phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | sound coding in hippocampal CA1 neurons— “To investigate how hippocampal neurons encode sound stimuli, and the conjunction of sound stimuli with the animal's position in space, we recorded from neurons in the CA1 region of hippocampus in rats while they performed a sound discrimination task.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “These results suggest that CA1 neurons encode sound stimuli, but only when those sounds are associated with actions.” | |
| method — evidence | — “They then performed regular behavioral tests with the categorization paradigm described above, during which neuronal responses were recorded from the tetrode array using Neuralynx data acquisition equipment (analog-wired Cheetah acquisition system).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Four different sounds were used, two associated with water reward on the right side of the animal and the other two with water reward on the left side. This allowed us to separate neuronal activity related to sound identity from activity related to response direction. To test the effect of spatial context on sound coding, we trained rats to… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Since hippocampus contains a prominent representation of location in space, one can specify and quantify a stimulus representation only after teasing it apart from head and body position-dependent responses associated with the stimulus-guided behavior.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Twenty-one percent of the recorded neurons exhibited sensitivity to sound identity, as quantified by the difference in firing rate for the two sounds associated with the same response direction. Sensitivity to sound identity was often observed on only one of the two testing platforms, indicating an effect of spatial context on sensory… | |
| transfer | from information theory: Shannon's mutual information is adopted as the measure of stimulus-response dependence in spike trains, chosen over conventional statistical tests because it yields a common scale across experiments— “we opted to use information theory measures because they provide a uniform scale that can be used to compare results from different experiments” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from information theory: mutual information with a bias correction, chosen for a uniform scale comparable across experiments— “From among the many statistical methods that could be applied (ANOVA, classification techniques such as linear discriminant analysis, etc.), we opted to use information theory measures because they provide a uniform scale that can be used to compare results from different experiments, their properties and biases have been extensively studied… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from auditory neuroscience: artificial vowels, chosen as a more naturalistic class of stimuli than pure tones— “Artificial vowels were chosen as a more “naturalistic” class of stimuli than pure tones. Artificial vowels are a simplified version of vocalization sounds used by many species of mammals and have been used in studies of the ascending auditory pathway from the auditory nerve” | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from psychophysics: a published discrimination threshold, used to set the formant spacing well above where rats reach plateau performance— “For the training and for analysis of neuronal responses, it was crucial for the sounds to be easily distinguishable. For this reason, we ensured that the distance between formant peaks (0.585 octave) was well above the frequency difference at which rats reach plateau performance in tone discrimination” | transfers[3] |
| transfer | from spike sorting practice: the L-ratio and isolation index as cluster separation measures, applied on top of manual inspection— “Only well-isolated single units that exhibited a clear refractory period were included in further analysis. In addition, we used two measures of spike separation, the L-ratio and the isolation index, to define the separation between the clusters in the multidimensional space” | transfers[4] |
| mechanism | the hippocampus binds salient sensory events to the spatial context in which they occur, producing location-specific 'object in place' representations rather than context-free sound representations— “The spatial context dependence of sensory responses that we observed is certainly compatible with the hypothesis that hippocampus may create “object in place” representations by linking salient events to the spatial context in which they occur” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | the animals build two separate task representations, one per platform, which is why the learned contingencies did not transfer immediately between locations— “The lack of immediate transfer of reward contingencies suggests the animals may have formed two distinct representations of the task, one for each of the two training platforms.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | sound coding is contingent on the animal's location, since a neuron that separates a sound pair on one platform often fails to separate the same pair on the other— “Our data indicate that in the large majority of the cases, sound-related information was observed only when the rat performed the task on one of the two platforms, suggesting that sound coding depended on spatial context.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | and contingent on the sounds meaning something, since nothing survives when the same sounds are played outside the task— “Together, these results indicate that under our experimental conditions, neurons in the CA1 region of hippocampus were not sensitive to differences in acoustic stimuli presented in isolation, even if the neurons showed clear discrimination between the same acoustic stimuli in the context of sound-guided behavior.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | sound identity and response direction are carried by populations that overlap only as much as chance predicts— “The results indicate that whether a particular neuron was recruited for the representation of auditory stimuli did not predict whether it would also be recruited for the representation of response direction.