standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 9 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | whether a penetrating electrode array in the inferior colliculus can restore useful hearing, and what stimulating different midbrain regions reveals about how the human auditory system is organised Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether stimulating along the tonotopic gradient of the human central nucleus produces ordered pitch percepts, as it does along the cochlea Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | the implant is safe and gives loudness, temporal and directional percepts and speech benefit comparable with the brainstem implant, but the ordered pitch the whole rationale predicted did not appear Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | auditory midbrain implant for hearing restoration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: system-or-tool-building | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | the central nucleus is chosen because it receives almost all ascending brainstem pathways, so it should give access to a more complete set of inputs than the cochlea or cochlear nucleus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the limited performance of tumour patients with the brainstem implant is attributed to tumour damage in the cochlear nucleus, which is the argument for moving upstream Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | segregated monaural and binaural pathways ascending into the midbrain are proposed to explain why each patient perceived only one direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | ipsilaterally driven pathways carry mostly low frequencies, which is offered as the reason one patient heard only low pitches Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[8] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | temporal synchrony degrades at successive stages of the pathway, so a site below the colliculus should follow faster rates - which is what happened Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[9] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | long shallow loudness tails are read as a non-homogeneous mix of excitatory and inhibitory neurons along the isofrequency dimension Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[10] | 0.6 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | rising activation levels in one patient are hypothesised to be neurons in the dorsal region being overdriven by the stimulation pattern Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: is not clear | mechanisms[11] | 0.5 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Pitch data exist for only one patient whose array lay along the intended tonotopic gradient, so no definitive claim about human midbrain tonotopy can be made Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any tonotopy claim about the human midbrain: BECAUSE WE ONLY HAVE PITCH DATA FOR ONE PATIENT WHOSE ARRAY IS SUPPOSEDLY ALIGNED ALONG THE TONOTOPIC GRADIENT OF THE ICC, WE CANNOT MAKE ANY DEFINITIVE CLAIMS | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The standard temporal-resolution measures could not be run because of software limits, so a substitute continuity-rate judgement was used instead Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the temporal-resolution results: THE COMMON TESTS ... ARE AMPLITUDE MODULATION DETECTION AND GAP DETECTION, WE COULD NOT PERFORM THESE TESTS WITH OUR SOFTWARE | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | One of the three patients produced no usable pitch-ordering data at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the pitch-ordering data: NO RELIABLE PITCH ORDERING RESULTS WERE OBTAINED FOR AMI-1 WHO HAD DIFFICULTIES PERFORMING THESE TESTS - one of three patients | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | pitch data exist for only one patient whose array is aligned along the intended gradient, so no definitive claim about human midbrain tonotopy is made Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[0] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - one aligned array, no definitive tonotopy claim | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the standard tests for temporal resolution could not be run because the software would not do them, so a different measure was substituted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1], with the substitute: INSTEAD, WE STIMULATED A GIVEN SITE WITH CONtinuous trains | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | loudness balancing across the different sites and pulse rates was difficult because of limitations in the testing software, and performance on this test was argued to depend on whether the patient could clearly hear the sound rather than on slight variations in loudness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every across-site and across-rate comparison: LOUDNESS BALANCING WAS DIFFICULT TO PERFORM ACROSS THE DIFFERENT SITES AND PULSE RATES ATTRIBUTABLE TO LIMITATIONS IN OUR TESTING SOFTWARE | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | imaging after implantation was impossible because the array distorts the scan, so location comes from a fused reconstruction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every anatomical claim about electrode position: ACCURATE MRI IMAGES OF THE MIDBRAIN COULD NOT BE OBTAINED AFTER AMI IMPLANTATION BECAUSE OF THE DISTORTION CAUSED BY THE ELECTRODE ARRAY | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | all three patients had tinnitus throughout and were asked to ignore it while judging the stimulus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every percept the patients reported: ALL PATIENTS HAVE TINNITUS, WHICH WAS PRESENT BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY, and AMI STIMULATION COULD ALTER THEIR TINNITUS | limitations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | one patient's activation levels rose until they reached the compliance voltage of the stimulator and the device had to be switched off for 48 days Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the stimulation levels reported for that patient: they rose until they reached THE COMPLIANCE VOLTAGE OF THE STIMULATOR and the device could no longer deliver more | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the work was supported by the company that makes the device, and one author is employed there Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the independence of the evaluation, not its methods: THIS WORK WAS SUPPORTED BY COCHLEAR LIMITED, the manufacturer of the device under test | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the tonotopic laminar organisation of the central nucleus, imported as the design principle for a human electrode array Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | pulse rates and pulse widths fixed at the point where greater total charge stopped lowering thresholds and shorter pulse widths and slower pulse rates raised