standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 11 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | the cortical basis of auditory backward masking, and whether its unusually long maturation in children is visible in cortical responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether standard onset-responsive cortical neurons show backward masking at all, and whether juveniles show more of it than adults Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | backward masking is present in ordinary cortical neurons, arises from both suppressed tone firing and a reduced dynamic range, and is larger in juveniles - mainly through the suppression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | auditory backward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | masking arises from a reduction of the signal response together with a higher comparative baseline, which narrows the dynamic range available for detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | and a shorter latency for inhibition than for excitation lets the later masker suppress the earlier tone, which also explains why a suppressed masker response masks less Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | so the cortical effect may be inherited from earlier regions, with cortex possibly adding to it by reducing rebound excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | and the immature version is attributed to inhibition that decays more slowly and summates more in young neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Recordings were made under anesthesia, which complicates extrapolation to psychophysics. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the comparison with psychophysics only: ANESTHESIA IS ONE CONCERN IN EXTENDING OUR NEURAL RESPONSES TO PSYCHOPHYSICAL COMPARISONS | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | It is unknown whether the nervous system actually reads out only the narrow tone-response window the analysis assumes. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the readout assumption behind every ToneWin result: IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ANALYZING ACTIVITY ONLY WITHIN THIS WINDOW | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The population neurometric pools every recorded cell, which is both its strength and its weakness. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every population-neurometric result: IT POOLS INFORMATION ACROSS ALL CELLS TO MAKE A DECISION FOR OR AGAINST TONE DETECTION - stated by the authors as strength and limitation | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Including non-responsive neurons should degrade the pooled neurometric, and whether that degradation is age-dependent is unknown. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the absolute level of the neurometric, and the age comparison it feeds: PERFORMANCE ... SHOULD BE REDUCED BY INCORPORATING RESPONSES FROM NONRESPONSIVE NEURONS, BUT WHETHER THIS EFFECT WOULD VARY ACROSS AGE is unknown | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Single units and multiunits were pooled because multiunits dominated the dataset. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim resting on single-unit resolution: Quotation withheld | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | it is unknown whether the nervous system analyses only the narrow window, and finding out would require trial-by-trial mapping of activity onto behavioral choice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - the analysis window is the experimenter's, not shown to be the nervous system's | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the population neurometric pools every cell, which is both its strength and its limitation, and sits against the rival principle that only the most sensitive neurons matter Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - the pooled neurometric | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and because every neuron was tested at its own best frequency, the pooled measure is optimistic in a way the paper spells out Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the absolute performance of the neurometric, which is optimistic by construction: BECAUSE ALL NEURONS ... WERE PRESENTED WITH STIMULI AT BF, OUR NEUROMETRIC DOES NOT REFLECT THE SITUATION WHERE A DOWNSTREAM INTEGRATOR NEURON WOULD ALSO RECEIVE INPUT FROM other cells | limitations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | anesthesia is named as a concern for the comparison with psychophysics, with urethane chosen to keep the cortex closest to the awake state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - the psychophysical comparison, with urethane chosen deliberately | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the authors' own earlier null on the best neurons suggests the difference may lie in how the information is used rather than in how it is encoded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the interpretation of the age effect: the authors' own earlier study OBSERVED NO AGE DIFFERENCE IN THE THRESHOLDS OF THE BEST NEURONS, so the difference may be in pooling rather than in single-neuron sensitivity | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | The two-alternative forced-choice detection procedure and threshold-shift logic of human masking experiments is carried over to single-unit spike counts as a neurometric, so that neural thresholds can be compared directly with psychometric ones. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | the tagger's words | |
| transfers | the masked-versus-unmasked threshold comparison, reproduced in the neurometric so the two can be put side by side Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the encoding time window as an explicit parameter, and the requirement to choose one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | population coding, which assumes that all active neurons contribute to perception, against the lower envelope principle, which assumes that perception is driven by the most sensitive neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the relative-timing-of-inhibition account of masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | a SECOND analysis window spanning the entire trial, beside the assumption-bearing one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the choice of time window as the driver of the result - a window chosen to capture an expected effect will find it · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | masker Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: masker | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: threshold | concepts[6] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dynamic range | concepts[8] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | juvenile Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: juvenile | concepts[18] | the paper's words | |
