phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory midbrain implant for hearing restoration— “We recently implanted three patients with the auditory midbrain implant (AMI), and it has proven to be safe with minimal movement over time.” | |
| claim-type | method— “These limitations have motivated us to develop a new hearing prosthesis that stimulates the midbrain with a penetrating electrode array.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We have begun clinical trials in which three NF2 patients have been implanted with the AMI.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The goal of this study has been (1) to demonstrate the safety and evaluate the efficacy of the AMI for hearing restoration and (2) to better understand the functional organization of the human central auditory system, which will help us improve future AMI designs and stimulation strategies. We will discuss findings associated with level… | |
| research question — evidence | — “One motivation for selecting the IC as a target site for an auditory prosthesis is the well defined tonotopic organization of its central nucleus. This has been shown extensively in animal models ( Schreiner and Langner, 1997 ; Oliver, 2005 ), and, because of the similarities in the anatomical structure of the IC across mammalian species (… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We recently implanted three patients with the auditory midbrain implant (AMI), and it has proven to be safe with minimal movement over time. The AMI provides loudness, pitch, temporal, and directional cues, features that have shown to be important for speech perception and more complex sound processing. Thus far, all three patients obtain… | |
| transfer | from guinea pig and cat auditory physiology: the tonotopic laminar organisation of the central nucleus, imported as the design principle for a human electrode array— “Our intention was to insert the array 45° off the sagittal plane perpendicular to the IC surface and into the ICC to position the sites within different anatomical layers ( Geniec and Morest, 1971 ), which supposedly correspond to different frequency laminas based on animal studies” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from cochlear implant engineering: pulse rates and pulse widths fixed at the point where greater total charge stopped lowering thresholds and shorter pulse widths and slower pulse rates raised them— “Briefly, 250 pps was high enough to avoid noticeable rate pitch effects (i.e., increasing rates up to 2400 pps did not noticeably increase the pitch from that at 250 pps) and the lowest rate available for daily stimulation to minimize adaptive effects. These parameters also achieved the largest drop in thresholds in which using longer pulse… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from human anatomical collections: fixed and stained midbrain sections, used as the reference against which each patient's fused scan is read— “For identification of the array location within different midbrain structures, 1 mm slices of the fused images were compared with fixed human brain slices of similar dimension that were taken from the anatomical brain collection at the Department of Neuroanatomy in Hannover Medical University ( Kretschmann and Weinrich, 1992 ). The alignment… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from psychophysics: the patient scales the perceived pitch of each stimulated site on an environmental scale, selecting the environmental sound that most resembles it— “Each site was electrically stimulated with a 3-s-duration pulse train at C level, and the patient was asked to scale the perceived pitch based on our environmental scale (0–5) presented in Figure 5 . The patients were instructed to select an environmental sound on our pitch scale that most resembled the pitch level of the perceived… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | Sustained stimulation rates and patterns overdrive adaptation-prone neurons in the dorsal IC, raising the current needed over time— “One hypothesis is that the stimulation rates and patterns are overdriving the neurons located within the dorsal IC region” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Neurons higher in the auditory pathway lose the ability to phase-lock, and that loss of temporal synchronization is traded for a spatial, spike-rate-based code of temporal features, which is why the midbrain follows lower rates than the fibre pathway below it— “This degradation in temporal synchronization is hypothesized to be compensated for by spatial coding (based on spike rate) of temporal features” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Ipsilaterally and contralaterally driven brainstem projections stay segregated as they ascend into the IC, so which region the array sits in determines the perceived direction of the sound— “AMI-2 and AMI-3 obtained all ipsilateral and contralateral percepts, respectively, suggesting some segregation of ipsilateral and contralateral pathways ascending into and within the IC.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | The ipsilaterally excited fibre population is dominated by low-frequency-tuned neurons, so stimulating it yields low-pitch percepts— “Most of the ipsilaterally excited pathways consist of neurons sensitive to low-frequency sounds, which would explain the dominance of low pitches perceived by AMI-2.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | An array lying outside the IC acts as a surface electrode, so current must travel further to reach neurons and activation levels rise— “The array in AMI-2 is placed outside of the IC (ventral to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus) similar to a surface array and likely requires higher current levels to activate neurons farther away.