them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | fixed and stained midbrain sections, used as the reference against which each patient's fused scan is read Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the patient scales the perceived pitch of each stimulated site on an environmental scale, selecting the environmental sound that most resembles it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the CT scans taken AT LEAST SIX WEEKS after implantation rather than immediately Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: post-surgical distortion of the brain as the apparent electrode position - imaging a freshly operated brain measures the swelling as much as the anatomy · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | lateral lemniscus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lateral lemniscus | concepts[5] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | loudness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: loudness | concepts[16] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | current level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: current level | concepts[20] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporal resolution | concepts[22] | the paper's words | |
| senses | THE PREDICTION THAT JUSTIFIED THE WHOLE TARGET FAILED, AND THE PAPER SAYS SO IN ONE LINE: ordered pitch along the tonotopic gradient was hypothesised from the animal work, and 'However, this has not yet been the case.' Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the failure is not noise - stimulation of all sites in all three patients gave low pitches, and rates up to 2400 pulses per second produced no obvious rise over 250 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the paper then lists four rival explanations as open questions - the stimulus form, plastic loss of high frequency representation after six years of deafness, position along the isofrequency dimension or passing fibres, and species differences - and chooses none Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND REFUSES TO GENERALISE FROM ITS ONE INFORMATIVE PATIENT: with pitch data from a single correctly aligned array, no definitive claim about human midbrain tonotopy is made at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE ACCIDENT IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: the three arrays landed in three different places, and that unintended variation is what turns a safety trial into a map of the human auditory midbrain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the intended placement is stated separately from what happened, so the record contains both the plan and the deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE ADVERSE EVENTS ARE MEASUREMENTS: dizziness and chest sensations, paresthesia in the face and upper body, paresthesia in the thigh and leg - each one locates the deep sites in a different non-auditory structure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and every percept here is a patient's spoken report, obtained while they were asked to ignore a tinnitus that all three had before and after surgery Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE SAME RESULT SUPPORTS TWO INCOMPATIBLE READINGS AND BOTH ARE KEPT: faster rate following in the patient implanted below the colliculus fits the degradation-along-the-pathway account, or the other two sites simply sit in regions of poor temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE COMPARISON GROUP IS MATCHED ON THE RATER, NOT JUST THE PROTOCOL: eleven brainstem implant patients tested in the same clinic under the same protocols, by the same speech therapist who tested these three Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: method — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: three patients implanted during tumour removal, array location reconstructed from fused imaging against fixed anatomical sections, then psychophysics per site - threshold, comfortable level, loudness growth, pitch ranking and scaling, rate discrimination, perceived direction - plus speech tests at six months Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: system-or-tool-building — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: electrically evoked hearing: percepts of loudness, pitch, rate and direction produced by stimulating single sites in the human midbrain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: auditory midbrain implant for hearing restoration — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Lim and Anderson (2003, 2006); Lenarz et al. (2006a) animal studies of inferior colliculus stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the authors' own guinea pig work showing lower thresholds and more frequency-specific cortical activation from central nucleus stimulation than from the cochlea Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the animal-derived prediction that stimulating along the tonotopic gradient would produce ordered pitch percepts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → its own animal-derived expectation of lower thresholds, since the measured thresholds and dynamic ranges match the cochlear implant rather than beating it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE COMPARISON THE PREDICTION IS MEASURED AGAINST. 'AMI sites are in direct contact with surrounding neurons, UNLIKE CI SITES; thus, thresholds should be lower as shown in animal studies. However, AMI thresholds ... are 6-12 nC ..., and dynamic ranges are 7-9 dB, which are similar to those of the CI.' The animal-derived expectation is not refuted in animals; it fails to transfer to the human implant. | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the animal-derived account of segregated monaural and binaural pathways in the central auditory system Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the hypothesis that temporal synchronisation degrades at successive stations and is traded for a spatial rate code Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → the observation that non-tumour brainstem implant patients do far better, which located the problem in tumour damage rather than in the site Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE PATIENT HAD A TUMOUR. 'Recently, the ABI has been implanted in nontumor patients who would not benefit from CIs. Surprisingly, some of these patients achieve performance levels comparable with CI patients, suggesting that the limited per[formance] [in tumour patients has another cause].' The poor outcomes of the original population are reattributed to the tumour rather than to the implant site - so a device evaluated only in tumour patients was being judged on a confound. | claim_relations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | pulse rate —distinct-from→ pitch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the obvious escape route is closed in a parenthesis - rates to 2400 per second gave no obvious rise in pitch over 250