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the pattern fits an object-in-place account in which the hippocampus binds salient events to the context they occurred in— “The spatial context dependence of sensory responses that we observed is certainly compatible with the hypothesis that hippocampus may create “object in place” representations by linking salient events to the spatial context in which they occur” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the failure to transfer the task to the second platform suggests two separate task representations, or a conflict between room-centred and self-centred frames— “Although the behavioral task and sound stimuli were identical, the transfer of the task to the second platform was not immediate. About 3–5 days (∼400 trials) of additional training were required for the animals to become competent, and for the remaining sessions, they persistently achieved lower performance on the second platform (median… | mechanisms[6] |
| extends | Itskov et al. (2011), the same group's tactile-stimulus hippocampus study— “The goal of the current work is to confirm and extend the previous results from tactile stimuli to sound stimuli and to further elaborate on principles underlying the neuronal representation of sounds in the hippocampus.” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Sakurai (1994, 1996, 2002)— “Sakurai's experimental and analytical approach differs substantially from ours, but our work nevertheless confirms and extends several of Sakurai's findings.” | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | the authors' own tactile result, in which hippocampal responses to surfaces were location-dependent and independent of the action— “We recently demonstrated that hippocampus contains a robust representation of tactile stimuli: many neurons fired at different rates when the rat encountered surfaces of different roughness even when the action associated with those stimuli was identical ( Itskov et al. 2011 ). Still, in separate locations within the same experimental room… | claim_relations[2] |
| qualifies | operant conditioning studies of hippocampal sound responses, where stimulus and conditioned response are coupled and cannot be told apart— “One potential difficulty in interpreting previous work is that when stimuli and conditioned responses are coupled, it is difficult to know whether neuronal activity recorded during an operant conditioning task encodes the stimulus or the animal's resultant behavior. This can be… | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | Sakurai's proposal of independent coding across overlapping assemblies, which was never demonstrated quantitatively | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | odour studies reporting that hippocampal responses differ between locations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | the context-independent, categorical picture from human hippocampal single units Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| supports | the object-in-place account of hippocampal function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | THE CONFOUND IS DESIGNED AWAY RATHER THAN CORRECTED FOR: two sounds share each action, so any firing difference between them cannot be the behaviour - it must be the stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the same task is run on two identical platforms in different places, which turns spatial context from a nuisance into a manipulated variable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | DATA ARE DISCARDED TO PROTECT THE INFERENCE: every session where the two sounds produced different reaction times was thrown out, so no motor difference can be read as a stimulus response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | and the criterion for direction sensitivity requires all four stimulus pairings to be significant, precisely so that a sound-driven response cannot masquerade as a direction response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | A TEST OF THE TEST: the distribution of per-neuron p values across the whole population is compared against a shuffled distribution, to ask whether the count of significant neurons exceeds what false positives would give Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | THE MEASURE IS CHOSEN BECAUSE IT MAKES RESULTS JOINABLE: information theory is picked over ANOVA or discriminant analysis because it provides a uniform scale that can be used to compare results from different experiments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | THE NULL IS BACKED FOUR WAYS: the count is at the false-alarm rate, the population meta-test is null, the effect size is smaller, and visual inspection finds nothing convincing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | A DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN LITERATURES IS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE ONE OF THEM NEVER VARIED: human hippocampal neurons look context-invariant, and in those studies the subjects were always tested in just a single location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | and the contribution is measuring something a predecessor asserted - the independence of the overlapping assemblies was proposed but never demonstrated quantitatively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| control | the two sounds paired with EACH response direction compared against one another, so the comparison is within a single behavioural response — held — rules out the animal's behaviour as the explanation of a firing difference - two sounds that lead to different actions differ in what the rat DOES as well as in what it HEARS, and a hippocampal difference would then be about movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | stimulus —distinct-from→ direction — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span dissociates stimulus from response direction; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| differs in | stimulus —distinct-from→ direction — THE AXIS IS A DESIGN THAT MAKES THE ALTERNATIVE IMPOSSIBLE. 