node, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), depends on the temporal structure of the surrounding population activity. We recorded spiking and local field potential (LFP) activity in the PPC while two rhesus macaques performed a decision-making task. We quantified the mutual… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Previous studies have shown that coherently active ensembles of cells in the PPC predict reaction times ( 9 ) and movement choices ( 13 , 21 ) better than neurons without coherent dynamics. However, whether and how the coding of decisions depends on the temporally structured firing of PPC neurons remains unknown.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Choice information contained in neural firing varied with the phase of beta and gamma activity. For gamma activity, maximum choice information occurred at the same phase as the maximum spike count. However, for beta activity, choice information and spike count were greatest at different phases.” | |
| transfer | from information theory: the MI between the spiking of a neuron and the movement condition, in or out of the response field— “We studied the encoding properties of neurons’ firing rates by quantifying the MI between the spiking of a neuron S and the movement condition C (in or out of response field) M I ( C , S ) = ∑ s , c P ( c ) P ( s | c ) l o g 2 ( P ( s | c ) P ( s ) ) . To derive the marginal and conditional probabilities of spiking and movement condition, we… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from circular statistics: the trigonometric moment of a phase histogram, which is how the temporal concentration of spiking is measured in detail— “In the beta-frequency band, the peak-to-trough modulation of spike counts was 13.6%, corresponding to a modulation in firing rate by about 6.6 spikes/s ( Fig. 3 B ). Spiking was distributed symmetrically about the spike-preferred beta-phase with no significant differences in the amount of spiking between the bins before and after the… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from cross-frequency coupling analysis: PAC and N to M phase-phase locking, imported to ask how the three time scales relate— “We found significant PAC between theta phases and beta amplitudes (permutation test, P < 10 −4 ) ( Fig. 4 A ). PAC for theta phases and gamma amplitudes (permutation test, P = 0.031) and beta phases and gamma amplitudes (permutation test, P < 10 −4 ) also was significant, albeit weaker (permutation tests, theta–beta vs. theta–gamma, P =… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from psychophysics: a fitted psychometric function relating the reward difference between the two shapes to the probability of choosing one— “We recorded neuronal activity while monkeys performed reward-guided look-and-reach decisions. At the start of each trial, in the baseline epoch, the monkeys maintained touch and fixation on a central target. Then, in the choice epoch, they were presented with two alternatives, a circle and a triangle, and had to choose one with a combined… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | An asymmetric interplay of excitation and inhibition within the beta cycle produces an uninformative upswing and an informative downswing of spiking— “Our results thus suggest that beta spiking in the PPC results from an asymmetric interaction between excitation and inhibition, producing a relatively less informative upswing and a more informative downswing of activity with similar activity magnitudes.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Beta rhythms are tuned to large-scale network communication rather than local processing, which is why choice information becomes separated in time from local excitability— “In contrast, beta activity may be tuned to larger network scales, leading to a separation between choice information and excitability.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Downstream ensembles read out the two rhythms with different integration windows, beta's extending past the moment of peak synchronous input to catch the later information peak— “Although the gamma activity may be most informative when spiking is greatest, the integration period for the beta activity may extend past the time of greatest synchronous activity to include a later period of peak information.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | beta spiking is proposed to come from an asymmetric interplay of excitation and inhibition, giving an uninformative upswing and an informative downswing at similar spike counts— “Our results thus suggest that beta spiking in the PPC results from an asymmetric interaction between excitation and inhibition, producing a relatively less informative upswing and a more informative downswing of activity with similar activity magnitudes.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the two bands are read as two network scales, gamma as local bottom-up processing and beta as top-down linkage to a larger cortical network— “Specifically, gamma activity may reflect bottom-up–driven local processing, and beta activity may reflect top-down–driven processes that link local information to processing on a larger cortical scale ( 31 , 49 – 52 ). The coherent relationship we observe between the gamma and beta activity suggests that decision signals in the PPC arise in… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | downstream ensembles may integrate over different windows in the two bands, with the beta window reaching past peak synchrony to the later information peak— “Our findings are consistent with this view and suggest that beta and gamma activity may differ in the window of integration by downstream ensembles. Although the gamma activity may be most informative when spiking is greatest, the integration period for the beta activity may extend past the time of greatest synchronous activity to include a… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | theta may regulate the faster scales, since theta phase predicts beta and gamma amplitude— “We found significant PAC between theta phases and beta amplitudes (permutation test, P < 10 −4 ) ( Fig. 4 A ). PAC for theta phases and gamma amplitudes (permutation test, P = 0.031) and beta phases and gamma amplitudes (permutation test, P < 10 −4 ) also was significant, albeit weaker (permutation tests, theta–beta vs. theta–gamma, P =… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | parietal spiking may multiplex decision signals into a beta and a gamma channel— “An intriguing possibility is that PPC spiking may multiplex decision signals into beta and gamma channels” | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | the body of evidence linking firing-rate information to ongoing population dynamics in cortex (refs 35, 40-48)— “Our findings demonstrate a potential role for temporal coding in the PPC during the formation of decisions and add to a growing body of evidence linking firing rate information to ongoing population dynamics in cortex ( 35 , 40 – 48 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | recent accounts positing that beta and gamma activity reflect different network-level processes (refs 31, 49-52)— “These observations generally agree with recent findings positing that beta and gamma activity reflect different network-level processes.” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | previous reports on the impact of temporal structure on firing-rate encoding in primate cortex (refs 47, 48)— “Our observations agree well with previous reports on the impact of temporal structure on firing rate encoding… | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | work showing that coherently active parietal ensembles predict reaction times and movement choices better than incoherent neurons | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | primate visual cortex work in which gamma enhances selectivity around peak excitability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | prefrontal working-memory work in which information about sequential objects arrives at different beta phases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | the account in which gamma reflects local bottom-up processing and beta top-down linkage across a larger cortical scale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| qualifies | its own explanation of the beta dissociation, by testing the beta to gamma phase difference against it and finding no relationship Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | the view that theta-band activity regulates activity on faster time scales Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | THE ESTIMATOR'S OWN BIAS WOULD HAVE PRODUCED THE RESULT: mutual information runs high on small samples, the number of spikes differs from phase bin to phase bin, so phase-dependent information is exactly what a biased estimator would manufacture here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and it is answered twice over - each bin's estimate is restricted to the smallest bin's sample size, and spikes in excess of that minimum are deleted at random and the estimate repeated a thousand times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | INFORMATION AND RATE ARE NOT THE SAME QUANTITY: in the beta band the spike count is symmetric about its preferred phase while the information is not, and the two peak at different times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | so a rate-based reading of this code would place the information at the wrong moment - and in the gamma band, where the two do coincide, it would be right Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE NULL IS THE FINDING: removing the spike count's prediction leaves the beta information still modulated but flattens the gamma information entirely, so the same control analysis reports independence in one band and dependence in the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | THE HEADLINE STATISTIC NAMES ITS OWN BLIND SPOT: the resultant length assumes one concentration across phase bins and is insensitive to multimodal modulation, which is why an entropy measure is run beside it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | A UNIT HERE IS TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBJECT: 45 single units and 104 multiunits, and every count in the paper is reported split rather than pooled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | and 'coherent' is a label produced by a threshold - a unit qualifies if any one of 59 frequency bins passes, and where two electrodes were available the one with more significant bins was kept Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THEY TEST THEIR OWN PROPOSED MECHANISM AND IT FAILS: the beta to gamma phase difference looked like it could produce the dissociation, and the correlation is absent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| control | the whole analysis repeated while STRATIFYING the number of spikes at each phase bin — held — rules out spike count as the driver of mutual information - MI rises with the amount of data, so a phase bin with more spikes would show more MI whether or not the phase carries anything Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | its own explanation of the beta dissociation, by testing the beta to gamma phase difference against it and finding no relationship — THE AXIS IS THE REFERENCE RHYTHM. 'Beta-gamma phase-phase coupling could contribute to the temporal localization of the choice-MI with respect to the beta [rhythm].' The paper qualifies its own account by naming what the localisation is measured AGAINST - a self-qualification, which is the rarer and more careful use of this type. CORRECTED AT: the quote originally ended at 'could contribute to the temporal localization of the choice-MI' - THE HYPOTHESIS HALF OF THE SPAN. The paper then rejects it: 'However, we observed no correlation between the beta-gamma phase difference and the moment of the beta choice-MI phase histogram on a single-spike LFP level.' The target already said 'finding no relationship', so the row's prose was right and its EVIDENCE recorded the possibility rather than the finding. Widened through the reversal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | choice-MI —distinct-from→ spike count — THE AXIS IS SYMMETRY AROUND THE PREFERRED PHASE. 'Unlike the spike counts, the choice-MI was asymmetric around the spike-preferred beta phase.' Both quantities are measured against the same reference phase; only one is distributed evenly about it, which is what dissociates the information from the firing that carries it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | choice-MI —distinct-from→ spike count — THE RESULT: in the beta band the two histograms have significantly different moments, so information and firing peak at different times in the cycle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | beta activity —causes→ choice-MI — peak-to-trough modulation of 15.3 percent, with the information raised on the downswing and lowered on the upswing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | gamma activity —causes→ choice-MI — AND HERE THEY COINCIDE: no difference between the moments of information and spike count, so the same rhythm behaves differently in the two bands Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | beta activity —contrasted-with→ gamma activity — the entire claim is a comparison of two bands measured in the same spikes at the same time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | spike count —distinct-from→ beta activity — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but beta activity 'independently correlated' with spike counts and choice encoding; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | stratifying —operationalised-as→ spike count — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but spike counts were stratified per phase bin; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | stratifying —operationalised-as→ spike count — spikes in excess of the smallest bin are deleted at random and the estimate repeated a thousand times - data discarded on purpose to equalise the samples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | mutual information —operationalised-as→ movement choice — 101 of 149 units carried significant choice information in the firing rate before any phase is considered Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | single units —distinct-from→ multiunits — 45 against 104, and every percentage in the paper is reported for the two classes separately instead of pooled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[18] |
