Sound sensitivity of neurons in rat hippocampus during performance of a sound-guided task

Itskov, Vinnik, Honey, Schnupp, Diamond · Journal of Neurophysiology · 2012 · neuroscience · 10.1152/jn.00404.2011 · record Itskov2012-sound-sensitivity-of-neurons-in-rat-hippocam
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The negative control is a genuine null within the paper — 'There was no significant coding for sound identity when the rats heard the same sounds outside the behavioral task.' — but it functions as a boundary condition on the positive existence claim rather than as the contribution's shape, so claim type stays 'existence'. Context dependence is likewise a qualifier: 'Sensitivity to sound identity was often observed on only one of the two testing platforms, indicating an effect of spatial context on sensory responses.' I did not encode a contradicts relation to the human single-neuron work (Quiroga et al. 2005, 2009), even though the paper says its context dependence 'contrasts sharply' with it, because the contrast sentence itself names no prior work and the paper attributes the difference to a design difference (single testing location) rather than asserting a conflict. Replication status is 'untested' for the sound-specific claim; the paper positions itself as confirming its own earlier tactile result in a new modality, which is conceptual extension rather than replication of this claim. 2026-08-13 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

2 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
bias 38 fields · context 10 fields · information 4 fields · behavior 4 fields · spike 2 fields · confidence interval 2 fields · and 1 more →

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 27 concept tags on this paper, none is grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

hippocampus CA1 sound stimulus direction behavior platform spatial context location place passive reaction time information bias permutation test neuron independent interneuron pyramidal spike vowel formant latency object human the hippocampus binds salient sensory events to the spatial context in which they occur, producing location-specific 'object in place' representations rather than context-free sound representations the animals build two separate task representations, one per platform, which is why the learned contingencies did not transfer immediately between locations sound-sensitive neurons response direction-sensitive neurons response direction putative pyramidal cells putative interneurons sound identity spatial context sensitivity to sound identity behavioral context putative cell type mutual information Shannon mutual information permutation test Wilcoxon rank-sum test Wilcoxon rank sum test k-means clustering K -means algorithm confidence interval confidence intervals ... critical values of the inverse binomial distribution median and interquartile range sliding-window analysis binomial electrophysiology

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00404.2011. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 8 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 6 · content_tags 83 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 8 · mechanisms 7 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 9 · transfers 5

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	whether hippocampal neurons encode a sound itself, once every difference in what the animal does about it has been designed away Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	whether a stimulus representation in hippocampus can be separated from the position and movement responses that always accompany stimulus-guided behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	sound identity is encoded by 21 percent of neurons, independently of response direction, only on one platform at a time, and not at all when the same sounds are heard outside the task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	sound coding in hippocampal CA1 neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the hippocampus binds salient sensory events to the spatial context in which they occur, producing location-specific 'object in place' representations rather than context-free sound representations	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the animals build two separate task representations, one per platform, which is why the learned contingencies did not transfer immediately between locations	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	sound coding is contingent on the animal's location, since a neuron that separates a sound pair on one platform often fails to separate the same pair on the other Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	and contingent on the sounds meaning something, since nothing survives when the same sounds are played outside the task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	sound identity and response direction are carried by populations that overlap only as much as chance predicts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the pattern fits an object-in-place account in which the hippocampus binds salient events to the context they occurred in Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	0.7	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the failure to transfer the task to the second platform suggests two separate task representations, or a conflict between room-centred and self-centred frames Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	0.6	the tagger's words
limitations	Too few error trials were available to test whether sound representations were the same on correct and incorrect trials. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim that the sound representation is what drives the correct choice: THERE WERE INSUFFICIENT NUMBERS OF ERROR TRIALS TO PERMIT AN ANALYSIS OF WHETHER THE REPRESENTATION OF SPECIFIC SOUNDS WAS EQUIVALENT ON CORRECT AND INCORRECT TRIALS	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The pyramidal-cell versus interneuron split rests on extracellular physiological criteria, which cannot definitively identify cell type. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every result reported by cell type: WE STRESS THAT A DEFINITIVE CLASSIFICATION OF CELL TYPES REQUIRES INFORMATION BEYOND THAT WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED WITH EXTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS ALONE	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The study was not designed to map which sounds a neuron prefers across space, only whether sound sensitivity transfers between locations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the sound-by-place interaction: OUR EXPERIMENT WAS NOT DESIGNED TO MAP SOUND PREFERENCES ACROSS SPACE, though the results are read as confirming and extending earlier findings	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	there were too few error trials to ask whether the sound representation is the same when the animal gets it wrong Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - the correct/incorrect comparison could not be run	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	a definitive classification of cell types needs more than extracellular recording can give Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - the pyramidal/interneuron split is physiological, not definitive	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the differences between the two physiologically distinguished cell types were statistically highly significant but nevertheless not very large Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cell-type difference, whose statistics and whose meaning are separated explicitly: THESE DIFFERENCES WERE STATISTICALLY HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT, BUT THEIR NEUROANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE REMAINS DIFFICULT to assess	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the experiment was not designed to map sound preferences across space Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2], against the odour literature where responses OFTEN DIFFERED AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	sessions were discarded wherever reaction times differed between the two sounds sharing a response, removing 168 of 429 neurons from analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the sound-difference result: Quotation withheld, so behaviour is controlled by discarding sessions	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	Shannon's mutual information is adopted as the measure of stimulus-response dependence in spike trains, chosen over conventional statistical tests because it yields a common scale across experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`		the tagger's words
