phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | within-population co-activity of neocortical interneurons— “Here we show in vivo and in vitro that members of two non-overlapping neocortical IN populations, expressing somatostatin (SOM) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are active as populations rather than individually.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We demonstrate a variety of synergistic mechanisms, involving population-specific local excitation, GABAergic disinhibition and excitation through electrical coupling, which likely underlie IN population co-activity.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To probe this directly, we used multi-cell patch clamp to assess connectivity parameters between nearby (intersomatic distances 20–100 µm) PCs and VIPs or SOMs in triple-transgenic VIP-cre∷LSL-TOM∷SOM-GFP(GIN) slices (see Methods).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here we show in vivo and in vitro that members of two non-overlapping neocortical IN populations, expressing somatostatin (SOM) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are active as populations rather than individually. We demonstrate a variety of synergistic mechanisms, involving population-specific local excitation, GABAergic disinhibition… | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, it is unclear how interneurons coordinate their activity within subpopulations. It is particularly puzzling how mutually inhibitory interneuron populations manage to operate together while embedded within a highly interconnected network.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We therefore propose an updated standard model for IN connectivity in the neocortex featuring reciprocally inhibitory population dyads rather than sequential hierarchy of populations and groups rather than individual neurons as computational units” | |
| transfer | from viral tracing: monosynaptic rabies tracing from genetically defined starter cells, used to ask how much local input each class receives— “To address this, we assessed the extent to which VIPs, compared to SOMs, are innervated by nearby PCs, by tracing presynaptic neurons of VIPs and SOMs with rabies (see Methods). Since similar experiments have been performed in V1” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from two-photon photostimulation: sequential stimulation of soma-sized volumes while recording two cells, to ask whether their inputs are shared— “Since these data suggest that VIPs and SOMs do not share presynaptic partners, as a positive control we ran the same protocol on PVs. We chose PVs because they had the highest subthreshold cross-correlations in our data ( Figure S3C ), suggesting that they share many presynaptic partners” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from motor control: agonist and antagonist muscle pairs, used as the argument for why two mutually inhibitory populations should not share excitatory drive— “The situation is similar to motor coordination of agonist/antagonist muscle pairs where simultaneous contraction of both would not be energetically advantageous. Along this line of reasoning, it would make sense to segregate PC networks to feed only into one population of a mutually inhibitory pair of IN populations. Our data in Figures 3 and… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from ensemble physiology: co-activity of principal cells during ongoing activity, imported as the question to ask of inhibitory cells— “Co-activation of neurons inevitably depends on synaptic connectivity of excitatory as well as inhibitory neurons, but while co-activity of neocortical principal cells (PCs) has been studied extensively ( Ch’ng and Reid, 2010 , Miller et al., 2014 , Bathellier et al., 2012 , Sakata and Harris, 2009 ), that of inhibitory interneurons (INs) has… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | Four converging circuit mechanisms recruit members of the same interneuron class: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition via inhibition of the reciprocally inhibitory class, and cholinergic self-excitation of VIPs.— “Our data suggest that VIPs and SOMs recruit their population members through four mechanisms: electrical coupling, complete lack (SOMs) or relative scarcity (VIPs) of within-population inhibition (see also ( Hu et al., 2011 , Ma et al., 2012 )), strong within-population disinhibition through inhibition of the reciprocally inhibitory… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | VIPs inhibiting SOMs (and vice versa) removes inhibition from their own population members, so firing in a few cells raises the co-activity of the whole population.— “Through the inhibitory synapses between VIPs and SOMs, these INs can disinhibit members of the same population, effectively increasing the co-activity of the population.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Acetylcholine produced by VIPs recruits further VIPs that are themselves ACh-sensitive, closing a positive feedback loop.— “The recruitment of VIPs by exogenous ACh ( Figure S6 ) and their mecamylamine-sensitive population-recruitment ( Figure 5H ), combined with their ability to produce ACh ( von Engelhardt et al., 2007 ) suggest that ambient ACh recruits a positive feedback loop via VIPs.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Strongly facilitating, slow-kinetics inhibitory synapses between SOMs and VIPs grow during sustained firing, sustaining disinhibition of the partner population over hundreds of milliseconds.— “Facilitating synapses are ideal for promoting activity of population members on >100 ms timescales through inhibition of a reciprocally connected inhibitory population (see next section).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | four mechanisms recruit members of the same class: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition through the reciprocally inhibitory population, and self-excitation of VIPs— “Our data suggest that VIPs and SOMs recruit their population members through four mechanisms: electrical coupling, complete lack (SOMs) or relative scarcity (VIPs) of within-population inhibition (see also ( Hu et al., 2011 , Ma et al., 2012 )), strong within-population disinhibition through inhibition of the reciprocally inhibitory… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | and a fifth from outside: the surrounding excitatory network drives each population with its own synaptic dynamics, depressing onto VIPs and facilitating onto SOMs— “PCs formed excitatory synapses onto VIPs and SOMs at similar rates, but synapses onto VIPs were depressing, while those onto SOMs were facilitating ( Figure 2A ). Additional recordings in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) also demonstrated a depressing synaptic PC->VIP connection (5/38 connections, 13%) suggesting that the organization of… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the recruitment of VIPs by exogenous ACh and their mecamylamine-sensitive population-recruitment, combined with their ability to produce ACh, suggest that ambient ACh recruits a positive feedback loop via VIPs— “The recruitment of VIPs by exogenous ACh ( Figure S6 ) and their mecamylamine-sensitive population-recruitment ( Figure 5H ), combined with their ability to produce ACh ( von Engelhardt et al., 2007 ) suggest that ambient ACh recruits a positive feedback loop via VIPs.