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the central nucleus is chosen because it receives almost all ascending brainstem pathways, so it should give access to a more complete set of inputs than the cochlea or cochlear nucleus— “Our animal studies ( Lim and Anderson, 2003 , 2006 ; Lenarz et al., 2006a ) have shown that the inferior colliculus (IC), particularly its central nucleus (ICC), has potential as a new site for an auditory prosthesis. In particular, ICC stimulation achieves lower thresholds, greater dynamic ranges, and more localized, frequency-specific… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the limited performance of tumour patients with the brainstem implant is attributed to tumour damage in the cochlear nucleus, which is the argument for moving upstream— “Recently, the ABI has been implanted in nontumor patients who would not benefit from CIs (e.g., such as those with nerve avulsion/aplasia and cochlear ossification). Surprisingly, some of these patients achieve performance levels comparable with CI patients, suggesting that the limited performance of NF2 ABI patients may be attributed to some… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | segregated monaural and binaural pathways ascending into the midbrain are proposed to explain why each patient perceived only one direction— “In other words, it is more likely to find neurons excited solely by contralateral sounds in the dorsomedial region of the ICC. This could explain why we observed only contralateral percepts for AMI-3. The findings for AMI-2 further suggest that a segregated group (or at least a predominance) of ipsilaterally excited projections to the IC… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | ipsilaterally driven pathways carry mostly low frequencies, which is offered as the reason one patient heard only low pitches— “Most of the ipsilaterally excited pathways consist of neurons sensitive to low-frequency sounds, which would explain the dominance of low pitches perceived by AMI-2.” | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | temporal synchrony degrades at successive stages of the pathway, so a site below the colliculus should follow faster rates - which is what happened— “Animal studies have shown that auditory nerve fibers can synchronize to high-rate (exceeding 1 kHz) acoustic ( Johnson, 1980 ; Joris and Yin, 1992 ) and cochlear ( Hartmann and Klinke, 1989 ; Shepherd and Javel, 1997 ) stimulation, whereas neurons higher along the auditory pathway are less able to follow high-rate stimulation ( Phillips et… | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | long shallow loudness tails are read as a non-homogeneous mix of excitatory and inhibitory neurons along the isofrequency dimension— “It is also interesting that loudness growth functions for AMI-3 ( Fig. 6 C ) exhibited long shallow tails in which a very soft sound was heard over a wide range of stimulus levels relative to the dynamic range that then rapidly elevated in loudness. These findings suggest a nonhomogenous organization of excitatory and inhibitory neurons along… | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | rising activation levels in one patient are hypothesised to be neurons in the dorsal region being overdriven by the stimulation pattern | mechanisms[11] |
| builds-on | Lim and Anderson (2003, 2006); Lenarz et al. (2006a) animal studies of inferior colliculus stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | the authors' own guinea pig work showing lower thresholds and more frequency-specific cortical activation from central nucleus stimulation than from the cochlea Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the animal-derived prediction that stimulating along the tonotopic gradient would produce ordered pitch percepts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| qualifies | its own animal-derived expectation of lower thresholds, since the measured thresholds and dynamic ranges match the cochlear implant rather than beating it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | the animal-derived account of segregated monaural and binaural pathways in the central auditory system Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the hypothesis that temporal synchronisation degrades at successive stations and is traded for a spatial rate code Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | the observation that non-tumour brainstem implant patients do far better, which located the problem in tumour damage rather than in the site Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | THE PREDICTION THAT JUSTIFIED THE WHOLE TARGET FAILED, AND THE PAPER SAYS SO IN ONE LINE: ordered pitch along the tonotopic gradient was hypothesised from the animal work, and 'However, this has not yet been the case.' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the failure is not noise - stimulation of all sites in all three patients gave low pitches, and rates up to 2400 pulses per second produced no obvious rise over 250 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the paper then lists four rival explanations as open questions - the stimulus form, plastic loss of high frequency representation after six years of deafness, position along the isofrequency dimension or passing fibres, and species differences - and chooses none Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | AND REFUSES TO GENERALISE FROM ITS ONE INFORMATIVE PATIENT: with pitch data from a single correctly aligned array, no definitive claim about human midbrain tonotopy is made at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE ACCIDENT IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: the three arrays landed in three different places, and that unintended variation is what turns a safety trial into a map of the human auditory midbrain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | the intended placement is stated separately from what happened, so the record contains both the plan and the deviation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | THE ADVERSE EVENTS ARE MEASUREMENTS: dizziness and chest sensations, paresthesia in the face and upper body, paresthesia in the thigh and leg - each one locates the deep sites in a different non-auditory structure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | and every percept here is a patient's spoken report, obtained while they were asked to ignore a tinnitus that all three had before and after surgery Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THE SAME RESULT SUPPORTS TWO INCOMPATIBLE READINGS AND BOTH ARE KEPT: faster rate following in the patient implanted below the colliculus fits the degradation-along-the-pathway account, or the other two sites simply sit in regions of poor temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | THE COMPARISON GROUP IS MATCHED ON THE RATER, NOT JUST THE PROTOCOL: eleven brainstem implant patients tested in the same clinic under the same protocols, by the same speech therapist who tested these three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| control | the CT scans taken AT LEAST SIX WEEKS after implantation rather than immediately — held — rules out post-surgical distortion of the brain as the apparent electrode position - imaging a freshly operated brain measures the swelling as much as the anatomy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | its own animal-derived expectation of lower thresholds, since the measured thresholds and dynamic ranges match the cochlear implant rather than beating it — THE AXIS IS THE COMPARISON THE PREDICTION IS MEASURED AGAINST. 