Cooperative Subnetworks of Molecularly Similar Interneurons in Mouse Neocortex

Karnani, Jackson, Ayzenshtat, Tucciarone, Manoocheri, Snider, Yuste · Neuron · 2016 · neuroscience · 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.037 · record Karnani2016-cooperative-subnetworks-of-molecularly-simil
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (xml); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. method is tagged 'electrophysiology' because multi-cell patch clamp and paired recordings carry the mechanistic argument, but the paper is genuinely multi-method: in vivo two-photon calcium imaging establishes the co-activity phenomenon, and rabies tracing maps presynaptic partners; the single method facet cannot hold all three. The paper also proposes a revised connectivity model ('We therefore propose an updated standard model for IN connectivity in the neocortex...'), which is a critique/model-revision element the claim type facet cannot carry alongside 'mechanism'. 2026-08-13, 2026-08-14 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

1 quotation on this page contains a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
model 4 fields · population 3 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 35 concept tags on this paper, 2 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

VIP SOM PV interneuron population co-activity cooperativity PCs excitation inhibit disinhibition electrical coupling GABAergic depressing facilitating correlation binarized shuffled locomotion ongoing rabies presynaptic subnetwork L-EPSC positive control intersomatic spontaneous labelling dyad hierarchy model team marker epilepsy V1 Four converging circuit mechanisms recruit members of the same interneuron class: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition via inhibition of the reciprocally inhibitory class, and cholinergic self-excitation of VIPs. VIPs inhibiting SOMs (and vice versa) removes inhibition from their own population members, so firing in a few cells raises the co-activity of the whole population. Acetylcholine produced by VIPs recruits further VIPs that are themselves ACh-sensitive, closing a positive feedback loop. Strongly facilitating, slow-kinetics inhibitory synapses between SOMs and VIPs grow during sustained firing, sustaining disinhibition of the partner population over hundreds of milliseconds. ensembles laser-EPSCs summation ratio increased firing co-activation GABA receptor blockade spontaneous firing rate baseline firing rate paired t-test t-test unpaired Student t-tests Pearson correlation coefficients z-test z-test against zero standard error of the mean mean ± SEM cross-correlation subthreshold membrane potential cross-correlograms surrogate/shuffled data test shuffled surrogate data correlation coefficients electrophysiology

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.037. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 8 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 8 · concepts 2 · content_tags 85 · contribution 1 · controls 3 · limitations 9 · mechanisms 9 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 9 · transfers 4

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 8 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	whether members of a molecularly defined interneuron class fire together as a population rather than individually, and what circuit mechanisms would make that happen Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	how interneurons coordinate their activity within a subpopulation, given that the populations inhibit each other and sit in a densely interconnected network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	four complementary mechanisms that recruit members of the same interneuron class, and a proposal to replace the hierarchical model with reciprocally inhibitory population dyads Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	within-population co-activity of neocortical interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: mechanisms[4] also in: Four converging circuit mechanisms recruit members of the same interneuron class: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition via inhibition of the reciprocally inhibitory class, and cholinergic self-excitation of VIPs.	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: VIPs inhibiting SOMs (and vice versa) removes inhibition from their own population members, so firing in a few cells raises the co-activity of the whole population.	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Acetylcholine produced by VIPs recruits further VIPs that are themselves ACh-sensitive, closing a positive feedback loop.	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Strongly facilitating, slow-kinetics inhibitory synapses between SOMs and VIPs grow during sustained firing, sustaining disinhibition of the partner population over hundreds of milliseconds.	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	four mechanisms recruit members of the same class: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition through the reciprocally inhibitory population, and self-excitation of VIPs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	and a fifth from outside: the surrounding excitatory network drives each population with its own synaptic dynamics, depressing onto VIPs and facilitating onto SOMs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the recruitment of VIPs by exogenous ACh and their mecamylamine-sensitive population-recruitment, combined with their ability to produce ACh, suggest that ambient ACh recruits a positive feedback loop via VIPs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	0.8	the tagger's words
mechanisms	separating the excitatory sources of two mutually inhibitory populations is likened to agonist and antagonist muscles, where contracting both at once would waste energy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	0.7	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the proposed function is supralinear amplification of one kind of inhibition as demand grows, for instance before excitation overwhelms the circuit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	0.7	the tagger's words
