phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory backward masking— “Perceptually, auditory backward masking manifests as higher thresholds for detection of a short signal followed by a masker than for the same signal in silence.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Cortical masking was driven by a combination of suppressed responses to the signal and a reduced dynamic range available for signal detection in the presence of the masker.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We thus recorded firing responses from auditory cortex (ACx) in response to masked and unmasked sounds in juveniles compared with adults.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Speech perception relies on the accurate resolution of brief, successive sounds that change rapidly over time. Deficits in the perception of such sounds, indicated by a reduced ability to detect signals during auditory backward masking, strongly relate to language processing difficulties in children. Backward masking during normal development… | |
| research question — evidence | — “This study is the first to assess whether backward masking of tone detection occurs at the level of primary auditory cortex for standard, onset-responsive neurons, how it manifests, and whether it mirrors the prolonged development seen in children. Backward masking is the neural “detection” of a masked signal compared with the masker alone… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In this study we have demonstrated that the onset responses of ACx neurons to short tones were clearly modulated by a subsequent masker. Neurometric thresholds shifted to higher tone levels in the presence of this masker. The higher thresholds seen during masking were attributable to a combination of suppressed firing to the tone and a… | |
| transfer | from psychophysics / behavioural psychoacoustics: The two-alternative forced-choice detection procedure and threshold-shift logic of human masking experiments is carried over to single-unit spike counts as a neurometric, so that neural thresholds can be compared directly with psychometric ones.— “We presented our stimuli and analyzed our data with methods analogous to those used during behavioral detection experiments to best understand the neural responses that could underlie the perceptual phenomenon.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from human psychoacoustics: the masked-versus-unmasked threshold comparison, reproduced in the neurometric so the two can be put side by side— “Our neurometric comparison used Noise-Alone-evoked firing and spontaneous firing as the backgrounds against which each threshold was determined to match perceptual measures. In psychophysical detection, listeners choose between alternatives of a masker with and without a tone, to yield a masked detection threshold. A separate choice between… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from signal detection neurometrics: the encoding time window as an explicit parameter, and the requirement to choose one— “Neurometric analysis requires the choosing of an appropriate encoding time window, defined as the window containing the response patterns contributing to the signal to be detected ( Panzeri et al. 2010 ). For these neurometric analyses, we employed two windows to test different aspects of masking. First, a brief analysis window encompassed… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from population coding theory: population coding, which assumes that all active neurons contribute to perception, against the lower envelope principle, which assumes that perception is driven by the most sensitive neurons— “A strength and limitation of the population neurometric used in the present study is that it pools information across all cells to make a decision for or against tone detection. In general, population coding assumes that all active neurons contribute to perception, whereas the lower envelope principle assumes that perception is driven by the… | transfers[3] |
| transfer | from bat inferior colliculus physiology: the relative-timing-of-inhibition account of masking— “Mechanistically, forward masking is considered to involve a combination of synaptic depression, afterhyperpolarization, and inhibition ( Brosch and Schreiner 1997 ; Wehr and Zador 2005 ). A study of forward and backward masking in the bat inferior colliculus indicates that mechanisms involving the relative timing of inhibition and excitation… | transfers[4] |
| mechanism | Inhibition evoked by the masker arrives with a shorter latency than excitation, so it can reach back and suppress the response to the tone that preceded it.— “Backward masking was attributable to fast inhibition, where a shorter latency for inhibition compared with excitation allowed inhibition evoked by the delayed masker to suppress the response to the earlier tone.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | In immature cortex the inhibitory response to the masker is larger and slower to decay, so it truncates more of the preceding excitatory tone response and amplifies firing-rate suppression in juveniles.— “Thus a larger inhibitory response to the subsequent masker might differentially truncate a previous excitatory response to the tone in young neurons, magnifying tone-evoked firing rate suppression.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Juveniles integrate over a longer listening window, which pulls more masker-driven firing into the comparison baseline, shrinking the dynamic range and raising masked thresholds.— “If juveniles integrate over a longer window than adults, they would experience larger dynamic range differences due to incorporating more firing activity from the masker.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Unrefined inhibition in cortex or in presynaptic regions lets an off-frequency noise masker suppress juvenile responses more than adult ones.— “In juveniles, the differentially increased suppression in the presence of a noise masker that activates off-frequency neurons may be due to unrefined inhibition in cortex or in presynaptic regions.