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | separating the excitatory sources of two mutually inhibitory populations is likened to agonist and antagonist muscles, where contracting both at once would waste energy— “The situation is similar to motor coordination of agonist/antagonist muscle pairs where simultaneous contraction of both would not be energetically advantageous. Along this line of reasoning, it would make sense to segregate PC networks to feed only into one population of a mutually inhibitory pair of IN populations. Our data in Figures 3 and… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the proposed function is supralinear amplification of one kind of inhibition as demand grows, for instance before excitation overwhelms the circuit— “IN population cooperativity may be advantageous to circuit operation by predictively amplifying the particular type of inhibition (dendrite targeting, perisomatic or disinhibitory) provided by the population. Thus these multiple cooperative specializations would operate together to deliver wider-spread and increased inhibition in a… | mechanisms[8] |
| contradicts | Pfeffer et al. (2013) on target-selective inhibition by PV interneurons— “In contrast to previous findings ( Pfeffer et al., 2013 ), we find that PVs inhibit IN targets unselectively ( Figure 4A , S4 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Hofer et al. (2011) on PV interneuron co-activity— “Here we showed that SOMs and VIPs demonstrate within-population co-activity ( Figure 1 , 5 ) on a timescale of hundreds of milliseconds, and previous work has shown that… | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Hu et al. (2011) and Ma et al. (2012) on the absence of SOM-to-SOM inhibition | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the prevailing hierarchical disinhibitory model built from activating one interneuron population at a time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | the demonstration that parvalbumin interneurons are co-active during ongoing activity, generalised here to two more classes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| qualifies | the account of VIP interneurons as specialists in long-range excitation, by showing comparable local input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | reports that within-population inhibition is absent among somatostatin cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| qualifies | its own generalisation, since the mice were naive and some of this wiring is reported to change with learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | THE EXPERIMENT THAT WOULD SETTLE IT IS NAMED, AND THE REAGENT DOES NOT EXIST: suitable loss-of-function tests would need synaptic blockers simultaneously specific to both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic population, so the mechanisms are implied by correlation rather than directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the single exception is marked as such - one figure directly demonstrates the GABAergic role in cooperative recruitment, and the paper says which one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | A POSITIVE CONTROL CHOSEN ON THE STRENGTH OF AN EARLIER MEASUREMENT IN THE SAME DATASET: PVs are used to validate the shared-input assay because they had the highest subthreshold cross-correlations here, so they should share presynaptic partners Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | and the null is only interpretable because that control worked - shared inputs were detectable in PV pairs and indistinguishable from zero in VIP-SOM pairs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE MEASURE IS BUILT BY SUBTRACTING THE BASELINE INTO EXISTENCE: laser-EPSCs are the post-stimulus count minus the pre-stimulus count, so the quantity itself is a difference and can legitimately come out negative Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | the correlation analysis is repeated on binarized data specifically to avoid systematic biases in the fluorescence measure it was first computed on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | THE CATEGORIES ARE DECLARED CONVENIENT RATHER THAN FUNDAMENTAL: the three markers are used because transgenic lines exist for them, and further subpopulations are expected inside each Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | AND THE UNIT OF COMPUTATION IS PROPOSED TO CHANGE: groups rather than individual neurons, and reciprocally inhibitory dyads rather than a sequential hierarchy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | a distance threshold is set from the data rather than chosen: correlations approach zero beyond 150 micrometres, which is read as the range over which inputs are shared and then used as the analysis cutoff Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| control | running the identical protocol on PV cells, where shared presynaptic partners ARE expected — held — rules out the protocol's inability to detect shared presynaptic partners as the reason none were found between VIPs and SOMs - a positive control against a null result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | comparing baseline firing rate between control and GABA receptor blockade - a manipulation check reported inside a parenthesis — held — rules out a shift in baseline firing rate as the explanation of the change in cooperativity: 1.9 +/- 0.2 Hz against 1.9 +/- 0.3 Hz, P = 0.68 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | inspecting active and passive electrophysiological properties of VIPs grouped by cooperativity and by their response to GABA blockade - the sentence states the check and not its result, so no outcome is recorded — absent-not-in-staged-text — rules out that the spread in VIP cooperativity is one population varying, when it may be two subclasses - the check groups cells by cooperativity and by their response to GABA blockade and asks whether the electrophysiology follows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| note | VIP —distinct-from→ SOM — two non-overlapping populations, each shown to be active as a population rather than individually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| effect direction | locomotion —causes→ correlation — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | locomotion —causes→ correlation — which is why the data are split by movement state before anything is compared Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | locomotion —causes→ VIP — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says VIP and SOM activity is modulated by movement; 'locomotion causes VIP' drops 'activity'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | depressing —contrasted-with→ facilitating — the same excitatory cells drive the two populations with opposite short-term dynamics, so they peak at different times during a train Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | disinhibition —distinct-from→ electrical coupling — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span lists coupling and disinhibition among recruitment mechanisms; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| note | disinhibition —distinct-from→ electrical coupling — FOUR MECHANISMS, NOT ONE: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition through the opposing population, and self-excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| audit | GABAergic —causes→ cooperativity — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span shows GABAergic inhibition's role in cooperative recruitment of SOMs; 'cooperativity' is terse. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| note | GABAergic —causes→ cooperativity — AND THE ONE DIRECT DEMONSTRATION IS MARKED AS THE EXCEPTION, with the figure named Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| note | dyad —contrasted-with→ hierarchy — AND THE UNIT OF COMPUTATION CHANGES WITH THE MODEL: groups rather than individual neurons, dyads rather than a sequence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[26] |
| audit | RETRACTED (A DECLARED UNKNOWN, AND THE EDGE IS A TRUISM THE SPAN DOES NOT ASSERT) · interneuron —part-of→ population — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but interneurons within subpopulations; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[33] |
| note | RETRACTED (A DECLARED UNKNOWN, AND THE EDGE IS A TRUISM THE SPAN DOES NOT ASSERT) · interneuron —part-of→ population — and the puzzle stated plainly - how mutually inhibitory populations manage to operate together inside a densely interconnected network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[33] |
| retracted | RETRACTED (A DECLARED UNKNOWN, AND THE EDGE IS A TRUISM THE SPAN DOES NOT ASSERT) · interneuron —part-of→ population — A DECLARED UNKNOWN, AND THE EDGE IS A TRUISM THE SPAN DOES NOT ASSERT. The edge is 'interneuron --part-of--> population'. The span: '…unclear how interneurons coordinate their activity within…' The sentence is about what is NOT known. That interneurons belong to populations is background vocabulary it uses in passing, not a relation it establishes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[33] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — absent-not-in-staged-text | controls[2] |
| for which use | limitation — every mechanistic claim in the paper: SUITABLE LOSS-OF-FUNCTION EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE CONTRIBUTION OF THESE MECHANISMS ... DO NOT YET EXIST, so the support is correlational by necessity rather than by choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the recruitment results specifically: THIS BROAD ACTIVATION OF THE LOCAL MICROCIRCUIT INCLUDES AXON TERMINALS EXPRESSING C1V1, THEREFORE THESE RESULTS MAY BE DUE TO MULTIPLE COMPLEX NETWORK INTERACTIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every claim stated at the level of the three marker classes: they are CONVENIENTLY CATEGORIZED BY THE NON-OVERLAPPING MARKERS SOM, PV AND VIP TO UTILIZE TRANSGENIC MICE, and THERE ARE LIKELY FURTHER SUBPO[pulations] - the taxonomy follows the available reagents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - correlation, because the loss-of-function tool does not exist Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - axon terminals are excited too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], with the consequence: the framework is expected to hold on average over classes that are convenient rather than fundamental Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the cell-type identification across lines: labelling was verified in one line, the rest taken on the strength of prior documentation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the transfer of the wiring result to trained animals: WE USED NAIVE MICE, and other evidence suggests VIPS AND PVS CAN WIRE INTO A MUTUALLY INHIBITORY DYAD DURING LEARNING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the team/compartment account specifically: WE HYPOTHESIZE FOR FURTHER STUDIES - offered as a hypothesis, not a result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[4] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The proposed mechanisms are supported mostly by correlation because the cell-type-specific loss-of-function tools needed do not exist. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Broad optogenetic activation also stimulates axon terminals, so the recruitment results may reflect complex network interactions rather than direct drive. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The marker-defined populations probably contain finer subpopulations that were not resolved here. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the mechanisms are implied by correlation rather than shown directly, because the loss-of-function reagent that would be needed does not exist Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | broad optogenetic activation also excites axon terminals, so those results may reflect complex network interactions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the three marker classes are convenient rather than fundamental, and the framework is expected to hold on average for populations known to contain further subtypes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | cell-type labelling was verified in only one of the mouse lines, the rest taken on the strength of prior documentation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the animals were naive, and other work suggests some of this wiring changes with learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the compartmentalisation of cooperativity into local teams is offered as a hypothesis for future study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | In awake mice, VIP interneurons were more strongly correlated with other VIPs than with non-VIP cells, showing within-population co-activity during ongoing activity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Nearby pyramidal cells contact VIPs and SOMs at similar rates but with opposite short-term dynamics, depressing onto VIPs and facilitating onto SOMs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Two-photon input mapping found essentially no shared presynaptic excitatory cells between a VIP and a SOM, whereas PV pairs shared about a fifth of their inputs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | VIP-SOM pairs had significantly lower membrane-potential correlations than all other pairs, supporting innervation by distinct sets of pyramidal cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Forcing three SOM interneurons to fire significantly increased the spontaneous firing of a fourth, uninduced SOM, demonstrating cooperative within-population recruitment. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Blocking GABA-A and GABA-B receptors sharply reduced the SOM cooperative recruitment effect, identifying disinhibition as a main driver. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | VIP cooperativity was insensitive to GABA blockade but reduced by nicotinic blockade, implicating acetylcholine released by VIPs in recruiting other VIPs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Inhibitory connectivity was lowest within SOMs (0%), within VIPs, and from VIPs to PVs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Contrary to an earlier report, PV interneurons were found to inhibit other interneuron types without selectivity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | members of two non-overlapping interneuron populations are active as populations rather than individually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | and the conclusion is that these populations work as cooperative units, generating an amplifying nonlinearity in circuit output Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | co-activity of principal cells had been studied extensively while that of inhibitory cells had received little attention Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | ongoing activity is argued to be the optimal condition, because it shows circuit flow without thalamic drive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | THE PUZZLE STATED PLAINLY: how mutually inhibitory populations manage to operate together inside a densely interconnected network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | both classes were more correlated with their own members than with anything else, in awake mice in a dark room Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | THE ANALYSIS IS REPEATED ON BINARIZED DATA to avoid systematic biases in the fluorescence correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | and the co-activity counts are held against shuffled surrogates as well as against the other cells in the field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the data are split by movement state because locomotion modulates both populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | and locomotion raised the within-population correlations in both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | the same excitatory cells drive the two populations with opposite short-term dynamics, depressing onto one and facilitating onto the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | which shows up in network activation: one class fires a single spike and falls silent while the other ramps up Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | with a caveat attached in the same paragraph, that broad activation reaches axon terminals too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | rabies tracing was run in a different cortical area precisely because the published version had been done in the other one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | VIPs and SOMs received input from nearby cells to a similar extent, most heavily from L2/3. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | shared spontaneous depolarisations were frequent within a class and rare across the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | correlations approached zero beyond 150 um intersomatic distance, suggesting they reflect shared input from nearby cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | correlation coefficients were not significantly different between SOM-SOM, VIP-PV and VIP-VIP pairs, while VIP-SOM pairs had significantly lower correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | THE MEASURE IS A DIFFERENCE BY CONSTRUCTION: laser-EPSCs are the post-stimulus count minus the pre-stimulus count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | with the stimulation first shown to have recruited presynaptic cells at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | A POSITIVE CONTROL CHOSEN ON THE STRENGTH OF AN EARLIER MEASUREMENT IN THE SAME DATASET: the class with the highest subthreshold cross-correlations, which should therefore share inputs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | and it worked - both shared and unique inputs were detected in those pairs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | while the shared proportion across the two test classes was indistinguishable from zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | with the conclusion hedged in the sentence itself - innervated at least in part by non-overlapping excitatory subnetworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | AN INHERITED ASSUMPTION WITH ONE SPOT-CHECK: since the high reliability of cell-type specific labelling in these mouse lines has been documented before, labelling was only confirmed in one of them with immunohistochemistry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | two cortical areas were checked to agree before being pooled, with the separated data kept in a supplement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | only PVs showed high within-population inhibition; the lowest rates were within SOMs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | FOUR MECHANISMS, NOT ONE: electrical coupling, absent or scarce within-population inhibition, disinhibition through the opposing population, and self-excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | THE EXPERIMENT THAT WOULD SETTLE IT IS NAMED AND THE REAGENT DOES NOT EXIST: blockers simultaneously specific to both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic population would be needed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | and the single direct demonstration is