The Origin of Adaptation in the Auditory Pathway of Locusts Is Specific to Cell Type and Function

Hildebrandt, Benda, Hennig · The Journal of Neuroscience · 2009 · neuroscience · 10.1523/jneurosci.4800-08.2009 · record Hildebrandt2009-the-origin-of-adaptation-in-the-auditory-pat
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The Benda (2002) relation is included as 'builds-on' because the paper does not merely cite it but uses the quantitative receptor adaptation ratio as a component of the prediction its own data are tested against ('Our data were compared with this relation.'). The paper's own core claim — that the origin of adaptation is cell-type and function specific — is new here, so replication status is 'untested'; only its transfer-function measurements are said to match earlier reports. 2026-08-13 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

4 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
cell type 2 fields · linear regression 2 fields · SFA 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 22 concept tags on this paper, 1 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

SFA TN1 BSN1 AN2 receptor acoustic stimulation current stimulation adaptation ratio time constant afterhyperpolarization inhibitory inputs spontaneous activity rate coefficient gain function high-pass low-pass RAM encoder adaptation transducer adaptation metathoracic ganglion spike initiating zone recording site In AN2 each spike triggers a slowly decaying afterhyperpolarizing current; during a stimulus these afterhyperpolarizations accumulate, progressively lowering excitability and thereby producing the adaptation. In AN2 the responsible conductance is inferred to be a spike-triggered AHP- or M-type current rather than a network effect. In BSN1 the hyperpolarization is not generated by the cell's own spikes but is imposed by presynaptic inhibitory input driving slow hyperpolarizing currents. A functional design rule: when a neuron's computation depends on the balance of incoming excitation and inhibition, adaptation must sit in the neuron itself rather than in its inputs, so that the balance is preserved. spike frequency adaptation (SFA) stimulation mode stimulus intensity cell type hyperpolarization onset spike frequency Wilcoxon rank-sum test Wilcoxon ranks sum test p-value correlation coefficient linear regression Regression coefficients for linear fits nonlinear (exponential) curve fitting with model comparison double exponential fits did not significantly improve the fit quality goodness-of-fit threshold for inclusion mean and standard deviation standard error of the mean propagation of error Propagated errors were calculated by partial differentiation linear interpolation derived from linear interpolations spectral (gain function) analysis the gain functions were calculated regression coefficient electrophysiology

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4800-08.2009. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 7 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 9 · concepts 1 · content_tags 78 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 10 · mechanisms 10 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 5 · transfers 2

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 9 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	where in a layered sensory pathway the adaptation seen in one neuron actually arises Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	how to separate the contribution of intrinsic from presynaptic adaptation mechanisms in a single cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	adaptation mechanisms differ greatly between interneurons of one pathway and follow the cell's role in information processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	spike frequency adaptation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: In AN2 each spike triggers a slowly decaying afterhyperpolarizing current; during a stimulus these afterhyperpolarizations accumulate, progressively lowering excitability and thereby producing the adaptation.	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: In AN2 the responsible conductance is inferred to be a spike-triggered AHP- or M-type current rather than a network effect.	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: In BSN1 the hyperpolarization is not generated by the cell's own spikes but is imposed by presynaptic inhibitory input driving slow hyperpolarizing currents.	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A functional design rule: when a neuron's computation depends on the balance of incoming excitation and inhibition, adaptation must sit in the neuron itself rather than in its inputs, so that the balance is preserved.	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	current injection bypasses everything upstream of the cell, so the difference between the two stimulation modes is what the pathway contributes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	in BSN1 the hyperpolarisation is not caused by the cell's own spiking, so it is probably imposed by inhibitory inputs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	in AN2 long-lasting spike-triggered afterhyperpolarisations accumulate, pointing to an AHP- or M-type current Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	a strong enough intrinsic mechanism can overwrite the time course inherited from upstream, which is what AN2 does Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	a design principle stated as a conditional: if a neuron's computation depends on the ratio of inhibition to excitation, the neuron itself should adapt rather than its inputs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	in BSN1 adaptation via one input would carry over to a later stimulus arriving on another, mixing temporal and directional information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[9]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	TN1 conclusions hold only up to a limited response range because current injection could not reach the high firing rates evoked acoustically. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every TN1 conclusion, over a stated interval: OUR CONCLUSIONS FOR TN1 ARE STRICTLY VALID ONLY FOR ONSET RESPONSES UP TO 150 HZ	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Linking cell-type-specific adaptation to temporal processing needs long-duration natural stimuli that were not used. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the link from cell-type-specific adaptation to temporal processing: EXPERIMENTS WITH LONG-DURATION NATURAL STIMULI ARE REQUIRED, and were not done here	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Only the stimulus side eliciting the larger response was tested, so directional processing was not assessed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any directional or binaural reading: BECAUSE WE TESTED STIMULI FROM THE SIDE THAT ELICITED A LARGER RESPONSE ... OUR PRESENT INVESTIGATION OF SFA WAS RESTRICTED TO TEMPORAL PROCESSING	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	AN2 could not be analysed at the higher reference onset response because only one cell reached it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the AN2 results at the higher reference level: ONLY ONE OF THE CELLS UNDER STUDY RESPONDED WITH >140 HZ AT BOTH STIMULATION MODES	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Large propagated errors prevented interpreting the relation between acoustic and current adaptation ratios in AN2. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the comparison between acoustic and current adaptation ratios: AT THESE LEVELS THE LARGE ERRORS RULE OUT AN INTERPRETATION OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THESE TWO	`limitations[4]`		the tagger's words
limitations	conclusions for TN1 hold only up to 150 Hz onset response, because current injection could not reach the responses that loud sound could Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0], with its cause: LARGE SOUND INTENSITIES ELICIT VERY STRONG RESPONSES NOT REACHED BY CURRENT STIMULATION - the instrument sets the bound	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	AN2 was not analysed at the higher onset response because only one cell reached it under both modes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[3] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[3]	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	stimuli were tested from the side that elicited a larger response for each neuron, so the investigation of SFA was restricted to temporal processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - one side only, so temporal processing only	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	linking the cell-specific adaptation to temporal processing would need long-duration natural stimuli Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - long-duration natural stimuli are required and absent	`limitations[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	a predicted correlation between adaptation under the two modes was absent in TN1, possibly masked by propagated errors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the mechanistic identification of the adaptation source in TN1: the prediction that CELLS EXHIBITING STRONGER SFA UNDER CURRENT STIMULATION SHOULD ALSO ADAPT MORE STRONGLY TO ACOUSTIC STIMULI was not borne out	`limitations[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the gain function and a high-pass cutoff predicted from a time constant, applied to spike trains Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	propagation of error by partial differentiation, carried through an interpolation into the reported ratios Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	spontaneous activity in the same three cells analysed BEFORE AND AFTER the current or acoustic stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a drift in the cell's own baseline as the apparent adaptation - if spontaneous rate had changed by itself, the post-stimulus measurement would differ for a reason unrelated to the stimulus · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concepts	BSN1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: BSN1	`concepts[2]`	0.85	the paper's words
senses	adaptation measured under CURRENT injection and under SOUND are two different quantities on purpose: the first excludes everything upstream of the electrode, the second includes it, and the paper's whole result is their difference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the adaptation ratio is defined at a FIXED onset response (70 or 140 Hz) reached by interpolation, because adaptation depends on intensity and the two stimulation modes cannot otherwise be compared Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: This quote ends on 'by' because what it introduces is a displayed formula that the staged extraction does not carry as readable text (the text continues: "r a ( I ref ) = f ss ( I ref )/ f on ref . Propa"). The quote is verbatim and the formula is in the paper; the quote was not extended, because extending it would put extraction debris inside a quotation.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	an adaptation time constant enters the analysis only where a single exponential already fits with r>0.8, so the reported constants describe the subset of responses that are exponential at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the three cell types are not a sample from a population but one identified neuron each per animal, named by morphology after staining Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the three layers are feedforward with no within-layer connections, which is what licenses reading the three cells as three processing levels Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: intracellular recording from the same identified cell under both acoustic and injected-current stimulation, with exponential fits and gain functions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: spike frequency adaptation, the decrease in response strength during prolonged stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: spike frequency adaptation — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → Weschke and Ronacher (2008) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Benda (2002) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → Prinz and Ronacher (2002); Wohlgemuth and Ronacher (2007); Weschke and Ronacher (2008) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → the finding that spike frequency adaptation is distributed across levels in vertebrate visual, somatosensory and auditory systems Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	confirms → Weschke and Ronacher's high-pass characteristic for BSN1 with a cutoff between 10 and 20 Hz Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	0.8	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Benda's measurement that locust receptor cells adapt to about half their onset response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → studies that infer adaptation mechanisms from current stimulation in vitro or sensory stimulation in vivo alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE PREPARATION. 'In the latter case, intrinsic properties of isolated cells or small circuits are isolated, Quotation withheld.' Two literatures measure the same named phenomenon with methods that cannot see the same mechanisms - the qualification is about what each preparation can possibly show.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	current stimulation —contrasted-with→ acoustic stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER PERIPHERAL ADAPTATION IS INCLUDED IN WHAT IS MEASURED. 'During acoustic stimulation, Quotation withheld.' The same cellular process is measured both ways; one route carries everything upstream of the cell with it. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE WHOLE DESIGN IN ONE SENTENCE: sound convolves the cell's own adaptation with every process upstream of it; injected current does not. The difference IS the pathway's contribution also in: current stimulation · acoustic stimulation	`concept_edges[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	TN1 —part-of→ receptor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: TN1 receives monosynaptic receptor input and behaves like a receptor, which is why the null model applies to it most cleanly Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span describes a three-layer network; TN1 part-of 'receptor' is loose. also in: TN1 · receptor	`concept_edges[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	AN2 —causes→ afterhyperpolarization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but AN2 REVEALED long-lasting afterhyperpolarizations, an intrinsic property; causes is loose. also in: AN2 · afterhyperpolarization	`concept_edges[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	time constant —operationalised-as→ high-pass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: A CLOSED-FORM PREDICTION: the cutoff is one over two-pi-tau, so a constant measured in one experiment predicts a curve measured in another Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says the high-pass characteristic is predicted by SFA time constants; operationalised-as is loose. also in: time constant · high-pass	`concept_edges[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	low-pass —contrasted-with→ high-pass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: CRITERION: the two cutoffs are set by different quantities - mean spike frequency and adaptation time constant - and two TN1 curves at different intensities move one while leaving the other alone also in: low-pass · high-pass	`concept_edges[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	RAM —operationalised-as→ gain function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but RAM stimuli were PRESENTED to calculate gain functions; operationalised-as is loose. also in: RAM · gain function	`concept_edges[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	BSN1 —contrasted-with→ AN2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: CRITERION: they look alike under sound and come apart under current - which is exactly the comparison the design exists to make also in: BSN1 · AN2	`concept_edges[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	TN1 —contrasted-with→ BSN1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the reverse: alike under current, different under sound also in: TN1 · BSN1	`concept_edges[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	encoder adaptation —part-of→ receptor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the TN1 time constants match the receptor range, which is why no third mechanism is needed for TN1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says SFA arises from encoder adaptation in receptor cells; part-of is loose. also in: encoder adaptation · receptor	`concept_edges[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Wilcoxon rank-sum test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon rank-sum test	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation coefficient	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	linear regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: linear regression	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	nonlinear (exponential) curve fitting with model comparison Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nonlinear (exponential) curve fitting with model comparison	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	goodness-of-fit threshold for inclusion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: goodness-of-fit threshold for inclusion	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mean and standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean and standard deviation	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	propagation of error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: propagation of error	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	linear interpolation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: linear interpolation	`content_tags.statistics[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spectral (gain function) analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spectral (gain function) analysis	`content_tags.statistics[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Wilcoxon ranks sum test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon ranks sum test	`content_tags.statistics[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	regression coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: regression coefficient	`content_tags.statistics[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Three identified interneurons of the locust auditory pathway show three qualitatively different distributions of adaptation mechanisms: mixed intrinsic/presynaptic in TN1, inhibition-driven in BSN1, and intrinsic spike-triggered in AN2. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The time course of adaptation is cell-type specific, differing significantly between the three neuron types. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Spike frequency adaptation is not confined to one station but operates at every level of the sensory pathway. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Adaptation time constants predicted the cells' signal transmission properties. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	All three neurons displayed bandpass characteristics. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Which adaptation mechanism a neuron uses tracks the computation it performs, so the origin of adaptation is a function of the cell's processing role. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	three distinct distributions of adaptation mechanisms emerged across three cell types of one pathway Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AN ARITHMETIC NULL MODEL, NOT A DIRECTION: linear composition predicts the acoustic ratio equals 0.5 times the current ratio, and the data were compared against that line Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	in TN1 the magnitude of SFA to acoustic stimuli was qualitatively in agreement with a linear combination of SFA in receptors and adaptation mechanisms within TN1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A PREDICTED CORRELATION THAT FAILED: cells adapting more under current should adapt more under sound, and TN1 showed r = 0.09, p = 0.81 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	BSN1 at 140 Hz adapted far more than the null model allows, implying processes the model does not contain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AN ANALYSIS DECLINED AND SAID SO: AN2 was not analysed at the higher onset response because only one cell reached it under both modes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	time constants were similar across modes in TN1 and in AN2, and differed in BSN1 where sound gave 18.7 ms against 49.8 ms for current Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	TN1 and BSN1 showed very similar adaptation characteristics under current stimulation, this pattern changed dramatically in BSN1 under acoustic stimulation, and in AN2 the two modes gave very similar results Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE TWO-SOURCE LOGIC: an intrinsic current would hyperpolarise after either stimulus, but only sound lets another neuron inhibit the cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	in BSN1, post-stimulus hyperpolarisation tracked acoustic response strength (r = -0.93) while current stimulation had almost no effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	in AN2 hyperpolarisation tracked response strength under both modes, around r = -0.92 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	CONFOUND NAMED: an absent hyperpolarisation could mean the electrode was far from the spike initiating zone rather than that no current exists Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	CONFOUND ANSWERED BY CHANGING THE OBSERVABLE: spontaneous spike counts were used instead, since the recording site cannot affect them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the spike-count control gave the same answer, and the two analyses agree Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A NUMERICAL CEILING ON THEIR OWN CLAIM: conclusions for TN1 are stated to be strictly valid only up to 150 Hz onset response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	afterhyperpolarisation decay differed between all three cell types: 5.6 ms in TN1, 24.6 ms in BSN1, 118.3 ms in AN2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	TWO INDEPENDENT MEASUREMENTS AGREEING: in AN2 the afterhyperpolarisation decay resembles the adaptation time constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[22]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the spike shapes explain the offset results: TN1 decays too fast to see, BSN1 has almost none so its hyperpolarisation must be extrinsic, AN2 accumulates Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[23]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A CLOSED-FORM PREDICTION FROM AN INDEPENDENTLY MEASURED CONSTANT: the high-pass cutoff should be one over two-pi-tau Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[24]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND IT HELD FOR ALL THREE: in TN1 the gain decreased for frequencies <3 Hz where the prediction lied at 2.6 Hz, in BSN1 a higher cutoff at 10 Hz was observed with 8.5 predicted, and in AN2 a cutoff between 1 and 2 Hz with 1.1 predicted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[25]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the low-pass cutoff is set instead by mean spike frequency, separable in one cell at two intensities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[26]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	BSN1 and AN2 end up alike under sound while TN1 stays tonic and locks less selectively Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[27]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the BSN1-AN2 similarity DEVELOPS over seconds - it is absent in the first 100 ms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[28]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	in AN2 adaptation is stronger but slower than in receptors, so an intrinsic mechanism can overwrite an inherited time course Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[29]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	18 cells in all: nine TN1, five BSN1, four AN2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[30]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	MODEL ORDER CHECKED: double exponential fits did not significantly improve on single exponentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[31]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	ERRORS PROPAGATED EXPLICITLY through the interpolation by partial differentiation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[32]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	spike frequency adaptation (SFA) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spike frequency adaptation (SFA)	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	rate coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE QUOTE ENDS ON A COLON WHERE THE PAPER DISPLAYS AN EQUATION: the text extraction does not carry the formula, so what this row states rests on that equation, not on the quoted words. also in: rate coefficient	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	SFA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SFA	`content_tags.definitions[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	adaptation ratio Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: This quote ends on 'by' because what it introduces is a displayed formula that the staged extraction does not carry as readable text (the text continues: "r a ( I ref ) = f ss ( I ref )/ f on ref . Propa"). The quote is verbatim and the formula is in the paper; the quote was not extended, because extending it would put extraction debris inside a quotation. also in: adaptation ratio	`content_tags.definitions[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	high-pass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: high-pass	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	stimulation mode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stimulation mode	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	stimulus intensity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stimulus intensity	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cell type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cell type	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	hyperpolarization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hyperpolarization	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	gain function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gain function	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	onset spike frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: onset spike frequency	`content_tags.variables[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	adaptation ratio Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: adaptation ratio	`content_tags.variables[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	time constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: time constant	`content_tags.variables[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	spontaneous activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spontaneous activity	`content_tags.variables[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	18 — number of adult locusts used in the experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	TN1, n = 9; BSN1, n = 5; AN2, n = 4 — number of recorded cells of each of the three identified types (18 cells in total) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	60.0 ± 14.9 ms; 49.3 ± 21.6 ms; p = 0.37 — TN1 adaptation time constants under acoustic and current stimulation, statistically indistinguishable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	49.8 ± 14.8 ms vs 18.7 ± 10.9 ms (p < 0.01) — BSN1 adaptation time constants for current versus acoustic stimulation, which do differ Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	143.6 ± 38.2 ms; 123.8 ± 35.0 ms; p = 0.68 — AN2 adaptation time constants under acoustic and current stimulation, both slow and not different Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	5.6 ± 0.7 ms / 24.6 ± 10.7 ms / 118.3 ± 34.7 ms — decay time constants of the afterhyperpolarization in TN1, BSN1 and AN2, all significantly different Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	2.9 ± 4.3% vs 14.8 ± 4.3% and 12.8 ± 1.5% — relative afterhyperpolarization magnitude in BSN1 compared with TN1 and AN2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	r = 0.09, p = 0.81 — absence of correlation in TN1 between adaptation ratios under acoustic and under current stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	current: r = 0.04, p = 0.92, acoustic: r = −0.93, p = 0.0001 — BSN1 correlation between response strength and post-stimulus membrane potential, present only for acoustic stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	<3 Hz observed vs 2.6 Hz predicted (τ = 60.0 ms) — TN1 high-pass cutoff of the gain function versus the cutoff predicted from its adaptation time constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	10 Hz observed vs 8.5 Hz predicted (mean τ = 18.7 ms) — BSN1 high-pass cutoff versus the prediction from its faster adaptation time constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	∼0.5 — BSN1 adaptation ratio under current stimulation, constant across intensities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.5 × r a cu — the linear-composition prediction the acoustic adaptation ratio is tested against Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	r = 0.09, p = 0.81 — the predicted cross-mode correlation in TN1, absent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	18.7 ± 10.9 ms against 49.8 ± 14.8 ms — BSN1 adaptation time constant, acoustic against current Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	5.6, 24.6 and 118.3 ms — afterhyperpolarisation decay in TN1, BSN1 and AN2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	150 Hz — the onset response above which the TN1 conclusions are stated not to hold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	n = 9, 5 and 4 — cells of each type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.