transfers	mutual information with a bias correction, chosen for a uniform scale comparable across experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	artificial vowels, chosen as a more naturalistic class of stimuli than pure tones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	a published discrimination threshold, used to set the formant spacing well above where rats reach plateau performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the L-ratio and isolation index as cluster separation measures, applied on top of manual inspection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	the two sounds paired with EACH response direction compared against one another, so the comparison is within a single behavioural response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the animal's behaviour as the explanation of a firing difference - two sounds that lead to different actions differ in what the rat DOES as well as in what it HEARS, and a hippocampal difference would then be about movement · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	THE CONFOUND IS DESIGNED AWAY RATHER THAN CORRECTED FOR: two sounds share each action, so any firing difference between them cannot be the behaviour - it must be the stimulus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and the same task is run on two identical platforms in different places, which turns spatial context from a nuisance into a manipulated variable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	DATA ARE DISCARDED TO PROTECT THE INFERENCE: every session where the two sounds produced different reaction times was thrown out, so no motor difference can be read as a stimulus response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and the criterion for direction sensitivity requires all four stimulus pairings to be significant, precisely so that a sound-driven response cannot masquerade as a direction response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	A TEST OF THE TEST: the distribution of per-neuron p values across the whole population is compared against a shuffled distribution, to ask whether the count of significant neurons exceeds what false positives would give Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THE MEASURE IS CHOSEN BECAUSE IT MAKES RESULTS JOINABLE: information theory is picked over ANOVA or discriminant analysis because it provides a uniform scale that can be used to compare results from different experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THE NULL IS BACKED FOUR WAYS: the count is at the false-alarm rate, the population meta-test is null, the effect size is smaller, and visual inspection finds nothing convincing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	A DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN LITERATURES IS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE ONE OF THEM NEVER VARIED: human hippocampal neurons look context-invariant, and in those studies the subjects were always tested in just a single location Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and the contribution is measuring something a predecessor asserted - the independence of the overlapping assemblies was proposed but never demonstrated quantitatively Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: four sounds mapped onto two actions so that two stimuli always share a response, the same task repeated on two identical platforms, and mutual information between firing and either sound identity or turn direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: non-spatial sensory coding in a structure whose dominant signal is position Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: sound coding in hippocampal CA1 neurons — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Itskov et al. (2011), the same group's tactile-stimulus hippocampus study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Sakurai (1994, 1996, 2002) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → the authors' own tactile result, in which hippocampal responses to surfaces were location-dependent and independent of the action Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → operant conditioning studies of hippocampal sound responses, where stimulus and conditioned response are coupled and cannot be told apart Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Sakurai's proposal of independent coding across overlapping assemblies, which was never demonstrated quantitatively Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → odour studies reporting that hippocampal responses differ between locations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the context-independent, categorical picture from human hippocampal single units Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → the object-in-place account of hippocampal function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[7]`	0.8	the tagger's words
concept_edges	stimulus —distinct-from→ direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS A DESIGN THAT MAKES THE ALTERNATIVE IMPOSSIBLE. 'Quotation withheld' Stimulus and behaviour are not separated by a measurement but by a PAIRING CHOSEN SO THEY CANNOT COVARY - the strongest form of dissociation, and one that a reader cannot check without knowing the pairing. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE CONFOUND IS DESIGNED AWAY: two stimuli share each response, so a firing difference between them must reflect the coding of stimulus identity rather than any aspect of behavior Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span dissociates stimulus from response direction; distinct-from is loose. also in: stimulus · direction	`concept_edges[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	stimulus —distinct-from→ location Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the same stimulus-reward pairing is carried out at different locations in the room, which turns spatial position from a nuisance into a manipulated variable also in: stimulus · location	`concept_edges[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	sound —distinct-from→ behavior Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE SOUND IS TIED TO AN ACTION. 'Quotation withheld' A study playing sounds outside a task would find no auditory responses and conclude the hippocampus is not auditory - which is exactly the earlier result this paper's other rows are reconciling with. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: no coding for sound identity at all when the rats hear the same sounds outside the behavioural task Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span measures sound sensitivity independent of behaviour; distinct-from is loose. also in: sound · behavior	`concept_edges[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	platform —operationalised-as→ context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: two identical testing platforms at different locations in the same room, built to test the effect of spatial context on sound coding Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but platforms define contexts; operationalised-as is loose. also in: platform · context	`concept_edges[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	interneuron —contrasted-with→ pyramidal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE PROPORTION THAT IS SOUND SENSITIVE, AND BOTH PROPORTIONS ARE NON-ZERO. 