standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 7 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | how the cortical representation of a sound changes when the sound is repeatedly heard and means nothing, and changes again when the same sound becomes useful Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what happens to auditory cortical representations over days of passive experience, which has been hard to ask because the same cells could not be followed that long Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | passive daily exposure suppresses pyramidal responses and recruits inhibition through SOM cells, and task engagement reverses it by suppressing those same SOM cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | experience-dependent habituation of auditory cortex sound representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | habituation is an active process that recruits inhibition rather than a simple withdrawal of excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | SOM cells are the source, since their tone-evoked excitation grows with the same experience that suppresses everything else Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | PV cells cannot be the source because their excitation falls with experience like the pyramidal cells they would have to inhibit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the enhancement is specific to the sustained part of the response, matching where the suppression of pyramidal activity is strongest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | sound-guided behavior had the opposite effect on SOM cells compared to L2/3 pyramidal cells, with fewer SOM cells excited by the tone during the behaving block Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | filtering sustained sounds while preserving onsets is proposed as the function, since onsets carry the more urgent information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 0.7 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Spike inference from calcium signals is sensitivity-limited, so conclusions were re-checked on raw dF/F. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the spike-inference analyses, with the check stated: ALTHOUGH DATA ANALYSES USING SPIKE INFERENCE CAN BE AFFECTED BY SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, OUR CONCLUSIONS WERE IDENTICAL WHEN DF/F VALUES WERE USED | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Residual neuropil contamination of cellular signals cannot be excluded. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the single-cell specificity of the signals: WE CANNOT EXCLUDE SOME RESIDUAL CONTAMINATION OF CELLULAR SIGNALS BY NEUROPIL RESPONSES, though the conclusions do not depend on the degree of background subtraction | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The use of prolonged tones and a sound-offset detection task may itself explain the divergence from earlier task-engagement studies. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the comparison with the earlier task literature: the use of prolonged tones and a sound-offset detection task may itself explain the divergence | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Other mechanisms contributing to auditory habituation are not excluded. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the sufficiency of the SOM account: WE DO NOT EXCLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT OTHER MECHANISMS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO AUDITORY HABITUATION UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | PV cell excitation after habituation is too sparse for a fine comparison during behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the PV comparison between behaving and passive conditions: THE VERY SPARSE EXCITATION OF PV CELLS FOLLOWING HABITUATION MADE IT DIFFICULT TO PERFORM A FINE COMPARISON | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the use of prolonged tones and an offset detection task may itself account for differences from earlier task-engagement studies that used transient sounds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the disagreement with the task-engagement literature: WE CANNOT RULE OUT THE POSSIBILITY THAT THE USE OF PROLONGED TONES AND A SOUND-OFFSET DETECTION TASK MAY ACCOUNT FOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OUR FINDINGS AND PREVIOUS STUDIES | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the effect of silencing shrank when the same experiment was repeated over days, which is read as compensation downstream Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any silencing result, including this one, as a measure of necessity: WHEN THE CONTRALATERAL CORTICAL SILENCING EXPERIMENTS WERE REPEATED OVER SEVERAL DAYS THE SHIFT OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC CURVE BECAME PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER, SUGGESTING COMPENSATORY CHANGES IN SUBCORTICAL CIRCUITS | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | no increase in passive representations appeared after training, contrary to earlier learning studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the comparison with the learning literature: WE DID NOT OBSERVE AN INCREASE IN SENSORY REPRESENTATIONS IN THE PASSIVE CONDITION AFTER TRAINING, contrary to four cited studies | limitations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the whole GABAergic population showed only variable effects, so the result depends on splitting it by subtype Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the subtype-specific result, which the population-level data did not show: DAILY TONE EXPERIENCE PRODUCED VARIABLE EFFECTS ACROSS THIS CELL POPULATION ... MODEST EFFECTS AT THE POPULATION LEVEL COULD ARISE IF EXPERIENCE HAD DIFFERENT AND POTENTIALLY OPPOSING ACTIONS ON PARTICULAR SUBTYPES | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | Cre-dependent expression of a calcium indicator, which is what makes the cell-type split possible at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | a macroscopic tonotopic map used to place the cellular imaging field inside the right area Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | deconvolution of fluorescence into an inferred rate, with the conclusions then rechecked without it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | a psychometric threshold for tone detection, used as the readout of a cortical silencing experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | sounds of three different durations delivered in RANDOMLY INTERLEAVED trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: temporal expectation - a fixed duration lets the animal learn when the sound ends, so a response at offset would be an anticipated event rather than a sensory one · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | habituation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: habituation | concepts[7] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: inhibition | concepts[9] | the paper's words | |