| unhoused_relations | MUs → analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. AN ANALYST DECISION WITH ITS REASON GIVEN: because multiunits dominated the data set, all single units and multiunits were POOLED for analysis. The composition is 15 SU / 27 MU in adults and 10 SU / 30 MU in juveniles, so the pooling decision is load-bearing for every comparison that follows. No edge type records a choice the analysts made. | unhoused_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| senses | THE ANALYSIS WINDOW IS A CHOICE, AND THE REASONS ARE GIVEN BEFORE THE RESULT: a brief window isolates backward masking uncontaminated by forward masking, a longer one includes the masker response because behavioral reaction times fall well after masker onset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND THE TWO WINDOWS GIVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS: about 18 to 43 dB of threshold shift in the longer window against 13 to 16 dB in the narrow one, with human psychophysics at 20 to 35 dB Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE CORRECT WINDOW CANNOT BE DETERMINED FROM THIS DATA: it would require trial-by-trial mapping of neural activity onto behavioral choice, and IN LIEU OF SUCH DATA the longer window is chosen for two stated reasons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | with both reasons named - detection is measured against the masker alone, and the behavioral reaction time falls well after the masker begins Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A STRENGTH AND A LIMITATION IN ONE SENTENCE: the population neurometric pools every cell, which sits against the rival principle that perception is driven by the most sensitive neurons alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND THE DIRECTION OF THE OWN BIAS IS SPELLED OUT: because every neuron was tested at its own best frequency, the pooled measure omits the poorly tuned cells a real integrator would receive, and would perform worse if they were included Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE VARIABILITY IS ITSELF A POINT OF CORRESPONDENCE: masked thresholds are quite variable IN CONCURRENCE WITH the psychophysical data, where more measures per participant are needed than for forward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A CORRELATE THAT IS NOT THE CAUSE, SAID PLAINLY: masking correlated with tone-evoked suppression but could occur in its absence, and thus was not the sole driver Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE METHOD IS ALIGNED TO THE LITERATURE IT WILL BE COMPARED WITH: stimuli were delivered monaurally to parallel the majority of psychophysical backward masking studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the inclusion rule is set by the perceptual phenomenon rather than by the recording - only units responding reliably to short tones, because backward masking is reliable only for short tones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A POOLING DECISION JUSTIFIED BY THE COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLE: single and multi-units were pooled BECAUSE multi-units dominated the data set Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE anesthetic IS JUSTIFIED BY MECHANISM RATHER THAN WAVED AWAY: urethane acts modestly on multiple receptor systems and allows desynchronised cortical activity, unlike ketamine or pentobarbital Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND THE AUTHORS' OWN EARLIER NULL COMPLICATES THE STORY: no age difference in the thresholds of the BEST neurons, suggesting juveniles and adults may not equivalently ACCESS the same sensory information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | with the developmental interpretation flagged as conditional - IF juveniles integrate over a longer window, they would experience larger dynamic range differences Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the locus argued from where the phenomenon is and is not found - backward masking appears in the inferior colliculus but not the auditory nerve or cochlear nucleus, and cannot be peripheral because the signal precedes the masker Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: neurometric thresholds computed in two analysis windows - one containing only the tone response, one containing the masker response as well Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: backward masking - a higher threshold for a short tone when a masker follows it than for the same tone in silence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: auditory backward masking — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Brosch et al. 1998 (backward masking in very-long-latency cortical cells) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Hartley et al. 2000; Huyck and Wright 2018 (developmental psychophysics of backward masking) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Rosen et al. 2010 (the authors' own gerbil ACx modulation-detection study) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → the one prior cortical report, which examined only cells with responses beyond 150 ms rather than standard onset responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | confirms → the human finding that backward masked thresholds remain immature into adolescence, now in cortical responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | distinguishes-from → forward masking, whose relationship between masker level and threshold shift is tight where this one is not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS MEASUREMENT VARIABILITY, AND THE CONSEQUENCE IS A SAMPLE-SIZE REQUIREMENT. 'Quotation withheld.' The two paradigms differ in how much data a conclusion costs - so a null in backward masking is weaker evidence than the same null in forward masking, at equal n. | claim_relations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the inferior colliculus account in which inhibition arriving earlier than excitation lets a later masker suppress an earlier tone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → its own population measure, which pools cells that a real downstream integrator would not receive in the same proportions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHICH CELLS THE POPULATION MEASURE POOLS. 