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | masking arises from a reduction of the signal response together with a higher comparative baseline, which narrows the dynamic range available for detection— “This study is the first to assess whether backward masking of tone detection occurs at the level of primary auditory cortex for standard, onset-responsive neurons, how it manifests, and whether it mirrors the prolonged development seen in children. Backward masking is the neural “detection” of a masked signal compared with the masker alone… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | and a shorter latency for inhibition than for excitation lets the later masker suppress the earlier tone, which also explains why a suppressed masker response masks less— “Mechanistically, forward masking is considered to involve a combination of synaptic depression, afterhyperpolarization, and inhibition ( Brosch and Schreiner 1997 ; Wehr and Zador 2005 ). A study of forward and backward masking in the bat inferior colliculus indicates that mechanisms involving the relative timing of inhibition and excitation… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | so the cortical effect may be inherited from earlier regions, with cortex possibly adding to it by reducing rebound excitation— “Cortical masked responses, expressed as a reduction in tone-evoked firing, may thus be inherited from earlier brain regions. It remains possible that cortex further increases masking. In gerbil ACx, both tone-evoked afterhyperpolarizations and rebound firing were reduced in magnitude by a temporally overlapping masker ( Gay et al. 2014 ).… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | and the immature version is attributed to inhibition that decays more slowly and summates more in young neurons— “An additional challenge to juvenile signal detection with backward maskers is the greater tone-evoked firing suppression shown in the present study. In addition to inefficient temporal integration, this differential signal suppression could contribute to the large age-related threshold differences seen in psychophysical backward masking… | mechanisms[7] |
| extends | Brosch et al. 1998 (backward masking in very-long-latency cortical cells)— “Both forward and backward masking are considered to involve central auditory regions, but backward masking has only been described in ACx for those cells with very long latency responses (>150 ms responses to a 100-ms tone; Brosch et al. 1998 ), distinct from the onset responsive neurons recorded in the present study.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Hartley et al. 2000; Huyck and Wright 2018 (developmental psychophysics of backward masking)— “On the basis of psychophysical studies, children exhibit higher tone detection thresholds during backward masking than adults ( Hartley et al. 2000 ; Huyck and Wright 2018 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Rosen et al. 2010 (the authors' own gerbil ACx modulation-detection study)— “In a previous study, we observed no age difference in the thresholds of the best neurons in gerbil ACx tuned to modulation detection, suggesting that juvenile and adult animals may not equivalently access the sensory information in these most sensitive neurons ( Rosen et al. 2010 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | the one prior cortical report, which examined only cells with responses beyond 150 ms rather than standard onset responses— “The neural mechanisms contributing to temporal masking, both backward and forward, have been attributed to central auditory regions, because temporal masking functions are not sufficiently explained by responses in the auditory periphery ( Plack and Oxenham 1998 ; Relkin and Turner 1988 ). Forward temporal masking, where the neural response… | claim_relations[3] |
| confirms | the human finding that backward masked thresholds remain immature into adolescence, now in cortical responses— “NEW & NOTEWORTHY In children, auditory detection of backward masked signals is immature well into adolescence, and… | claim_relations[4] |
| distinguishes-from | forward masking, whose relationship between masker level and threshold shift is tight where this one is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| builds-on | the inferior colliculus account in which inhibition arriving earlier than excitation lets a later masker suppress an earlier tone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| qualifies | its own population measure, which pools cells that a real downstream integrator would not receive in the same proportions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| reconciles | an earlier null on the best neurons, by proposing that the difference lies in access to the information rather than its encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | THE ANALYSIS WINDOW IS A CHOICE, AND THE REASONS ARE GIVEN BEFORE THE RESULT: a brief window isolates backward masking uncontaminated by forward masking, a longer one includes the masker response because behavioral reaction times fall well after masker onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | AND THE TWO WINDOWS GIVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS: about 18 to 43 dB of threshold shift in the longer window against 13 to 16 dB in the narrow one, with human psychophysics at 20 to 35 dB Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | THE CORRECT WINDOW CANNOT BE DETERMINED FROM THIS DATA: it would require trial-by-trial mapping of neural activity onto behavioral choice, and IN LIEU OF SUCH DATA the longer window is chosen for two stated reasons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | with both reasons named - detection is measured against the masker alone, and the behavioral reaction time falls well after the masker begins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | A STRENGTH AND A LIMITATION IN ONE SENTENCE: the population neurometric pools every cell, which sits against the rival principle that perception is driven by the most sensitive neurons alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | AND THE DIRECTION OF THE OWN BIAS IS SPELLED OUT: because every neuron was tested at its own best frequency, the pooled measure omits the poorly tuned cells a real integrator would receive, and would perform worse if they were included Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | THE VARIABILITY IS ITSELF A POINT OF CORRESPONDENCE: masked thresholds are quite