'Because the behavioral responses to the two different stimuli associated with the same response direction were identical, any difference in the neuronal activity evoked by these two stimuli must reflect the coding of stimulus identity, rather than some aspect of behavior.' Stimulus and behaviour are not separated by a measurement but by a PAIRING CHOSEN SO THEY CANNOT COVARY - the strongest form of dissociation, and one that a reader cannot check without knowing the pairing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | stimulus —distinct-from→ direction — THE CONFOUND IS DESIGNED AWAY: two stimuli share each response, so a firing difference between them must reflect the coding of stimulus identity rather than any aspect of behavior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | stimulus —distinct-from→ location — and the same stimulus-reward pairing is carried out at different locations in the room, which turns spatial position from a nuisance into a manipulated variable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | sound —distinct-from→ behavior — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span measures sound sensitivity independent of behaviour; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| differs in | sound —distinct-from→ behavior — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE SOUND IS TIED TO AN ACTION. 'These results suggest that CA1 neurons encode sound stimuli, but only when those sounds are associated with actions.' A study playing sounds outside a task would find no auditory responses and conclude the hippocampus is not auditory - which is exactly the earlier result this paper's other rows are reconciling with. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | sound —distinct-from→ behavior — no coding for sound identity at all when the rats hear the same sounds outside the behavioural task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | platform —operationalised-as→ context — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but platforms define contexts; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | platform —operationalised-as→ context — two identical testing platforms at different locations in the same room, built to test the effect of spatial context on sound coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| differs in | interneuron —contrasted-with→ pyramidal — THE AXIS IS THE PROPORTION THAT IS SOUND SENSITIVE, AND BOTH PROPORTIONS ARE NON-ZERO. 'Among putative interneurons, 33% were sound sensitive, whereas only 16% of putative pyramidal cells were sound sensitive (27 of the 82 putative interneurons and 28 of the 179 putative pyramidal cells).' A difference in RATE, not in kind - and the raw counts are given, so a reader can check what the percentages are of. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[22] |
| note | interneuron —contrasted-with→ pyramidal — 33 percent of putative interneurons sound sensitive against 16 percent of putative pyramidal cells, and more bits when they are Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[22] |
| note | vowel —is-a→ sound — chosen as a more naturalistic class of stimuli than pure tones, and already used all the way up the ascending pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[24] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that the sound representation is what drives the correct choice: THERE WERE INSUFFICIENT NUMBERS OF ERROR TRIALS TO PERMIT AN ANALYSIS OF WHETHER THE REPRESENTATION OF SPECIFIC SOUNDS WAS EQUIVALENT ON CORRECT AND INCORRECT TRIALS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every result reported by cell type: WE STRESS THAT A DEFINITIVE CLASSIFICATION OF CELL TYPES REQUIRES INFORMATION BEYOND THAT WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED WITH EXTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS ALONE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the sound-by-place interaction: OUR EXPERIMENT WAS NOT DESIGNED TO MAP SOUND PREFERENCES ACROSS SPACE, though the results are read as confirming and extending earlier findings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the correct/incorrect comparison could not be run Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the pyramidal/interneuron split is physiological, not definitive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the cell-type difference, whose statistics and whose meaning are separated explicitly: THESE DIFFERENCES WERE STATISTICALLY HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT, BUT THEIR NEUROANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE REMAINS DIFFICULT to assess Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], against the odour literature where responses OFTEN DIFFERED AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the sound-difference result: WE EXCLUDED RECORDING SESSIONS IN WHICH REACTION TIMES DIFFERED BETWEEN THE TWO SOUNDS TESTED AT ANY OF THE FOUR RESPONSE DIRECTIONS, so behaviour is controlled by discarding sessions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Too few error trials were available to test whether sound representations were the same on correct and incorrect trials. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The pyramidal-cell versus interneuron split rests on extracellular physiological criteria, which cannot definitively identify cell type. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The study was not designed to map which sounds a neuron prefers across space, only whether sound sensitivity transfers between locations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | there were too few error trials to ask whether the sound representation is the same when the animal gets it wrong Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | a definitive classification of cell types needs more than extracellular recording can give Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the differences between the two physiologically distinguished cell types were statistically highly significant but nevertheless not very large Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the experiment was not designed to map sound preferences across space Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | sessions were discarded wherever reaction times differed between the two sounds sharing a response, removing 168 of 429 neurons from analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | 55 of 261 tested CA1 neurons (21%) showed significant sensitivity to sound identity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Sound-identity information was carried for only one response direction by 48 neurons, for two by 7, and for more than two by none. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | When the same sounds were played outside the task, the proportion of sound-sensitive neurons fell to chance level, indicating no passive sound coding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Sensitivity to sound identity and sensitivity to response direction were statistically independent properties of the same neuronal population. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Putative interneurons carried more sound-identity information while putative pyramidal cells carried more response-direction information. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The headline conclusion is that hippocampal sound coding is contingent on the sound being behaviourally meaningful rather than on its physical properties. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | THE CONFOUND IS DESIGNED AWAY: two sounds share each action, so any firing difference between them must reflect stimulus identity rather than behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | and the same task is run on two identical platforms in different places Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | a stimulus representation can only be specified after teasing it apart from the position-dependent responses that accompany stimulus-guided behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | which is what makes earlier operant-conditioning work hard to interpret - stimulus and conditioned response are coupled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | DATA ARE DISCARDED TO PROTECT THE INFERENCE: sessions where the two sounds gave different reaction times are excluded, at 14 percent of cases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | leaving 261 of 429 recorded neurons in the analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | 55 of 261 neurons (21 percent) carried significant sound identity information, at a median of 0.12 bits against a ceiling of 1.0 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | A TEST OF THE TEST: the whole distribution of per-neuron p values was compared against a shuffled one, to ask whether the count of significant neurons exceeds the false-positive rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | AND THE DIRECTION CRITERION IS BUILT AGAINST A SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVE: all four stimulus pairings had to be significant, so a sound response cannot masquerade as a direction response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | 113 of 261 neurons (43 percent) were sensitive to response direction, at a median of 0.22 bits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | sound information appeared on only one of the two platforms in the large majority of cases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | and the observed distribution across the four conditions matched an independence model derived by binomial expansion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | whether a neuron was recruited for sound did not predict whether it was recruited for the action Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | THE PASSIVE CONDITION IS THE TEST OF WHETHER THE SOUND MATTERS AS A PHYSICAL SIGNAL OR AS A MEANINGFUL EVENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | AND THE NULL IS BACKED FOUR WAYS: 6 percent of neurons against a 5 percent false-alarm rate, a null population meta-test, a smaller effect size, and nothing convincing on visual inspection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | so CA1 neurons were not sensitive to the same acoustic differences presented in isolation, even when they discriminated them inside the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | THE MEASURE IS CHOSEN BECAUSE IT MAKES RESULTS JOINABLE: information theory over ANOVA or discriminant analysis, for a uniform scale comparable across experiments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | with an analytic bias correction whose validity condition on trial counts is checked Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | and a 200 ms window sliding in 25 ms steps, with multiple comparisons handled by a permutation test on the mean across time points Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | sound information first appeared at a median latency of 310 ms, and there were too few error trials to ask whether the representation survives a mistake Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | although the behavioral task and sound stimuli were identical, the transfer of the task to the second platform was not immediate, and the animals persistently achieved lower performance there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | 33 percent of putative interneurons were sound sensitive against 16 percent of putative pyramidal cells, and carried more bits when they were Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | AND THE CLASSIFICATION IS DISOWNED IN THE SAME BREATH: a definitive classification of cell types requires more than extracellular recording can give Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | with the differences statistically highly significant but nevertheless not very large, and it is important to remember that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | THE CONTRIBUTION IS MEASURING SOMETHING A PREDECESSOR ASSERTED: independence across overlapping assemblies was proposed but never demonstrated quantitatively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | human hippocampal neurons look categorical and context-independent, which contrasts sharply with this result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | AND THE DISAGREEMENT IS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE ONE LITERATURE NEVER VARIED: in the human studies the subjects were always tested in just a single location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | odour studies had already reported location-dependent hippocampal