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span asks what stimuli elicit higher pitch than pulse rate alone; distinct-from is loose. also in: pulse rate · pitch | concept_edges[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | deaf —causes→ plastic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.6 — the record marks this weak · note: one of four rival explanations offered as open questions and none of them chosen
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is a question about plastic reorganization after deafness. | concept_edges[5] | 0.6 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | contralateral —distinct-from→ ipsilateral Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the percept does not vary across the 1.7 to 1.9 mm the active sites span, which is the argument for segregated ascending pathways
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span reports one directional percept per patient; distinct-from is loose. also in: contralateral · ipsilateral | concept_edges[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | monaural —distinct-from→ binaural Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 | concept_edges[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | ipsilateral —causes→ pitch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: and the same anatomy is then used to explain that patient's low pitches, so one placement accounts for two separate anomalies
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span explains low pitches by ipsilateral low-frequency pathways; causes 'pitch' is terse. also in: ipsilateral · pitch | concept_edges[18] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | temporal resolution —operationalised-as→ pulse rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE MEASURE IS A SUBSTITUTE: modulation and gap detection could not be run because the software would not do them, so the rate at which pulses fuse into a continuous sound is used instead also in: temporal resolution · pulse rate | concept_edges[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | threshold —operationalised-as→ current level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: found by raising the current until a sound is heard and lowering it until it is not, repeated until the patient is consistent
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but thresholds were measured in current level; operationalised-as is loose. also in: threshold · current level | concept_edges[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | inferior colliculus —contrasted-with→ cochlear nucleus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the target is chosen because nearly all ascending pathways converge there, so it should give access to a more complete set of inputs also in: inferior colliculus · cochlear nucleus | concept_edges[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | midbrain —contrasted-with→ cochlear nucleus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the new target against the existing one - the whole clinical claim is a comparison with the alternative these patients would otherwise receive
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span contrasts the midbrain implant with the brainstem implant only by implication. also in: midbrain · cochlear nucleus | concept_edges[33] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | averaging of repeated measurements Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: averaging of repeated measurements | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean ± SD Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean ± SD | content_tags.statistics[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | chance level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: chance level | content_tags.statistics[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Three NF2 patients were implanted with a penetrating auditory midbrain implant and the device proved safe, with the array showing minimal movement over time. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Midbrain stimulation delivered usable loudness, pitch, temporal and directional percepts. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | All three patients gained lip-reading enhancement and environmental sound awareness, with speech perception on a par with NF2 auditory brainstem implant patients. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Contrary to the animal-derived prediction, stimulating successive depths along the ICC tonotopic gradient did not produce an ordered pitch shift, and every site in every patient sounded predominantly low-pitched. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | With IC stimulation, patients perceived a continuous stimulus above 80 pps, mostly around 50 pps, a resolution of about 20 ms. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The patient implanted at the lateral lemniscus rather than in the IC still heard buzzing up to 220 pps, about three times the rate the IC-implanted patients could follow. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Perceived sound direction was fixed within each patient but differed by implant location: ipsilateral for the lateral-lemniscus placement and contralateral for the dorsomedial ICC placement. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Despite electrodes sitting directly among midbrain neurons, thresholds (6-12 nC) and dynamic ranges (7-9 dB) were no better than those of a cochlear implant. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Loudness grew monotonically with current level in all three patients, so level cues can be coded systematically from the midbrain. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In the patient implanted in the dorsal IC, threshold and comfortable levels drifted upward until they hit the stimulator's compliance voltage. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | With the implant alone, two patients identified 23% and 40% of vowels against a 10% chance level. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Patients detected all instruments but could identify only the low-frequency ones. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | THE FOUNDING PREDICTION FAILED: ordered pitch along the tonotopic gradient was hypothesised from animal work, and did not appear Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | stimulation of nearly all sites in all three patients gave low pitch percepts, below a man's voice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and pulse rates up to 2400 per second produced no obvious rise in pitch over 250 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | pitch scores varied across days and even across different times on the same day, variability much greater than what is typically observed for CI patients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | for the one correctly aligned array the deviation from the predicted order is left unexplained Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | FOUR RIVAL EXPLANATIONS ARE LISTED AS OPEN QUESTIONS and none is chosen: stimulus form, plastic loss of high frequency representation after six years of deafness, position along the isofrequency dimension or passing fibres, and species differences Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND NO DEFINITIVE CLAIM IS MADE about human midbrain tonotopy, because only one patient's array was aligned along the gradient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AMI thresholds and dynamic ranges are similar to those of the CI, though the sites are in direct contact with surrounding neurons and thresholds should be lower Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the animal explanation offered for that is questioned in the same paragraph Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | all patients gave monotonically increasing loudness with current, so level cues are transmissible Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | one patient showed long shallow loudness tails, read as a non-homogeneous mix of excitatory and inhibitory neurons along the lamina Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ONE DIRECTION PER PATIENT: binaural throughout for the dorsal placement, ipsilateral throughout for the lemniscal one, contralateral throughout for the central nucleus one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the direction did not change across the 1.7 to 1.9 mm the active sites span Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | which is taken as human support for segregated monaural and binaural pathways derived from animal work Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the ipsilateral percepts are attributed to medial superior olive fibres, using the enlarged medial and reduced lateral olive of humans Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the same placement is used to explain that patient's low pitches, since ipsilaterally driven pathways carry mostly low frequencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[27] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | pulses fused into a continuous sound above 80 per second and usually near 50, a resolution of about 20 ms, against 250 to 300 for cochlear stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[28] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the patient implanted below the colliculus followed about three times the rate of the other two Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | TWO INCOMPATIBLE READINGS OF THAT ARE BOTH KEPT: synchrony degrading up the pathway, or the other two arrays simply sitting in regions of poor temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[30] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE ACCIDENT IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: three arrays landed in three different places, and that variation is what makes the trial a map of the auditory midbrain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[31] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the intention was to insert the array 45 degrees off the sagittal plane and into the ICC to position the sites within different anatomical layers, which supposedly correspond to different frequency laminas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | deep sites in the first patient caused dizziness and chest and facial sensations and were switched off Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[33] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the second array sat below the colliculus near the lateral lemniscus and every site mixed auditory with cold and paresthetic sensations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[34] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the third array reached the intended central nucleus, with deep sites producing paresthesia in the contralateral thigh, leg and foot Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[35] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | no pain or adverse functional effect resulted, and uncomfortable percepts were removed by switching sites off Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[36] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the auditory sensations and side effects associated with each site have generally remained stable, indicating minimal movement of the implant over time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[37] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | but the levels for AMI-1 continued to rise, reaching the compliance voltage of the stimulator, so the processor was turned off for 48 d, after which the activation levels decreased dramatically but not completely to the initial values Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[38] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | speech benefit at six months was comparable with eleven brainstem implant patients tested in the same clinic by the same speech therapist Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[39] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the brainstem group's own scores span a wide range, with six of eleven getting no consonant benefit at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[40] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | two patients scored above chance on vowels with the implant alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[41] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | both tested patients detected every instrument but could identify only the low frequency ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[42] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the reported gains are in everyday awareness - traffic, birds, doors, the telephone - and in one patient's control of her own voice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[43] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE MEASURE IS A SUBSTITUTE: modulation and gap detection could not be run because the software would not do them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[44] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and loudness could not be balanced for that test either, which is argued not to matter for what it measures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[45] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | before the pitch and direction tests every site was adjusted until the patient said they were equally loud Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[46] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with no reference tone available, absolute pitch was scaled against familiar imagined environmental sounds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[47] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the stimulus parameters were chosen at the point where more charge stopped lowering thresholds and less charge raised them sharply Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[48] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | accurate MRI images of the midbrain could not be obtained after AMI implantation because of