marked as the exception, with the figure named Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | ambient acetylcholine is proposed to close a positive feedback loop through cells that both respond to it and produce it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | THE CATEGORIES ARE DECLARED CONVENIENT RATHER THAN FUNDAMENTAL, with further subpopulations expected inside each and the framework claimed to hold on average Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | and a compartmentalisation hypothesis is offered for future work - nearby members cooperating while a distant group of the same class stays independent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | the argument for segregated excitatory drive is borrowed from agonist and antagonist muscle pairs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | with the generalisation offered that non-overlapping input may hold for every reciprocally inhibitory pair Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| finding | and a limit stated: the mice were naive, and this wiring is reported to change with learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[44] |
| finding | AND THE UNIT OF COMPUTATION IS PROPOSED TO CHANGE: groups rather than individual neurons, dyads rather than a sequential hierarchy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[45] |
| finding | with the model being replaced traced to a design that activates one population at a time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[46] |
| finding | the proposed function is supralinear amplification of one kind of inhibition as demand grows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[47] |
| quantity | ~85% — share of neocortical interneurons covered by the three non-overlapping PV, SOM and VIP populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 68%, 8643/12641 cells — proportion of rabies-labelled presynaptic cells with clear pyramidal morphology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 68 ± 22 % — increase in spontaneous firing of the fourth SOM when three other SOMs were driven to fire Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 22.6 ± 5.6 % vs −0.8 ± 4.9 % — estimated proportion of shared presynaptic cells for PV-PV pairs versus VIP-SOM pairs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | R = 0.07 ± 0.01 to R = 0.13 ± 0.03, P = 0.038 — rise in within-VIP pairwise correlation from stationary to locomotion epochs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 86.3% / 94.9% — specificity and sensitivity of the VIP-cre reporter line checked by immunohistochemistry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 55 % / 8.8 % / 24 % — share of spontaneous depolarizing activations shared within SOM pairs, across SOM-VIP pairs, and within VIP pairs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 16 ± 7 %, P = 0.007 — residual SOM firing-rate increase surviving GABA-A and GABA-B receptor blockade Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 150 mm — the intersomatic distance beyond which subthreshold correlations vanish, read from the data and then used as the analysis cutoff Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 86.3% — labelled cells that were immunoreactive in the one line checked, against 94.9 percent the other way Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 55 % — spontaneous activations shared within a class, against 8.8 percent across the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 26 ± 7 Hz — average firing rate SOMs ramped up to during the light pulse, while VIPs tended to fire a single AP at the beginning followed by quiescence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | GABA receptor blockade (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | spontaneous firing rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | baseline firing rate (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | L-EPSC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | intersomatic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | locomotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | ensembles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | laser-EPSCs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | summation ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | increased firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | L-EPSC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | co-activation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | dyad Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | positive control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | VIP, SOM, PV, interneuron, population, co-activity, cooperativity, PCs, excitation, inhibit, disinhibition, electrical coupling, GABAergic, depressing, facilitating, correlation, binarized, shuffled, locomotion, ongoing, rabies, presynaptic, subnetwork, L-EPSC, positive control, intersomatic, spontaneous, labelling, dyad, hierarchy, model, team, marker, epilepsy, V1 |
| concept | correlation — not defined in this paper's own words; the pairwise quantity every in vivo and subthreshold claim rests on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | locomotion — not defined in this paper's own words; the state the data are split by, because it modulates both populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| paired t-test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test | as written: unpaired Student t-tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| correlation R | as written: Pearson correlation coefficients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| z-test P | as written: z-test against zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| cross-correlation | as written: subthreshold membrane potential cross-correlograms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| surrogate/shuffled data test | as written: shuffled surrogate data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| paired T-test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| z-test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| correlation coefficients | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | correlation of calcium signals in labelled cells in awake mice, then paired and quadruple patch clamp, rabies tracing and two-photon input mapping in slices — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | within-population co-activity: members of one interneuron class active together during ongoing activity — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: within-population co-activity of neocortical interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
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