responses, and this extends them to a neuron-by-neuron prediction failure across places Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | the same design had already been used with tactile stimuli by the same group, with the same independence result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | auditory input reaches the hippocampus only very indirectly, and the structure is stated not to be a sensory one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | the context dependence is said to fit an object-in-place account binding salient events to where they happened Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | artificial vowels were chosen as a more naturalistic stimulus class than pure tones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | with formant spacing set well above the published threshold where rats reach plateau discrimination performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | the two platforms differed only in floor texture, position and orientation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | and only well-isolated units with a clear refractory period were kept, with two quantitative separation measures on top of manual inspection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| quantity | 55 of 261 (21%) — proportion of analysed CA1 neurons significantly sensitive to sound identity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 113 of 261 (43%) — proportion of analysed neurons significantly sensitive to response direction (left vs right turn) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 0.12 bits — median mutual information about sound identity carried by sound-sensitive neurons (ceiling for a two-way discrimination is 1 bit) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 310 ms — median latency after sound onset at which neurons began carrying significant sound-identity information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 80.2% / 70.6% — median behavioural accuracy on the first vs the second training platform, showing incomplete transfer of the task across locations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 179 / 82 — number of units classified as putative pyramidal cells versus putative interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 33% vs 16% — share of putative interneurons versus putative pyramidal cells that were sound sensitive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 0.12 bits — median sound identity information in sensitive neurons, against an upper limit of 1.0 for a two-way discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 261 of the total of 429 — neurons surviving the reaction-time exclusion - the cost of guaranteeing that the two sounds were treated identically Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 6% — neurons classified sound sensitive during passive listening, against an expected false-alarm rate of 5 percent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 310 ms — median latency at which sound information first appears Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 33% — putative interneurons carrying sound information, against 16 percent of putative pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 14% of cases — sessions discarded because the two sounds sharing a response produced different reaction times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | sound identity (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | spatial context (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | sensitivity to sound identity (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | behavioral context (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | putative cell type (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | sound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | direction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | reaction time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | sound-sensitive neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | response direction-sensitive neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | response direction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | independent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | vowel Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | putative pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | putative interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | hippocampus, CA1, sound, stimulus, direction, behavior, platform, spatial, context, location, place, passive, reaction time, information, bias, permutation, test, neuron, independent, interneuron, pyramidal, spike, vowel, formant, latency, object, human |
| mutual information I | as written: Shannon mutual information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| permutation test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| k-means clustering | as written: K -means algorithm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| confidence interval | as written: confidence intervals ... critical values of the inverse binomial distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| median and interquartile range | as written: median quantity ... (interquartile range 0.08–0.16 bits) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| sliding-window analysis | as written: 200-ms-wide window sliding in steps of 25 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Wilcoxon rank sum test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| mutual information | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| permutation test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| binomial | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | four sounds mapped onto two actions so that two stimuli always share a response, the same task repeated on two identical platforms, and mutual information between firing and either sound identity or turn direction — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | non-spatial sensory coding in a structure whose dominant signal is position — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: sound coding in hippocampal CA1 neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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