limitations	The proposed mechanisms are supported mostly by correlation because the cell-type-specific loss-of-function tools needed do not exist. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every mechanistic claim in the paper: SUITABLE LOSS-OF-FUNCTION EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE CONTRIBUTION OF THESE MECHANISMS ... DO NOT YET EXIST, so the support is correlational by necessity rather than by choice	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Broad optogenetic activation also stimulates axon terminals, so the recruitment results may reflect complex network interactions rather than direct drive. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the recruitment results specifically: THIS BROAD ACTIVATION OF THE LOCAL MICROCIRCUIT INCLUDES AXON TERMINALS EXPRESSING C1V1, THEREFORE THESE RESULTS MAY BE DUE TO MULTIPLE COMPLEX NETWORK INTERACTIONS	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The marker-defined populations probably contain finer subpopulations that were not resolved here. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every claim stated at the level of the three marker classes: they are CONVENIENTLY CATEGORIZED BY THE NON-OVERLAPPING MARKERS SOM, PV AND VIP TO UTILIZE TRANSGENIC MICE, and THERE ARE LIKELY FURTHER SUBPO[pulations] - the taxonomy follows the available reagents	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	the mechanisms are implied by correlation rather than shown directly, because the loss-of-function reagent that would be needed does not exist Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[0] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - correlation, because the loss-of-function tool does not exist	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	broad optogenetic activation also excites axon terminals, so those results may reflect complex network interactions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - axon terminals are excited too	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the three marker classes are convenient rather than fundamental, and the framework is expected to hold on average for populations known to contain further subtypes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2], with the consequence: the framework is expected to hold on average over classes that are convenient rather than fundamental	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	cell-type labelling was verified in only one of the mouse lines, the rest taken on the strength of prior documentation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cell-type identification across lines: labelling was verified in one line, the rest taken on the strength of prior documentation	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the animals were naive, and other work suggests some of this wiring changes with learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the transfer of the wiring result to trained animals: WE USED NAIVE MICE, and other evidence suggests VIPS AND PVS CAN WIRE INTO A MUTUALLY INHIBITORY DYAD DURING LEARNING	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the compartmentalisation of cooperativity into local teams is offered as a hypothesis for future study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the team/compartment account specifically: WE HYPOTHESIZE FOR FURTHER STUDIES - offered as a hypothesis, not a result	`limitations[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	monosynaptic rabies tracing from genetically defined starter cells, used to ask how much local input each class receives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	sequential stimulation of soma-sized volumes while recording two cells, to ask whether their inputs are shared Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	0.9	the tagger's words
transfers	agonist and antagonist muscle pairs, used as the argument for why two mutually inhibitory populations should not share excitatory drive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`	0.8	the tagger's words
transfers	co-activity of principal cells during ongoing activity, imported as the question to ask of inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	running the identical protocol on PV cells, where shared presynaptic partners ARE expected Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the protocol's inability to detect shared presynaptic partners as the reason none were found between VIPs and SOMs - a positive control against a null result · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	comparing baseline firing rate between control and GABA receptor blockade - a manipulation check reported inside a parenthesis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a shift in baseline firing rate as the explanation of the change in cooperativity: 1.9 +/- 0.2 Hz against 1.9 +/- 0.3 Hz, P = 0.68 · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[1]`	0.9	the tagger's words
controls	inspecting active and passive electrophysiological properties of VIPs grouped by cooperativity and by their response to GABA blockade - the sentence states the check and not its result, so no outcome is recorded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the spread in VIP cooperativity is one population varying, when it may be two subclasses - the check groups cells by cooperativity and by their response to GABA blockade and asks whether the electrophysiology follows · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): absent-not-in-staged-text · would have ruled out, had it been run: distinct VIP subclasses as the explanation of the variation in cooperativity	`controls[2]`	0.75	the tagger's words
concepts	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation	`concepts[15]`		the paper's words
concepts	locomotion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: locomotion	`concepts[18]`		the paper's words
senses	THE EXPERIMENT THAT WOULD SETTLE IT IS NAMED, AND THE REAGENT DOES NOT EXIST: suitable loss-of-function tests would need synaptic blockers simultaneously specific to both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic population, so the mechanisms are implied by correlation rather than directly Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and the single exception is marked as such - one figure directly demonstrates the GABAergic role in cooperative recruitment, and the paper says which one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	A POSITIVE CONTROL CHOSEN ON THE STRENGTH OF AN EARLIER MEASUREMENT IN THE SAME DATASET: PVs are used to validate the shared-input assay because they had the highest subthreshold cross-correlations here, so they should share presynaptic partners Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	and the null is only interpretable because that control worked - shared inputs were detectable in PV pairs and indistinguishable from zero in VIP-SOM pairs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THE MEASURE IS BUILT BY SUBTRACTING THE BASELINE INTO EXISTENCE: laser-EPSCs are the post-stimulus count minus the pre-stimulus count, so the quantity itself is a difference and can legitimately come out negative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the correlation analysis is repeated on binarized data specifically to avoid systematic biases in the fluorescence measure it was first computed on Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	THE CATEGORIES ARE DECLARED CONVENIENT RATHER THAN FUNDAMENTAL: the three markers are used because transgenic lines exist for them, and further subpopulations are expected inside each Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	AND THE UNIT OF COMPUTATION IS PROPOSED TO CHANGE: groups rather than individual neurons, and reciprocally inhibitory dyads rather than a sequential hierarchy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	a distance threshold is set from the data rather than chosen: correlations approach zero beyond 150 micrometres, which is read as the range over which inputs are shared and then used as the analysis cutoff Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: correlation of calcium signals in labelled cells in awake mice, then paired and quadruple patch clamp, rabies tracing and two-photon input mapping in slices Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: within-population co-activity: members of one interneuron class active together during ongoing activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: within-population co-activity of neocortical interneurons — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → Pfeffer et al. (2013) on target-selective inhibition by PV interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Hofer et al. (2011) on PV interneuron co-activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → Hu et al. (2011) and Ma et al. (2012) on the absence of SOM-to-SOM inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the prevailing hierarchical disinhibitory model built from activating one interneuron population at a time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → the demonstration that parvalbumin interneurons are co-active during ongoing activity, generalised here to two more classes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → the account of VIP interneurons as specialists in long-range excitation, by showing comparable local input Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → reports that within-population inhibition is absent among somatostatin cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → its own generalisation, since the mice were naive and some of this wiring is reported to change with learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	VIP —distinct-from→ SOM Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: two non-overlapping populations, each shown to be active as a population rather than individually also in: VIP · SOM	`concept_edges[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	locomotion —causes→ correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 1 · note: which is why the data are split by movement state before anything is compared also in: locomotion · correlation	`concept_edges[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	locomotion —causes→ VIP Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says VIP and SOM activity is modulated by movement; 'locomotion causes VIP' drops 'activity'. also in: locomotion · VIP	`concept_edges[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	depressing —contrasted-with→ facilitating Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the same excitatory cells drive the two populations with opposite short-term dynamics, so they peak at different times during a train also in: depressing · facilitating	`concept_edges[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	disinhibition —distinct-from→ electrical coupling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: FOUR MECHANISMS, NOT ONE: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition through the opposing population, and self-excitation Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span lists coupling and disinhibition among recruitment mechanisms; distinct-from is loose. also in: disinhibition · electrical coupling	`concept_edges[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	GABAergic —causes→ cooperativity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AND THE ONE DIRECT DEMONSTRATION IS MARKED AS THE EXCEPTION, with the figure named Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span shows GABAergic inhibition's role in cooperative recruitment of SOMs; 'cooperativity' is terse. also in: GABAergic · cooperativity	`concept_edges[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	dyad —contrasted-with→ hierarchy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AND THE UNIT OF COMPUTATION CHANGES WITH THE MODEL: groups rather than individual neurons, dyads rather than a sequence also in: dyad · hierarchy	`concept_edges[26]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	RETRACTED (A DECLARED UNKNOWN, AND THE EDGE IS A TRUISM THE SPAN DOES NOT ASSERT) · interneuron —part-of→ population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. RETRACTED: A DECLARED UNKNOWN, AND THE EDGE IS A TRUISM THE SPAN DOES NOT ASSERT. The edge is 'interneuron --part-of--> population'. The span: '…unclear how interneurons coordinate their activity within…' The sentence is about what is NOT known. That interneurons belong to populations is background vocabulary it uses in passing, not a relation it establishes. — strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the puzzle stated plainly - how mutually inhibitory populations manage to operate together inside a densely interconnected network Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but interneurons within subpopulations; part-of is loose. also in: interneuron · population	`concept_edges[33]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	paired t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: paired t-test	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	z-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: z-test	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlation	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	surrogate/shuffled data test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: surrogate/shuffled data test	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	paired T-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: paired T-test	`content_tags.statistics[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	z-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: z-test	`content_tags.statistics[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation coefficients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation coefficients	`content_tags.statistics[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	In awake mice, VIP interneurons were more strongly correlated with other VIPs than with non-VIP cells, showing within-population co-activity during ongoing activity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Nearby pyramidal cells contact VIPs and SOMs at similar rates but with opposite short-term dynamics, depressing onto VIPs and facilitating onto SOMs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Two-photon input mapping found essentially no shared presynaptic excitatory cells between a VIP and a SOM, whereas PV pairs shared about a fifth of their inputs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	VIP-SOM pairs had significantly lower membrane-potential correlations than all other pairs, supporting innervation by distinct sets of pyramidal cells. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Forcing three SOM interneurons to fire significantly increased the spontaneous firing of a fourth, uninduced SOM, demonstrating cooperative within-population recruitment. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Blocking GABA-A and GABA-B receptors sharply reduced the SOM cooperative recruitment effect, identifying disinhibition as a main driver. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	VIP cooperativity was insensitive to GABA blockade but reduced by nicotinic blockade, implicating acetylcholine released by VIPs in recruiting other VIPs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Inhibitory connectivity was lowest within SOMs (0%), within VIPs, and from VIPs to PVs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Contrary to an earlier report, PV interneurons were found to inhibit other interneuron types without selectivity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	members of two non-overlapping interneuron populations are active as populations rather than individually Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the conclusion is that these populations work as cooperative units, generating an amplifying nonlinearity in circuit output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	co-activity of principal cells had been studied extensively while that of inhibitory cells had received little attention Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	ongoing activity is argued to be the optimal condition, because it shows circuit flow without thalamic drive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE PUZZLE STATED PLAINLY: how mutually inhibitory populations manage to operate together inside a densely interconnected network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	both classes were more correlated with their own members than with anything else, in awake mice in a dark room Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE ANALYSIS IS REPEATED ON BINARIZED DATA to avoid systematic biases in the fluorescence correlations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the co-activity counts are held against shuffled surrogates as well as against the other cells in the field Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the data are split by movement state because locomotion modulates both populations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and locomotion raised the within-population correlations in both Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the same excitatory cells drive the two populations with opposite short-term dynamics, depressing onto one and facilitating onto the other Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	which shows up in network activation: one class fires a single spike and falls silent while the other ramps up Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with a caveat attached in the same paragraph, that broad activation reaches axon terminals too Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	rabies tracing was run in a different cortical area precisely because the published version had been done in the other one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[22]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	VIPs and SOMs received input from nearby cells to a similar extent, most heavily from L2/3. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[23]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	shared spontaneous depolarisations were frequent within a class and rare across the two Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[24]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	correlations approached zero beyond 150 um intersomatic distance, suggesting they reflect shared input from nearby cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[25]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation coefficients were not significantly different between SOM-SOM, VIP-PV and VIP-VIP pairs, while VIP-SOM pairs had significantly lower correlations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[26]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE MEASURE IS A DIFFERENCE BY CONSTRUCTION: laser-EPSCs are the post-stimulus count minus the pre-stimulus count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[27]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with the stimulation first shown to have recruited presynaptic cells at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[28]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A POSITIVE CONTROL CHOSEN ON THE STRENGTH OF AN EARLIER MEASUREMENT IN THE SAME DATASET: the class with the highest subthreshold cross-correlations, which should therefore share inputs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[29]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and it worked - both shared and unique inputs were detected in those pairs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[30]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	while the shared proportion across the two test classes was indistinguishable from zero Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[31]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with the conclusion hedged in the sentence itself - innervated at least in part by non-overlapping excitatory subnetworks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[32]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AN INHERITED ASSUMPTION WITH ONE SPOT-CHECK: since the high reliability of cell-type specific labelling in these mouse lines has been documented before, labelling was only confirmed in one of them with immunohistochemistry Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[33]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	two cortical areas were checked to agree before being pooled, with the separated data kept in a supplement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[34]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	only PVs showed high within-population inhibition; the lowest rates were within SOMs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[35]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	FOUR MECHANISMS, NOT ONE: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition through the opposing population, and self-excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[36]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE EXPERIMENT THAT WOULD SETTLE IT IS NAMED AND THE REAGENT DOES NOT EXIST: blockers simultaneously specific to both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic population would be needed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[37]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and the single direct demonstration is marked as the exception, with the figure named Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[38]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	ambient acetylcholine is proposed to close a positive feedback loop through cells that both respond to it and produce it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[39]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	THE CATEGORIES ARE DECLARED CONVENIENT RATHER THAN FUNDAMENTAL, with further subpopulations expected inside each and the framework claimed to hold on average Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[40]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and a compartmentalisation hypothesis is offered for future work - nearby members cooperating while a distant group of the same class stays independent Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[41]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the argument for segregated excitatory drive is borrowed from agonist and antagonist muscle pairs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[42]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with the generalisation offered that non-overlapping input may hold for every reciprocally inhibitory pair Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[43]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	and a limit stated: the mice were naive, and this wiring is reported to change with learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[44]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	AND THE UNIT OF COMPUTATION IS PROPOSED TO CHANGE: groups rather than individual neurons, dyads rather than a sequential hierarchy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[45]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	with the model being replaced traced to a design that activates one population at a time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[46]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the proposed function is supralinear amplification of one kind of inhibition as demand grows Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[47]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	ensembles Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ensembles	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	laser-EPSCs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: laser-EPSCs	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	summation ratio Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: summation ratio	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	increased firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: increased firing	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	L-EPSC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: L-EPSC	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	co-activation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: co-activation	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	0.8	the tagger's words
content_tags	dyad Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dyad	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	positive control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: positive control	`content_tags.definitions[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	GABA receptor blockade Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: GABA receptor blockade	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spontaneous firing rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spontaneous firing rate	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	baseline firing rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: baseline firing rate	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation	`content_tags.variables[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	L-EPSC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: L-EPSC	`content_tags.variables[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	intersomatic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intersomatic	`content_tags.variables[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	locomotion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: locomotion	`content_tags.variables[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	~85% — share of neocortical interneurons covered by the three non-overlapping PV, SOM and VIP populations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	68%, 8643/12641 cells — proportion of rabies-labelled presynaptic cells with clear pyramidal morphology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	68 ± 22 % — increase in spontaneous firing of the fourth SOM when three other SOMs were driven to fire Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	22.6 ± 5.6 % vs −0.8 ± 4.9 % — estimated proportion of shared presynaptic cells for PV-PV pairs versus VIP-SOM pairs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	R = 0.07 ± 0.01 to R = 0.13 ± 0.03, P = 0.038 — rise in within-VIP pairwise correlation from stationary to locomotion epochs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	86.3% / 94.9% — specificity and sensitivity of the VIP-cre reporter line checked by immunohistochemistry Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	55 % / 8.8 % / 24 % — share of spontaneous depolarizing activations shared within SOM pairs, across SOM-VIP pairs, and within VIP pairs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	16 ± 7 %, P = 0.007 — residual SOM firing-rate increase surviving GABA-A and GABA-B receptor blockade Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	150 mm — the intersomatic distance beyond which subthreshold correlations vanish, read from the data and then used as the analysis cutoff Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	86.3% — labelled cells that were immunoreactive in the one line checked, against 94.9 percent the other way Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	55 % — spontaneous activations shared within a class, against 8.8 percent across the two Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	26 ± 7 Hz — average firing rate SOMs ramped up to during the light pulse, while VIPs tended to fire a single AP at the beginning followed by quiescence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.