| note | single units —operationalised-as→ spike waveforms — k-means over-clustering in a three-dimensional feature space, manual merging, and acceptance only where the cluster stayed clear of the multiunit cloud for a whole 100 second window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[19] |
| note | theta activity —part-of→ temporal structure — three scales that respond differently to the same event: theta constant, beta down, gamma up Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| audit | phase–phase coupling —distinct-from→ choice-MI — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but NO CORRELATION was found between the beta-gamma phase difference and the choice-MI moment; distinct-from rests on a null result. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| differs in | phase–phase coupling —distinct-from→ choice-MI — NOT MIS-TYPED - I HAD READ ONLY THE FIRST TWO SENTENCES. The span raises the possibility and then rejects it: 'Beta-gamma phase-phase coupling COULD CONTRIBUTE to the temporal localization of the choice-MI ... HOWEVER, WE OBSERVED NO CORRELATION BETWEEN THE BETA-GAMMA PHASE DIFFERENCE AND THE MOMENT OF THE BETA CHOICE-MI PHASE HISTOGRAM ON A SINGLE-SPIKE LFP LEVEL.' THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE PHASE DIFFERENCE PREDICTS THE CHOICE-MI MOMENT, and the evidence for the distinction is a NULL - the polarity gap again, in a row I had queued for retraction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| note | phase–phase coupling —distinct-from→ choice-MI — THEY TEST THEIR OWN PROPOSED MECHANISM AND IT FAILS: the beta to gamma phase difference looked like it could produce the dissociation, and the circular correlation is flat Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| note | choice-MI —distinct-from→ baseline epoch — the effect is absent before the targets appear and absent in coherent units that carry no choice information - two places it should not be, and is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[26] |
| audit | trigonometric moment —operationalised-as→ spike count — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the trigonometric moment describes the temporal concentration OF spiking across phase bins; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[28] |
| note | trigonometric moment —operationalised-as→ spike count — the spike histogram's moment is indistinguishable from its preferred phase, which is what makes it symmetric and the information histogram's asymmetry meaningful Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[28] |
| audit | temporal structure —causes→ decision — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span states a hypothesis; causes states it as a finding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[34] |
| note | temporal structure —causes→ decision — stated as a hypothesis before any measurement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[34] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every mutual-information value: MI ESTIMATION MAY HAVE BEEN BIASED BY THE DIFFERING SPIKE COUNTS AT DIFFERENT PHASES OF ACTIVITY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanism behind the beta dissociation: it RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW THE ACTIVITY CAN BE GENERATED AND HOW OTHER NEURONAL POPULATIONS CAN DECODE SUCH ACTIVITY EFFICIENTLY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - generation and readout both open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the paper's own candidate explanation, which it tested and rejected: WE OBSERVED NO CORRELATION BETWEEN THE BETA-GAMMA PHASE DIFFERENCE AND THE MOMENT OF THE BETA CHOICE-MI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the modulation-strength statistic: THE MEAN RESULTANT LENGTH R ASSUMES A UNIMODAL CONCENTRATION ... IT IS INSENSITIVE TO MORE COMPLEX FORMS OF MODULATION SUCH AS MULTIMODAL MODULATIONS - so the analysis was REPEATED using entropy-based permutation statistics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0], with the correction reported: WE REESTIMATED MI WHILE STRATIFYING SPIKE COUNTS TO BE EQUAL ACROSS PHASE BINS ... THE PATTERN ... PERSISTED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — what a 'unit' means in every count here: 149 UNITS [97 ... (31 SINGLE UNITS AND 66 MULTIUNITS) FOR MONKEY C AND 52 (14 SINGLE UNITS AND 38 MULTIUNITS) FOR MONKEY R] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the spatial reach of the gamma result: THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE ELECTRODE TIPS OF THE RECORDING PAIRS INFLUENCED THE SFC, comparing pairs at a median separation of 1.07 mm against the farther half Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[3] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: may reflect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[4] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Mutual information estimates could have been inflated at phase bins containing few spikes; the authors re-ran the analysis with stratified spike counts. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | How the beta-band dissociation between spiking and information is generated, and how downstream populations could read it out, is left open. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | how such a code is generated and how any downstream population could read it efficiently is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the proposed source of the beta dissociation - the beta to gamma phase difference - was tested and did not correlate with it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the primary modulation statistic assumes a single concentration across phase bins and cannot see multimodal modulation, so a second statistic had to be run Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | MI is positively biased for smaller samples and spuriously high for phase bins with few spikes, and spike counts differ across phases, so MI had to be reestimated with the counts equal across phase bins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the unit of analysis is mixed: 149 units of which only 45 are single units, the rest multiunit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | gamma coherence depended on how far apart the two electrodes were, which is read as gamma being more local rather than as a recording artefact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Most recorded parietal units carried significant information about the animal's upcoming choice in their firing rate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | How much choice information a neuron's spiking carried depended on the phase of beta and gamma field activity, but not on theta phase. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | For beta activity, choice information peaked at a different phase from spike count, on the downswing of the cycle. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | For gamma activity, by contrast, choice information and spike count peaked at the same phase. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Once spike count was regressed out, gamma phase no longer modulated choice information, showing the gamma effect was not independent of excitability. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Gamma activity appeared more spatially local than theta or beta activity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The three rhythms responded differently to the onset of the decision: theta unchanged, beta reduced, gamma enhanced. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Beta activity sits at the hub of cross-frequency interactions, coupled to theta by PAC and to gamma by phase-phase coupling. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | 101 units (68%) carried significant choice information in their firing rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | spiking was coherent with the nearby field at three separate scales - theta, beta and gamma - which responded differently to the choice event Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | beta coherence and power both fell during the choice epoch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | gamma spike-field coherence, but not LFP power, rose during the choice epoch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | units coherent in one band were more often coherent in another than chance allows, across all three pairings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | preferred phases clustered on the downswing and trough and did not shift between baseline and choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | choice information varied with beta and gamma phase but not with theta phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | and the same conclusion followed from a modulation entropy that makes fewer distributional assumptions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | beta spike counts were symmetric about the preferred phase, with a peak-to-trough modulation of 13.6 percent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | THE DISSOCIATION: beta choice information was asymmetric, peaked on the downswing, and its moment differed significantly from the spike count's Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | removing the spike count's prediction left the beta information histogram still significantly modulated, so beta relates to firing and to encoding independently Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | in gamma the information and the spike count shared the same concentration, with no difference between their moments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | AND THE SAME SUBTRACTION GIVES A NULL IN GAMMA: the orthogonal information was uniform across phase bins, so gamma's two correlations are not independent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the moment of gamma choice information differed significantly from the moment of beta choice information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | THE ESTIMATOR'S OWN BIAS WOULD HAVE MADE THIS RESULT: information runs high at small samples and spike counts differ by phase bin, and the pattern survived equalising the spike counts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | the equalisation deletes spikes at random down to the smallest bin and repeats the estimate a thousand times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | and each bin's probabilities are estimated over the lowest sample count across bins, with bootstrapped resampling to that size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | THE PRIMARY STATISTIC IS SAID TO BE BLIND TO SOMETHING: the resultant length assumes a single concentration across bins and cannot detect multimodal modulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | the pattern held for each animal separately and for units split by coherence band, firing rate, sulcal bank and electrode separation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | and it was absent in the baseline epoch and in coherent units without choice information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | theta phase showed no relationship to choice information even among units selected for significant theta coherence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | coherence above 20 Hz was stronger between closer electrode tips, which is read as gamma being more local than theta or beta Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | the medial and lateral banks of the sulcus showed no difference in temporal structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | theta phase predicted beta and gamma amplitude, with the theta to beta coupling strongest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | phase-phase coupling was strongest between beta and gamma, weaker between theta and beta, and absent between theta and gamma Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | THEY TEST THEIR OWN EXPLANATION AND IT FAILS: the beta to gamma phase difference did not correlate with the beta information moment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | beta activity took a central role among three interrelated temporal modes, most prominently coupled to slower theta through PAC and to faster gamma through phase-phase coupling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | A MIXED UNIT OF ANALYSIS: 149 units of which 45 are single units and 104 multiunits, with 186 field recordings alongside Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | single-unit status required the cluster to stay clear of the multiunit cloud across a whole 100 second window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | spikes and field phases were always taken from different electrodes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | trial-locked evoked potentials were regressed out of every trial before analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | the family-wise correction was built against a named failure mode - a few large-effect frequencies dominating the maximum resample distribution and cutting its degrees of freedom Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | a unit counted as coherent if any one of the tested frequency bins passed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | 16,123 trials from one monkey and 11,440 from the other entered the analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | reward magnitudes for each shape held for 50 to 60 trials and then changed without warning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| quantity | 149 units — total number of recorded parietal units analyzed across the two monkeys Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 101 units (68%) — number and share of units with significant choice mutual information during the choice epoch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 13.6% / 6.6 spikes/s — peak-to-trough modulation of spike count by beta phase, and the equivalent firing-rate swing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 15.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice mutual information by beta phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 6.2% — peak-to-trough modulation of spiking by gamma phase (about three spikes/s) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 12.