'Quotation withheld.' The measure is not wrong - it describes a population no downstream neuron ever receives, because the recording selected for best frequency. A sampling decision that changes what the number is a number OF. | claim_relations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | reconciles → an earlier null on the best neurons, by proposing that the difference lies in access to the information rather than its encoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | forward masking —distinct-from→ backward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: forward masking · backward masking | concept_edges[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | backward masking —part-of→ inferior colliculus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE LOCUS ARGUED FROM WHERE IT IS AND IS NOT FOUND: present in the inferior colliculus, absent in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus, and impossible peripherally because the signal precedes the masker 2026-08-20 the project re-read worst chars/edge queue): WRONG-TYPE - the sentence says backward masking has been DEMONSTRATED IN the inferior colliculus. That is a location where a phenomenon was recorded, not a part-whole relation - backward masking is not part of a brain region.
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but backward masking 'HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN' the inferior colliculus; part-of is loose. also in: backward masking · inferior colliculus | concept_edges[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | cochlear nucleus —contrasted-with→ inferior colliculus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: re-read worst chars/edge queue): SOUND - the sentence does contrast them: forward but NOT backward masking in the cochlear nucleus, BUT backward masking demonstrated in the inferior colliculus. Both endpoints named, contrast explicit, type correct. KEEP. also in: cochlear nucleus · inferior colliculus | concept_edges[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | ACx —causes→ perception Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: suggesting that · strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says ACx activity relates to masked signal perception; causes is loose. also in: ACx · perception | concept_edges[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | juvenile —contrasted-with→ adult Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: greater tone-firing suppression AND larger threshold shifts, at both single-cell and population levels
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is cut before the juvenile-adult contrast is stated. | concept_edges[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | masker —operationalised-as→ noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: a 500 ms noise at 30% bandwidth centerd on the neuron's own best frequency, immediately after a 10 ms tone | concept_edges[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | backward masking —part-of→ ACx Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the first assessment for STANDARD, ONSET-RESPONSIVE neurons rather than the long-latency subset of the one prior study
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the study shows backward masking OCCURS AT the level of primary auditory cortex; part-of is loose. also in: backward masking · ACx | concept_edges[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | anesthesia —distinct-from→ psychophysical Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span raises anesthesia as a concern for psychophysical comparison; distinct-from is loose. also in: anesthesia · psychophysical | concept_edges[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | cortex —causes→ suppression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: the cortical effect may be INHERITED from earlier regions, with cortex possibly magnifying it by reducing rebound excitation
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says masked responses may be inherited from earlier regions; causes is loose. also in: cortex · suppression | concept_edges[30] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | TrialWin —contrasted-with→ ToneWin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: AND THE TWO WINDOWS GIVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS: 18-43 dB against 13-16 dB in adults, with human psychophysics at 20-35 dB | concept_edges[36] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | tone —contrasted-with→ masker Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but tone-alone and tone+noise functions were compared; contrasted-with is loose. | concept_edges[48] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Mann-Whitney U test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Mann-Whitney U test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon signed-rank test | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Spearman rank correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Spearman rank correlation | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Fisher's exact test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Fisher's exact test | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANCOVA (nonparametric ranked mixed model) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | bootstrap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bootstrap | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal component analysis | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | percentiles / box plot summary Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: This quote ends with the stray word 'To', the first word of the next sentence. It is not trimmed, because the quote without it occurs more than once in the paper's text and could not be tied to one place. The claim is carried by the sentence before 'To'. also in: percentiles / box plot summary | content_tags.statistics[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal component analysis | content_tags.statistics[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Most auditory cortex neurons required a louder tone to be detected when a noise masker immediately followed the tone, demonstrating backward masking in ordinary onset-responsive cortical cells. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cortical backward masking arises from two things at once: the masker suppresses the tone-evoked response, and it raises the baseline so that the dynamic range available for detecting the tone shrinks. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Juvenile units showed significantly larger masked threshold shifts than adult units under both analysis windows. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Tone-evoked firing was suppressed by the masker more strongly in juveniles than in adults under both analysis windows. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The masker-induced reduction of dynamic range was the same size in juveniles and adults, so the age difference in masking was not driven by dynamic range. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Units that gave no response at all to the noise alone still showed significant masked threshold shifts, so a response to the masker is not required for backward masking. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Population threshold shifts computed over the whole trial (~18-43 dB in adults) matched human psychophysical backward-masking shifts far better than shifts computed over the narrow tone window (~13-16 dB). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In units that did respond to the noise alone, the preceding tone significantly suppressed the noise-evoked firing, i.e. forward masking occurred alongside backward masking in both age groups. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Pooling all units into a population neurometric also produced larger threshold shifts for juveniles than for adults under both windows. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Within the narrow tone window, the loss of dynamic range predicted the masked threshold shift only in juveniles, suggesting juveniles rely more on dynamic range for detection. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The masker caused only a small delay in first-spike latency in both age groups. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | backward masking has a longer maturational trajectory than many other auditory percepts, and its neural correlates are not well described at any developmental stage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE TWO WINDOWS GIVE DIFFERENT ANSWERS: neural threshold shifts match human psychophysics better when the longer window is used Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE ANALYSIS WINDOW IS A CHOICE, WITH THE REASONS GIVEN BEFORE THE RESULT: one isolates backward masking uncontaminated by forward masking, the other includes the masker response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE LOCUS ARGUED FROM WHERE IT IS AND IS NOT FOUND: present in inferior colliculus, absent in auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus, impossible peripherally because the signal precedes the masker Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with variability itself taken as INDICATIVE of central contributions, being greater in backward than forward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the area was chosen because inactivating it impairs temporal discrimination and because human imaging ties it to conscious masked detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | juvenile neurons showed both greater tone-firing suppression and larger threshold shifts, at single-cell and population levels Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A POOLING DECISION JUSTIFIED BY THE COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLE: single and multi-units pooled BECAUSE the multi-units dominated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE METHOD IS ALIGNED TO THE LITERATURE IT WILL BE COMPARED WITH: monaural delivery, to parallel the majority of psychophysical studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE INCLUSION RULE IS SET BY THE PERCEPT: only units responding reliably to short tones, because backward masking is reliable only for short tones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the masker was a 500 ms noise at 30% bandwidth centerd on each neuron's own best frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | this is the first assessment of backward masking in STANDARD onset-responsive cortical neurons, and both coding elements contribute Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the two elements dissociating across development - larger suppression in juveniles but no difference in dynamic range reduction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE anesthetic IS JUSTIFIED BY MECHANISM: urethane acts modestly on several receptor systems and allows desynchronised activity closer to the awake state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE VARIABILITY IS ITSELF A POINT OF CORRESPONDENCE with the psychophysics, unlike the tight relationship seen for forward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A CORRELATE THAT IS NOT THE CAUSE, SAID PLAINLY: suppression correlated with masking but could occur in its absence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a shorter latency for inhibition than excitation lets the later masker suppress the earlier tone, and predicts the negative correlation observed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[27] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | so the cortical effect may be inherited from earlier regions, with cortex possibly magnifying it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[28] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the backgrounds were chosen deliberately to match how a listener's two thresholds are compared Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the dynamic range correlates with masking ONLY in juveniles and ONLY in the narrow window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[30] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE CORRECT WINDOW CANNOT BE DETERMINED FROM THIS DATA: it would need trial-by-trial mapping of activity onto behavioral choice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[31] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | IN LIEU OF SUCH DATA the longer window is chosen for two named reasons - the comparison is against the masker alone, and the reaction time falls after masker onset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 18-43 dB of shift in the longer window against 13-16 dB in the narrow one, with human psychophysics at 20-35 dB Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[33] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A STRENGTH AND A LIMITATION IN ONE