'AMI sites are in direct contact with surrounding neurons, UNLIKE CI SITES; thus, thresholds should be lower as shown in animal studies. However, AMI thresholds ... are 6-12 nC ..., and dynamic ranges are 7-9 dB, which are similar to those of the CI.' The animal-derived expectation is not refuted in animals; it fails to transfer to the human implant. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | the observation that non-tumour brainstem implant patients do far better, which located the problem in tumour damage rather than in the site — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE PATIENT HAD A TUMOUR. 'Recently, the ABI has been implanted in nontumor patients who would not benefit from CIs. Surprisingly, some of these patients achieve performance levels comparable with CI patients, suggesting that the limited per[formance] [in tumour patients has another cause].' The poor outcomes of the original population are reattributed to the tumour rather than to the implant site - so a device evaluated only in tumour patients was being judged on a confound. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| audit | pulse rate —distinct-from→ pitch — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span asks what stimuli elicit higher pitch than pulse rate alone; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | pulse rate —distinct-from→ pitch — and the obvious escape route is closed in a parenthesis - rates to 2400 per second gave no obvious rise in pitch over 250 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | deaf —causes→ plastic — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is a question about plastic reorganization after deafness. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | deaf —causes→ plastic — one of four rival explanations offered as open questions and none of them chosen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | deaf —causes→ plastic — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | contralateral —distinct-from→ ipsilateral — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span reports one directional percept per patient; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| note | contralateral —distinct-from→ ipsilateral — and the percept does not vary across the 1.7 to 1.9 mm the active sites span, which is the argument for segregated ascending pathways Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| edge | monaural —distinct-from→ binaural Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| audit | ipsilateral —causes→ pitch — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span explains low pitches by ipsilateral low-frequency pathways; causes 'pitch' is terse. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[18] |
| note | ipsilateral —causes→ pitch — and the same anatomy is then used to explain that patient's low pitches, so one placement accounts for two separate anomalies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[18] |
| weight | ipsilateral —causes→ pitch — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[18] |
| note | temporal resolution —operationalised-as→ pulse rate — THE MEASURE IS A SUBSTITUTE: modulation and gap detection could not be run because the software would not do them, so the rate at which pulses fuse into a continuous sound is used instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[19] |
| audit | threshold —operationalised-as→ current level — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but thresholds were measured in current level; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[23] |
| note | threshold —operationalised-as→ current level — found by raising the current until a sound is heard and lowering it until it is not, repeated until the patient is consistent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[23] |
| note | inferior colliculus —contrasted-with→ cochlear nucleus — the target is chosen because nearly all ascending pathways converge there, so it should give access to a more complete set of inputs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[29] |
| audit | midbrain —contrasted-with→ cochlear nucleus — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span contrasts the midbrain implant with the brainstem implant only by implication. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[33] |
| note | midbrain —contrasted-with→ cochlear nucleus — the new target against the existing one - the whole clinical claim is a comparison with the alternative these patients would otherwise receive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[33] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any tonotopy claim about the human midbrain: BECAUSE WE ONLY HAVE PITCH DATA FOR ONE PATIENT WHOSE ARRAY IS SUPPOSEDLY ALIGNED ALONG THE TONOTOPIC GRADIENT OF THE ICC, WE CANNOT MAKE ANY DEFINITIVE CLAIMS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the temporal-resolution results: THE COMMON TESTS ... ARE AMPLITUDE MODULATION DETECTION AND GAP DETECTION, WE COULD NOT PERFORM THESE TESTS WITH OUR SOFTWARE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the pitch-ordering data: NO RELIABLE PITCH ORDERING RESULTS WERE OBTAINED FOR AMI-1 WHO HAD DIFFICULTIES PERFORMING THESE TESTS - one of three patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - one aligned array, no definitive tonotopy claim Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], with the substitute: INSTEAD, WE STIMULATED A GIVEN SITE WITH CONtinuous trains Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every across-site and across-rate comparison: LOUDNESS BALANCING WAS DIFFICULT TO PERFORM ACROSS THE DIFFERENT SITES AND PULSE RATES ATTRIBUTABLE TO LIMITATIONS IN OUR TESTING SOFTWARE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every anatomical claim about electrode position: ACCURATE MRI IMAGES OF THE MIDBRAIN COULD NOT BE OBTAINED AFTER AMI IMPLANTATION BECAUSE OF THE DISTORTION CAUSED BY THE ELECTRODE ARRAY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — every percept the patients reported: ALL PATIENTS HAVE TINNITUS, WHICH WAS PRESENT BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY, and AMI STIMULATION COULD ALTER THEIR TINNITUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the stimulation levels reported for that patient: they rose until they reached THE COMPLIANCE VOLTAGE OF THE STIMULATOR and the device could no longer deliver more Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the independence of the evaluation, not its methods: THIS WORK WAS SUPPORTED BY COCHLEAR LIMITED, the manufacturer of the device under test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: is not clear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Pitch data exist for only one patient whose array lay along the intended tonotopic gradient, so no definitive claim about human midbrain tonotopy can be made Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The standard temporal-resolution measures could not be run because of software limits, so a substitute continuity-rate judgement was used instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | One of the three patients produced no usable pitch-ordering data at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | pitch data exist for only one patient whose array is aligned along the intended gradient, so no definitive claim about human midbrain tonotopy is made Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the standard tests for temporal resolution could not be run because the software would not do them, so a different measure was substituted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | loudness balancing across the different sites and pulse rates was difficult because of limitations in the testing software, and performance on this test was argued to depend on whether the patient could clearly hear the sound rather than on slight variations in loudness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | imaging after implantation was impossible because the array distorts the scan, so location comes from a fused reconstruction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | all three patients had tinnitus throughout and were asked to ignore it while judging the stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | one patient's activation levels rose until they reached the compliance voltage of the stimulator and the device had to be switched off for 48 days Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | the work was supported by the company that makes the device, and one author is employed there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Three NF2 patients were implanted with a penetrating auditory midbrain implant and the device proved safe, with the array showing minimal movement over time. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Midbrain stimulation delivered usable loudness, pitch, temporal and directional percepts. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | All three patients gained lip-reading enhancement and environmental sound awareness, with speech perception on a par with NF2 auditory brainstem implant patients. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Contrary to the animal-derived prediction, stimulating successive depths along the ICC tonotopic gradient did not produce an ordered pitch shift, and every site in every patient sounded predominantly low-pitched. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | With IC stimulation, patients perceived a continuous stimulus above 80 pps, mostly around 50 pps, a resolution of about 20 ms. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The patient implanted at the lateral lemniscus rather than in the IC still heard buzzing up to 220 pps, about three times the rate the IC-implanted patients could follow. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Perceived sound direction was fixed within each patient but differed by implant location: ipsilateral for the lateral-lemniscus placement and contralateral for the dorsomedial ICC placement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Despite electrodes sitting directly among midbrain neurons, thresholds (6-12 nC) and dynamic ranges (7-9 dB) were no better than those of a cochlear implant. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Loudness grew monotonically with current level in all three patients, so level cues can be coded systematically from the midbrain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | In the patient implanted in the dorsal IC, threshold and comfortable levels drifted upward until they hit the stimulator's compliance voltage. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | With the implant alone, two patients identified 23% and 40% of vowels against a 10% chance level. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | Patients detected all instruments but could identify only the low-frequency ones. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | THE FOUNDING PREDICTION FAILED: ordered pitch along the tonotopic gradient was hypothesised from animal work, and did not appear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | stimulation of nearly all sites in all three patients gave low pitch percepts, below a man's voice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | and pulse rates up to 2400 per second produced no obvious rise in pitch over 250 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | pitch scores varied across days and even across different times on the same day, variability much greater than what is typically observed for CI patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | for the one correctly aligned array the deviation from the predicted order is left unexplained Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | FOUR RIVAL EXPLANATIONS ARE LISTED AS OPEN QUESTIONS and none is chosen: stimulus form, plastic loss of high frequency representation after six years of deafness, position along the isofrequency dimension or passing fibres, and species differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | AND NO DEFINITIVE CLAIM IS MADE about human midbrain tonotopy, because only one patient's array was aligned along the gradient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | AMI thresholds and dynamic ranges are similar to those of the CI, though the sites are in direct contact with surrounding neurons and thresholds should be lower Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | and the animal explanation offered for that is questioned in the same paragraph Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | all patients gave monotonically increasing loudness with current, so level cues are transmissible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | one patient showed long shallow loudness tails, read as a non-homogeneous mix of excitatory and inhibitory neurons along the lamina Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | ONE DIRECTION PER PATIENT: binaural throughout for the dorsal placement, ipsilateral throughout for the lemniscal one, contralateral throughout for the central nucleus one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | and the direction did not change across the 1.7 to 1.9 mm the active sites span Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | which is taken as human support for segregated monaural and binaural pathways derived from animal work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | the ipsilateral percepts are attributed to medial superior olive fibres, using the enlarged medial and reduced lateral olive of humans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | and the same placement is used to explain that patient's low pitches, since ipsilaterally driven pathways carry mostly low frequencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | pulses fused into a continuous sound above 80 per second and usually near 50, a resolution of about 20 ms, against 250 to 300 for cochlear stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | the patient implanted below the colliculus followed about three times the rate of the other two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | TWO INCOMPATIBLE READINGS OF THAT ARE BOTH KEPT: synchrony degrading up the pathway, or the other two arrays simply sitting in regions of poor temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | THE ACCIDENT IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: three arrays landed in three different places, and that variation is what makes the trial a map of the auditory midbrain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | the intention was to insert the array 45 degrees off the sagittal plane and into the ICC to position the sites within different anatomical layers, which supposedly correspond to different frequency laminas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | deep sites in the first patient caused dizziness and chest and facial sensations and were switched off Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | the second array sat below the colliculus near the lateral lemniscus and every site mixed auditory with cold and paresthetic sensations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | the third array reached the intended central nucleus, with deep sites producing paresthesia in the contralateral thigh, leg and foot Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | no pain or adverse functional effect resulted, and uncomfortable percepts were removed by switching sites off Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | the auditory sensations and side effects associated with each site have generally remained stable, indicating minimal movement of the implant over time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | but the levels for AMI-1 continued to rise, reaching the compliance voltage of the stimulator, so the processor was turned off for 48 d, after which the activation levels decreased dramatically but not completely to the initial values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | speech benefit at six months was comparable with eleven brainstem implant patients tested in the same clinic by the same speech therapist Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | and the brainstem group's own scores span a wide range, with six of eleven getting no consonant benefit at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | two patients scored above chance on vowels with the implant alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | both tested patients detected every instrument but could identify only the low frequency ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | and the reported gains are in everyday awareness - traffic, birds, doors, the telephone - and in one patient's control of her own voice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| finding | THE MEASURE IS A SUBSTITUTE: modulation and gap detection could not be run because the software would not do them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[44] |
| finding | and loudness could not be balanced for that test either, which is argued not to matter for what it measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[45] |
| finding | before the pitch and direction tests every site was adjusted until the patient said they were equally loud Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[46] |
| finding | with no reference tone available, absolute pitch was scaled against familiar imagined environmental sounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[47] |
| finding | the stimulus parameters were chosen at the point where more charge stopped lowering thresholds and less charge raised them sharply Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[48] |
| finding | accurate MRI images of the midbrain could not be obtained after AMI implantation because of the distortion caused by the electrode array, so CT images were obtained at least 6 weeks after implantation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[49] |
| finding | and those slices are read against fixed and stained human midbrain sections from an anatomical collection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[50] |
| finding | all three patients had tinnitus before and after surgery and were instructed to ignore it during testing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[51] |
| finding | the surgical method for placing the array was improved across these three patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[52] |
| finding | a three-dimensional array spanning the colliculus is proposed as the next design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[53] |
| finding | the stated advantage over the brainstem implant is surgical - direct visual exposure, no tumour distortion, less risk to brainstem structures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[54] |
| finding | the work was supported by the company that makes the device Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[55] |