| senses | A WHOLE RESPONSE CLASS EXISTS ONLY IN THE AWAKE ANIMAL: inhibitory responses were present in about a quarter of cells awake and in NONE under anaesthesia, and prolonged tones evoked only transient onset excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | so a literature built on anaesthetised recordings cannot contain the observation this paper is about, whatever it looked for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE DISAGREEMENT WITH PRIOR WORK IS EXPLAINED BY WHAT THE OLDER INSTRUMENT COULD SEE: unit recordings are prone to pick up cells with high firing rates, so earlier experiments may have been sampling the very populations that do not habituate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and a second explanation is offered beside it, that interneuron activity is attenuated under anaesthesia, with neither chosen Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AVERAGING OVER A POPULATION HID THE EFFECT: the whole GABAergic population gave variable results, and the finding only appeared once the two interneuron subtypes were imaged separately Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE DESIGN REMOVES THE CONFOUND RATHER THAN CORRECTING FOR IT: detecting the OFFSET of a tone puts the measurement before the licking and before the reward, so neither can contaminate the sound-evoked response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND THE CAUSAL EFFECT SHRINKS WITH REPETITION: the psychometric shift from silencing got progressively smaller over days, so the measured size of a perturbation depends on how many times it has been done Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the frequency-specificity check is what separates a change in the representation from a change in the animal - the effect appears only at the experienced frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the conclusion is held against three analysis choices - inferred spikes against raw fluorescence, the amount of neuropil subtracted, and imaging against electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: chronic two-photon imaging of GCaMP6s in identified pyramidal, layer 4, PV and SOM populations across five days of tone exposure and during alternating behaving and passive blocks, plus optogenetic cortical silencing during a sound-offset detection task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: habituation of a cortical sensory representation to a repeated, meaningless stimulus, and its reversal when the stimulus becomes behaviourally relevant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: experience-dependent habituation of auditory cortex sound representations — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Bao et al. (2001), Kilgard and Merzenich (1998) and Zhang et al. (2001) on adult A1 being refractory to passive experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: the state of the animal and the recording: ACUTE RECORDINGS FROM ANESTHETIZED ANIMALS report A1 representations LARGELY REFRACTORY TO EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN ADULTHOOD, against chronic imaging in the awake mouse here | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Noreña et al. (2006) on extensive sound exposure in cat auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: the LEVEL of the pathway at which the change appears: UNLIKE THE RESULTS WE SHOW, THIS EXTENSIVE SOUND EXPOSURE GENERATED A LOSS OF RESPONSIVENESS AT THE LEVEL OF THALAMOCORTICAL INPUT | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Pfeffer et al. (2013) on SOM-to-PV inhibitory connectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the view that long-term changes in adult auditory cortex require associative conditioning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: whether reinforcement is required: long-term changes ARE BELIEVED TO REQUIRE ASSOCIATIVE CONDITIONING - PAIRING TONES OF A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY WITH FOOT SHOCKS OR STIMULATION OF SUBCORTICAL NEUROMODULATORY SYSTEMS - where this paper uses passive exposure alone | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | reconciles → earlier electrophysiological reports of no adult experience effect, by attributing them to which cells unit recording samples and to anaesthesia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: which cells were recorded: ONE POSSIBILITY REFLECTS DIFFERENCES IN THE CELL POPULATIONS STUDIED - WE FOUND THAT EXPERIENCE HAD UNIQUE EFFECTS ON SOUND REPRESENTATIONS OF L2/3 PYRAMIDAL CELLS | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → cat studies reporting loss of thalamocortical responsiveness after months of exposure, which differ in where the change sits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: the exposure duration and the level affected: TONE BURSTS MAINTAINED WITHOUT INTERRUPTION FOR 1.5-5 MONTHS, and the effect was A LOSS OF RESPONSIVENESS AT THE LEVEL OF THALAMOCORTICAL INPUT rather than a cortical change | claim_relations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → the inconsistent literature on whether auditory cortex is needed for simple sound detection, by measuring a threshold shift rather than an all-or-none loss Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the parallel result in visual cortex, where silencing raises contrast detection threshold by a similar factor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → studies of task engagement in auditory cortex that reached opposite conclusions and did not separate cell types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | habituation —causes→ inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 1 · note: twenty minutes a day for five days, and the whole effect is carried by a rise in inhibition
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but this span describes reduced representations after exposure; the increase in inhibition is stated in a neighbouring sentence. also in: habituation · inhibition | concept_edges[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | L4 —distinct-from→ L2/3 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the thalamorecipient layer barely moves, which is the argument that the change is made in cortex rather than inherited | concept_edges[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | SOM —contrasted-with→ PV Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: SOM cells are the most excitable population before any experience, at a ratio of 12.5 against 0.34 for PV cells | concept_edges[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | behavior —causes→ SOM Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AND THE CIRCUIT RUNS BACKWARDS: engagement suppresses SOM responses in 62.3 percent of cells against 1.4 percent the other way