the distortion caused by the electrode array, so CT images were obtained at least 6 weeks after implantation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[49] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and those slices are read against fixed and stained human midbrain sections from an anatomical collection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[50] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | all three patients had tinnitus before and after surgery and were instructed to ignore it during testing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[51] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the surgical method for placing the array was improved across these three patients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[52] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a three-dimensional array spanning the colliculus is proposed as the next design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[53] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the stated advantage over the brainstem implant is surgical - direct visual exposure, no tumour distortion, less risk to brainstem structures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[54] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the work was supported by the company that makes the device Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[55] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | lip-reading enhancement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lip-reading enhancement | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | T level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: T level | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | comfortable (C) level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: comfortable (C) level | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | auditory brainstem implant (ABI) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: auditory brainstem implant (ABI) | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cochlear implant (CI) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cochlear implant (CI) | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | auditory brainstem implant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: auditory brainstem implant | content_tags.definitions[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | cochlear implant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cochlear implant | content_tags.definitions[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporal resolution | content_tags.definitions[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | lip reading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lip reading | content_tags.definitions[8] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | electrode array Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrode array | content_tags.definitions[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | current level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: current level | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | pulse rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pulse rate | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | perceived pitch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: perceived pitch | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | azimuth Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: azimuth | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: threshold | content_tags.variables[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | pitch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pitch | content_tags.variables[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | loudness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: loudness | content_tags.variables[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporal resolution | content_tags.variables[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | sound localization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sound localization | content_tags.variables[12] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Three — number of patients implanted with the auditory midbrain implant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 6.2 mm long with a diameter of 0.4 mm — dimensions of the penetrating AMI electrode array Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 20 platinum ring electrodes linearly spaced at an interval of 200 μm — electrode count and spacing on the array Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 6–12 nC ... 7–9 dB — AMI threshold charge and dynamic range in the patient implanted in the ICC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 42 ± 7 and 65 ± 8 pps — pulse rate at which buzzing fused into a continuous percept for the two IC-implanted patients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 220 pps (mean ± SD, 180 ± 17) — temporal fusion rate for the patient implanted at the lateral lemniscus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 23 and 40% correct (10% chance level) — vowel identification with AMI stimulation alone for AMI-2 and AMI-3 at 6 months Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 12.5 and 10% — consonant and number test scores achieved above chance by AMI-3 with the implant alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ∼2–11 words per minute — lip-reading enhancement in speech tracking obtained by adding the AMI to lip reading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ∼85–100 words per minute — speech tracking rate of normal-hearing subjects in the same clinic, as a reference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | only four — number out of 11 ABI NF2 patients who beat AMI-3's 11 words-per-minute lip-reading enhancement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 2400 pps — pulse rates swept this high without any obvious increase in pitch over 250, which closes the most obvious escape from the failed prediction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 7–9 dB — dynamic range in the correctly placed patient, similar to the cochlear implant rather than better as animal work predicted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ∼20 ms — the temporal resolution implied by fusion near 50 pulses per second, against a few milliseconds for cochlear stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 1.7–1.9 mm — the span of active sites across which the perceived direction never changed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 48 d — how long the device was switched off after one patient's levels reached the stimulator's compliance voltage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 6.2 mm — array length, carrying 20 sites at 200 micrometre spacing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 11 ABI NF2 patients — the comparison group, tested in the same clinic under the same protocols by the same speech therapist Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.