| quantity | Three — number of patients implanted with the auditory midbrain implant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 6.2 mm long with a diameter of 0.4 mm — dimensions of the penetrating AMI electrode array Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 20 platinum ring electrodes linearly spaced at an interval of 200 μm — electrode count and spacing on the array Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 6–12 nC ... 7–9 dB — AMI threshold charge and dynamic range in the patient implanted in the ICC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 42 ± 7 and 65 ± 8 pps — pulse rate at which buzzing fused into a continuous percept for the two IC-implanted patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 220 pps (mean ± SD, 180 ± 17) — temporal fusion rate for the patient implanted at the lateral lemniscus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 23 and 40% correct (10% chance level) — vowel identification with AMI stimulation alone for AMI-2 and AMI-3 at 6 months Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 12.5 and 10% — consonant and number test scores achieved above chance by AMI-3 with the implant alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | ∼2–11 words per minute — lip-reading enhancement in speech tracking obtained by adding the AMI to lip reading Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | ∼85–100 words per minute — speech tracking rate of normal-hearing subjects in the same clinic, as a reference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | only four — number out of 11 ABI NF2 patients who beat AMI-3's 11 words-per-minute lip-reading enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 2400 pps — pulse rates swept this high without any obvious increase in pitch over 250, which closes the most obvious escape from the failed prediction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 7–9 dB — dynamic range in the correctly placed patient, similar to the cochlear implant rather than better as animal work predicted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | ∼20 ms — the temporal resolution implied by fusion near 50 pulses per second, against a few milliseconds for cochlear stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 1.7–1.9 mm — the span of active sites across which the perceived direction never changed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 48 d — how long the device was switched off after one patient's levels reached the stimulator's compliance voltage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 6.2 mm — array length, carrying 20 sites at 200 micrometre spacing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 11 ABI NF2 patients — the comparison group, tested in the same clinic under the same protocols by the same speech therapist Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| variable | current level (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | pulse rate (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | perceived pitch (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | azimuth (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | pitch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | loudness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | sound localization Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| definition | lip-reading enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | T level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | comfortable (C) level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | auditory brainstem implant (ABI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | cochlear implant (CI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | auditory brainstem implant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | cochlear implant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | lip reading Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | electrode array Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | auditory midbrain implant, auditory brainstem implant, cochlear implant, inferior colliculus, ICC, lateral lemniscus, cochlear nucleus, midbrain, medial superior olive, auditory nerve, electrode array, sites, array placement, tonotopic, isofrequency, pitch, loudness, threshold, dynamic range, compliance voltage, current level, pulse rate, temporal resolution, sound localization, contralateral, ipsilateral, binaural, monaural, percept, side effects, paresthesia, tinnitus, NF2, deaf, plastic, speech perception, lip reading, vowel, environmental sounds, animal models, animal studies, guinea pig, MRI, stimulation, safety, speech tracking |
| concept | lateral lemniscus — not defined in this paper's own words; where one array actually landed, below the colliculus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | loudness — not defined in this paper's own words; the percept that did behave monotonically with current Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | current level — not defined in this paper's own words; the stimulus variable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[20] |
| concept | temporal resolution — not defined in this paper's own words; the rate at which separate pulses fuse into a continuous sound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[22] |
| mean | as written: mean and SD; n = 5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: mean ± SD of 42 ± 7 and 65 ± 8 pps Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| averaging of repeated measurements | as written: randomly repeated three times and averaged for each site Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| mean ± SD | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| chance level | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| claim type | method — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | three patients implanted during tumour removal, array location reconstructed from fused imaging against fixed anatomical sections, then psychophysics per site - threshold, comfortable level, loudness growth, pitch ranking and scaling, rate discrimination, perceived direction - plus speech tests at six months — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | electrically evoked hearing: percepts of loudness, pitch, rate and direction produced by stimulating single sites in the human midbrain — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: auditory midbrain implant for hearing restoration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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