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says behaviour had the opposite effect on SOM cells; 'causes SOM' drops the effect. | concept_edges[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | behaving —contrasted-with→ passive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE PROPORTION OF CELLS FAVOURING EACH STATE, AND NEITHER SIDE IS EMPTY. 'Quotation withheld.' A statement that behaviour enhances responses is true of half the cells and false of a fifth - so the population claim and the cell claim are different claims, and only the percentages distinguish them. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: excited cells rise during the task, and 51.6 percent of them are stronger while behaving against 19.4 percent while passive | concept_edges[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | silencing —causes→ psychometric Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AND THE EFFECT SHRINKS WITH REPETITION: the shift got progressively smaller over days, read as compensation downstream - so the size of a perturbation depends on how often it has been applied
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says contralateral silencing shifted the psychometric curve; 'causes psychometric' is terse. also in: silencing · psychometric | concept_edges[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | onset —contrasted-with→ sustained Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the proposed function: filter out the sustained, keep the onset, because onsets carry the urgent information | concept_edges[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon signed-rank test | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ROC analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ROC analysis | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | one-way ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: one-way ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | SEM Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SEM | content_tags.statistics[6] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Five days of brief daily passive exposure to the same tone sharply reduced the fraction of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells excited by that tone and roughly doubled the fraction inhibited by it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cortical habituation is an active process that recruits inhibition rather than a passive loss of excitatory drive. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Layer 4 thalamorecipient neurons showed only weak, balanced changes with the same exposure, so the habituation in layer 2/3 is generated in cortex rather than inherited from subcortical inputs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The experience-dependent increase in inhibition of L2/3 pyramidal cells appears to reflect selectively enhanced sound-evoked activity in SOM interneurons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | When mice performed a sound-offset detection task with the habituated tone, pyramidal cell excitatory representations grew again, partially undoing habituation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Photoinactivating auditory cortex raised the sound-detection threshold from about 41 to 52 dB. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Under anaesthesia inhibitory responses were entirely absent and tones evoked only transient onset or offset excitation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | awake responses to prolonged tones were varied - sustained, ramping, transient, and inhibitory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the same patterns appeared in electrophysiology, so they are not an artefact of imaging Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the transient shift was quantified with an onset response index built from the first and last second of the tone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | five days of twenty minutes' exposure cut excited cells from 19.9 to 6.1 percent, doubled inhibited cells, and reduced their ratio tenfold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | which makes habituation an active recruitment of inhibition rather than a withdrawal of excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE FREQUENCY-SPECIFICITY CHECK separates a change in the representation from a change in the animal - the effect appears only at the experienced frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the conclusions held with raw fluorescence instead of inferred spikes and across different amounts of neuropil subtraction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | layer 4 thalamorecipient cells barely changed, and their excited-to-inhibited ratio not at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | which is the argument that the change is made in cortex rather than inherited from below Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AVERAGING OVER THE WHOLE INHIBITORY POPULATION HID THE EFFECT, and opposing actions on subtypes was the suspected reason Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | PV cells moved with the pyramidal cells, which rules them out as the source of the new inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | SOM cells moved the opposite way, with 58 percent showing larger responses on day five against 9.8 percent smaller Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the enhancement was strongest in the sustained component, matching where pyramidal suppression was strongest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | SOM cells were already the most excitable population before any experience, at a ratio of 12.5 against 0.34 for PV cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE TASK IS BUILT SO THE CONFOUND CANNOT ARISE: detecting the offset of a tone puts the measurement before the licking and before the reward Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | silencing the contralateral cortex raised the detection threshold by about 10 dB, from 40.7 to 51.9 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and illuminating the ipsilateral cortex in the same mice did nothing, ruling out the light itself Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE EFFECT SHRANK WITH REPETITION over days, read as compensation in subcortical circuits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | so subcortical structures alone suffice for detection while cortex improves sensitivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the size of the shift matches what silencing visual cortex does to contrast detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | no increase in passive representations followed training, contrary to earlier learning studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[27] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | but during task engagement excited cells rose and 51.6 percent of them were stronger while behaving against 19.4 percent while passive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[28] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with block order and baseline fluorescence both checked Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | layer 4 did not move during behaviour either, localising the engagement effect to cortex as well Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[30] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and SOM cells moved the opposite way again, suppressed in 62 percent of cells against 1.4 percent enhanced Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[31] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | PV cells could not be compared finely because their excitation was too sparse after habituation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE DISAGREEMENT WITH EARLIER WORK IS ATTRIBUTED TO WHAT UNIT RECORDING SAMPLES - cells with high firing rates, which may be the very populations that do not habituate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[33] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and another possibility is the difference in cortical activity between anesthetized and awake animals, since the activity of GABAergic interneurons can be strongly attenuated in the anesthetized state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[34] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | cat studies after months of exposure changed the thalamocortical input instead, which is a different location for the effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[35] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the proposed function is filtering sustained sounds while preserving onsets, which carry the more urgent information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[36] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | prior work on task engagement had reached opposite conclusions and had not separated cell types Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[37] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the prolonged tones and offset task are named as a possible reason for the difference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[38] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the standing view had been that adult auditory cortex changes only with associative conditioning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[39] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | difficulty in monitoring the dynamics of sensory representations in the same animal over long time scales has hampered investigation of the long-term effects of passive sensory experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[40] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | areas were told apart by tonotopic pattern before any cell was imaged, and all experiments were confined to the 10 to 20 kHz region Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[41] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | about 31 percent of pyramidal cells responded to at least one frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[42] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the exposure protocol was 200 trials a day of 5 to 9 second tones for five consecutive days Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[43] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | onset response index Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: onset response index | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | change index (CI) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: change index (CI) | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | habituation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: habituation | content_tags.definitions[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | change index Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: change index | content_tags.definitions[4] | 0.7 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | deconvolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: deconvolution | content_tags.definitions[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | TRF Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: TRF | content_tags.definitions[6] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | engagement in the task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: engagement in the task | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | interneuron subtypes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interneuron subtypes | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ipsilateral silencing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ipsilateral silencing | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: excitation | content_tags.variables[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: inhibition | content_tags.variables[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | change index Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: change index | content_tags.variables[8] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | psychometric Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: psychometric | content_tags.variables[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | TRF Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: TRF | content_tags.variables[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | fraction of excited cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fraction of excited cells | content_tags.variables[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | fraction of inhibited cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fraction of inhibited cells | content_tags.variables[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ten-fold — reduction in the ratio of excited to inhibited layer 2/3 pyramidal cells after five days of passive tone exposure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 10 dB — rise in the sound level detection threshold caused by acute optogenetic silencing of contralateral auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 58.0% — proportion of SOM cells whose tone-evoked responses were significantly larger on Day 5 than Day 1 (versus 9.8% showing the opposite) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 19.9 ± 2.7% / 6.1 ± 1.1% — fraction of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells excited by the exposed tone on Day 1 versus Day 5 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0% — inhibitory responses under anaesthesia, against about a quarter of cells awake - a response class the anaesthetised preparation cannot produce Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ten-fold — the drop in the ratio of excited to inhibited cells over five days of passive exposure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 58.0% — SOM cells with larger responses on day five, against 9.8 percent smaller - the opposite direction to every other population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 12.5 ± 0.4 — excited-to-inhibited ratio in SOM cells before any experience, against 0.34 in PV cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 51.9 ± 4.0 dB — detection threshold with cortex silenced, against 40.7 dB without Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 31.0 ± 4.4% — pyramidal cells responding to at least one frequency, from 1480 cells in 8 mice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.