SENTENCE, with the rival lower-envelope principle named Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[34] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE DIRECTION OF THE OWN BIAS SPELLED OUT: testing every neuron at its own best frequency makes the pooled measure optimistic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[35] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE AUTHORS' OWN EARLIER NULL COMPLICATES IT: no age difference in the best neurons, so the difference may be in ACCESS rather than encoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[36] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | children LISTEN LATE with respect to a signal, and may be integrating over a longer window than adults Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[37] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the developmental interpretation flagged as conditional - IF juveniles integrate longer, they WOULD see larger dynamic range differences Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[38] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the slow maturation attributed to inhibition, which decays more slowly and summates more in young neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[39] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the differential signal suppression could contribute to the large age-related threshold differences seen in psychophysical backward masking, about 25-dB differences around age 9 and still about 10-dB differences by age 15 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[40] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the whole point is stated plainly - detection deficits correlate with problems in speech processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[41] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ToneWin and TrialWin analysis windows Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dynamic range | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | encoding time window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: encoding time window | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | threshold shift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: threshold shift | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | pooling neurometric Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pooling neurometric | content_tags.definitions[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | lower envelope principle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lower envelope principle | content_tags.definitions[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | backward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: backward masking | content_tags.definitions[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: window | content_tags.definitions[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | lower envelope Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: lower envelope | content_tags.definitions[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ToneWin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ToneWin | content_tags.definitions[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | BF Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: BF | content_tags.definitions[12] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | masker level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: masker level | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | tone level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tone level | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | age group Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: age group | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | masked tone threshold shift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: masked tone threshold shift | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | tone-evoked firing rate suppression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tone-evoked firing rate suppression | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: threshold | content_tags.variables[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dynamic range | content_tags.variables[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | suppression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: suppression | content_tags.variables[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: window | content_tags.variables[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | n = 16 adults, n = 18 juveniles — gerbils in each age group and their postnatal-day ranges Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | n = 42 / n = 40 — cortical units recorded in adults and in juveniles Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ToneWin: P = 0.003; TrialWin: P = 0.013 — Fisher's exact test of elevation showing greater masking in juveniles than adults Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ToneWin: adult, 15, 13, and 16 dB; juvenile, 21, 19, and 15 dB; TrialWin: adult, 18, 43, and 43 dB; juvenile, 28, 48, and 48 dB — population neurometric threshold shifts at low, mid and high masker levels for each age group and window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ~20–35 dB — human psychophysical backward-masked threshold shifts under comparable masking parameters, the benchmark for the neural shifts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 65% — detection criterion on the neurometric function used to define a unit's tone detection threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | >50% — share of units showing masked threshold shifts of about 12-15 dB even under the narrow tone window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1,000 — bootstrap resamples drawn per tone level to compute percent-correct detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 13–16 dB — the adult threshold shift measured in the narrow window against 18-43 dB in the longer one - the same neurons, two windows, and only the second matches the 20-35 dB of human psychophysics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 50% of trials — the response reliability a unit had to reach to be recorded at all, a selection set by the perceptual phenomenon rather than by the recording Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ~25-dB — the human age difference in backward masked thresholds around age nine, still about 10 dB by fifteen Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
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