'Quotation withheld' A difference in RATE, not in kind - and the raw counts are given, so a reader can check what the percentages are of. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: 33 percent of putative interneurons sound sensitive against 16 percent of putative pyramidal cells, and more bits when they are also in: interneuron · pyramidal	`concept_edges[22]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	vowel —is-a→ sound Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: chosen as a more naturalistic class of stimuli than pure tones, and already used all the way up the ascending pathway also in: vowel · sound	`concept_edges[24]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mutual information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mutual information	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	permutation test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permutation test	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Wilcoxon rank-sum test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon rank-sum test	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	k-means clustering Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: k-means clustering	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	median and interquartile range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: median and interquartile range	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sliding-window analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sliding-window analysis	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Wilcoxon rank sum test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon rank sum test	`content_tags.statistics[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mutual information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mutual information	`content_tags.statistics[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	permutation test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permutation test	`content_tags.statistics[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	binomial Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: binomial	`content_tags.statistics[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	55 of 261 tested CA1 neurons (21%) showed significant sensitivity to sound identity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Sound-identity information was carried for only one response direction by 48 neurons, for two by 7, and for more than two by none. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	When the same sounds were played outside the task, the proportion of sound-sensitive neurons fell to chance level, indicating no passive sound coding. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Sensitivity to sound identity and sensitivity to response direction were statistically independent properties of the same neuronal population. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Putative interneurons carried more sound-identity information while putative pyramidal cells carried more response-direction information. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The headline conclusion is that hippocampal sound coding is contingent on the sound being behaviourally meaningful rather than on its physical properties. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	THE CONFOUND IS DESIGNED AWAY: two sounds share each action, so any firing difference between them must reflect stimulus identity rather than behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the same task is run on two identical platforms in different places Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	a stimulus representation can only be specified after teasing it apart from the position-dependent responses that accompany stimulus-guided behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	which is what makes earlier operant-conditioning work hard to interpret - stimulus and conditioned response are coupled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	DATA ARE DISCARDED TO PROTECT THE INFERENCE: sessions where the two sounds gave different reaction times are excluded, at 14 percent of cases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	leaving 261 of 429 recorded neurons in the analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	55 of 261 neurons (21 percent) carried significant sound identity information, at a median of 0.12 bits against a ceiling of 1.0 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A TEST OF THE TEST: the whole distribution of per-neuron p values was compared against a shuffled one, to ask whether the count of significant neurons exceeds the false-positive rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE DIRECTION CRITERION IS BUILT AGAINST A SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVE: all four stimulus pairings had to be significant, so a sound response cannot masquerade as a direction response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	113 of 261 neurons (43 percent) were sensitive to response direction, at a median of 0.22 bits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	sound information appeared on only one of the two platforms in the large majority of cases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the observed distribution across the four conditions matched an independence model derived by binomial expansion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	whether a neuron was recruited for sound did not predict whether it was recruited for the action Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE PASSIVE CONDITION IS THE TEST OF WHETHER THE SOUND MATTERS AS A PHYSICAL SIGNAL OR AS A MEANINGFUL EVENT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE NULL IS BACKED FOUR WAYS: 6 percent of neurons against a 5 percent false-alarm rate, a null population meta-test, a smaller effect size, and nothing convincing on visual inspection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	so CA1 neurons were not sensitive to the same acoustic differences presented in isolation, even when they discriminated them inside the task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE MEASURE IS CHOSEN BECAUSE IT MAKES RESULTS JOINABLE: information theory over ANOVA or discriminant analysis, for a uniform scale comparable across experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[22]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with an analytic bias correction whose validity condition on trial counts is checked Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[23]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and a 200 ms window sliding in 25 ms steps, with multiple comparisons handled by a permutation test on the mean across time points Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[24]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	sound information first appeared at a median latency of 310 ms, and there were too few error trials to ask whether the representation survives a mistake Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[25]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	although the behavioral task and sound stimuli were identical, the transfer of the task to the second platform was not immediate, and the animals persistently achieved lower performance there Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[26]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	33 percent of putative interneurons were sound sensitive against 16 percent of putative pyramidal cells, and carried more bits when they were Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[27]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE CLASSIFICATION IS DISOWNED IN THE SAME BREATH: a definitive classification of cell types requires more than extracellular recording can give Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[28]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with the differences statistically highly significant but nevertheless not very large, and it is important to remember that Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[29]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE CONTRIBUTION IS MEASURING SOMETHING A PREDECESSOR ASSERTED: independence across overlapping assemblies was proposed but never demonstrated quantitatively Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[30]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	human hippocampal neurons look categorical and context-independent, which contrasts sharply with this result Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[31]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE DISAGREEMENT IS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE ONE LITERATURE NEVER VARIED: in the human studies the subjects were always tested in just a single location Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[32]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	odour studies had already reported location-dependent hippocampal responses, and this extends them to a neuron-by-neuron prediction failure across places Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[33]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the same design had already been used with tactile stimuli by the same group, with the same independence result Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[34]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	auditory input reaches the hippocampus only very indirectly, and the structure is stated not to be a sensory one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[35]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the context dependence is said to fit an object-in-place account binding salient events to where they happened Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[36]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	artificial vowels were chosen as a more naturalistic stimulus class than pure tones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[37]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with formant spacing set well above the published threshold where rats reach plateau discrimination performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[38]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the two platforms differed only in floor texture, position and orientation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[39]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and only well-isolated units with a clear refractory period were kept, with two quantitative separation measures on top of manual inspection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[40]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	sound-sensitive neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sound-sensitive neurons	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	response direction-sensitive neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: response direction-sensitive neurons	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	response direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: response direction	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: information	`content_tags.definitions[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: test	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	independent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	vowel Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vowel	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	putative pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: putative pyramidal cells	`content_tags.definitions[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	putative interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: putative interneurons	`content_tags.definitions[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sound identity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sound identity	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spatial context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spatial context	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sensitivity to sound identity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sensitivity to sound identity	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	behavioral context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: behavioral context	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	putative cell type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: putative cell type	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sound Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sound	`content_tags.variables[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: direction	`content_tags.variables[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	reaction time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reaction time	`content_tags.variables[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	latency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: latency	`content_tags.variables[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	55 of 261 (21%) — proportion of analysed CA1 neurons significantly sensitive to sound identity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	113 of 261 (43%) — proportion of analysed neurons significantly sensitive to response direction (left vs right turn) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.12 bits — median mutual information about sound identity carried by sound-sensitive neurons (ceiling for a two-way discrimination is 1 bit) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	310 ms — median latency after sound onset at which neurons began carrying significant sound-identity information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	80.2% / 70.6% — median behavioural accuracy on the first vs the second training platform, showing incomplete transfer of the task across locations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	179 / 82 — number of units classified as putative pyramidal cells versus putative interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	33% vs 16% — share of putative interneurons versus putative pyramidal cells that were sound sensitive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.12 bits — median sound identity information in sensitive neurons, against an upper limit of 1.0 for a two-way discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	261 of the total of 429 — neurons surviving the reaction-time exclusion - the cost of guaranteeing that the two sounds were treated identically Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	6% — neurons classified sound sensitive during passive listening, against an expected false-alarm rate of 5 percent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	310 ms — median latency at which sound information first appears Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	33% — putative interneurons carrying sound information, against 16 percent of putative pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	14% of cases — sessions discarded because the two sounds sharing a response produced different reaction times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.