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice mutual information by gamma phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 16,123 trials (monkey C) and 11,440 trials (monkey R) — number of choice-task trials contributed by each animal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 1.07 mm vs. 2.86 mm — median electrode-tip separation of the near and far halves of recording pairs, used to test locality of the rhythms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | r = −0.063, P = 0.55 — circular correlation between beta-gamma phase difference and the moment of the beta choice-MI histogram (no relationship) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 13.6% — peak-to-trough modulation of the spike count by beta phase, about 6.6 spikes per second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 15.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice information by beta phase - a similar size to the spike modulation but at a different phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 12.3% — peak-to-trough modulation of choice information by gamma phase, against 6.2 percent for the spike count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | P = 0.30 — the gamma orthogonal-information null - the result that says gamma's two effects are not separable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | r = −0.063 — the correlation between the beta-gamma phase difference and the moment of the beta choice-MI phase histogram, testing whether that coupling could contribute to the temporal localization of the choice-MI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 149 units — 45 single units and 104 multiunits from two monkeys, with 186 simultaneous field recordings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 101 units (68%) — units with significant choice information in the firing rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 16,123 trials — trials from monkey C, against 11,440 from monkey R Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| variable | LFP phase bin (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | movement condition (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | reward magnitude (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | mutual information (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | spike-field coherence (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | spike counts (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | trial-locked evoked potentials (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | choice-MI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | spike count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | SFC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | trigonometric moment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | coherent unit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | orthogonal-MI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | n:m phase-phase coupling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | modulation entropy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | mutual information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | orthogonal-MI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | coherent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | stratifying Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | single units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | PPC, IPS, decision, movement choice, response field, reward magnitudes, temporal structure, LFP, SFC, phase, phase bins, beta activity, gamma activity, theta activity, mutual information, choice-MI, orthogonal-MI, spike count, firing rate, excitability, downswing, bias, stratifying, resultant length, modulation entropy, trigonometric moment, permutation test, PAC, phase–phase coupling, single units, multiunits, spike waveforms, electrode, coherent, evoked potentials, baseline epoch, choice epoch, integration, multiplex |
| mutual information MI | as written: mutual information (MI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| permutation test P | as written: random permutation test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| false discovery rate correction P FDR | as written: We controlled the FDR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| familywise error correction P FWER | as written: We controlled the FWE across frequencies using rank-based maximum resample statistics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Rayleigh test (circular uniformity) P | as written: Rayleigh tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| Watson-Williams test P | as written: Watson–Williams tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Fisher's exact test P FWER | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| circular correlation r | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| linear regression | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| bootstrap | as written: a bootstrapping procedure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| confidence interval | as written: 95% confidence interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| maximum likelihood estimation | as written: maximum likelihood estimates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| psychometric function fitting | as written: fit a psychometric function to the choice probabilities across bins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| multitaper spectral estimation | as written: multitaper methods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| principal component analysis | as written: 3D principal component feature space Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| k-means clustering | as written: the unsupervised clustering algorithm k -means Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| mutual information | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[16] |
| permutation tests | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[17] |
| Rayleigh tests | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[18] |
| Watson–Williams tests | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[19] |
| Fisher’s exact test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[20] |
| circular correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[21] |
| false-discovery rate | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[22] |
| linear regression | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[23] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | spike-field coherence and phase-binned mutual information between firing and choice, with the spike-count prediction regressed out to give an orthogonal information measure, and cross-frequency coupling between the three bands — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | phase-of-firing coding: the same firing rate carries different amounts of information about a decision depending on the phase of the surrounding rhythm — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: phase-dependent coding of choice in posterior parietal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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