variable IN CONCURRENCE WITH the psychophysical data, where more measures per participant are needed than for forward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | A CORRELATE THAT IS NOT THE CAUSE, SAID PLAINLY: masking correlated with tone-evoked suppression but could occur in its absence, and thus was not the sole driver Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THE METHOD IS ALIGNED TO THE LITERATURE IT WILL BE COMPARED WITH: stimuli were delivered monaurally to parallel the majority of psychophysical backward masking studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | and the inclusion rule is set by the perceptual phenomenon rather than by the recording - only units responding reliably to short tones, because backward masking is reliable only for short tones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | A POOLING DECISION JUSTIFIED BY THE COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLE: single and multi-units were pooled BECAUSE multi-units dominated the data set Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | THE anesthetic IS JUSTIFIED BY MECHANISM RATHER THAN WAVED AWAY: urethane acts modestly on multiple receptor systems and allows desynchronised cortical activity, unlike ketamine or pentobarbital Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | AND THE AUTHORS' OWN EARLIER NULL COMPLICATES THE STORY: no age difference in the thresholds of the BEST neurons, suggesting juveniles and adults may not equivalently ACCESS the same sensory information Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | with the developmental interpretation flagged as conditional - IF juveniles integrate over a longer window, they would experience larger dynamic range differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| sense | and the locus argued from where the phenomenon is and is not found - backward masking appears in the inferior colliculus but not the auditory nerve or cochlear nucleus, and cannot be peripheral because the signal precedes the masker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[14] |
| control | a SECOND analysis window spanning the entire trial, beside the assumption-bearing one — held — rules out the choice of time window as the driver of the result - a window chosen to capture an expected effect will find it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | forward masking, whose relationship between masker level and threshold shift is tight where this one is not — THE AXIS IS MEASUREMENT VARIABILITY, AND THE CONSEQUENCE IS A SAMPLE-SIZE REQUIREMENT. 'masked thresholds are quite variable, in concurrence with psychophysical data: behaviorally, backward masking thresholds are highly variable, both within and across subjects; more threshold measures need to be gathered per participant than in forward masking to yield clear data.' The two paradigms differ in how much data a conclusion costs - so a null in backward masking is weaker evidence than the same null in forward masking, at equal n. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | its own population measure, which pools cells that a real downstream integrator would not receive in the same proportions — THE AXIS IS WHICH CELLS THE POPULATION MEASURE POOLS. 'Because all neurons in this study were presented with stimuli at BF, our neurometric does not reflect the situation where a downstream integrator neuron would also receive input from cells that were poorly tuned to the stimulus.' The measure is not wrong - it describes a population no downstream neuron ever receives, because the recording selected for best frequency. A sampling decision that changes what the number is a number OF. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| edge | forward masking —distinct-from→ backward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | backward masking —part-of→ inferior colliculus — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but backward masking 'HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN' the inferior colliculus; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | backward masking —part-of→ inferior colliculus — THE LOCUS ARGUED FROM WHERE IT IS AND IS NOT FOUND: present in the inferior colliculus, absent in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus, and impossible peripherally because the signal precedes the masker 2026-08-20 the project re-read worst chars/edge queue): WRONG-TYPE - the sentence says backward masking has been DEMONSTRATED IN the inferior colliculus. That is a location where a phenomenon was recorded, not a part-whole relation - backward masking is not part of a brain region. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | cochlear nucleus —contrasted-with→ inferior colliculus — re-read worst chars/edge queue): SOUND - the sentence does contrast them: forward but NOT backward masking in the cochlear nucleus, BUT backward masking demonstrated in the inferior colliculus. Both endpoints named, contrast explicit, type correct. KEEP. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | ACx —causes→ perception — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says ACx activity relates to masked signal perception; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| evidential status | ACx —causes→ perception — the paper's own words: suggesting that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| audit | juvenile —contrasted-with→ adult — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is cut before the juvenile-adult contrast is stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | juvenile —contrasted-with→ adult — greater tone-firing suppression AND larger threshold shifts, at both single-cell and population levels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | masker —operationalised-as→ noise — a 500 ms noise at 30% bandwidth centerd on the neuron's own best frequency, immediately after a 10 ms tone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[17] |
| audit | backward masking —part-of→ ACx — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the study shows backward masking OCCURS AT the level of primary auditory cortex; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[19] |
| note | backward masking —part-of→ ACx — the first assessment for STANDARD, ONSET-RESPONSIVE neurons rather than the long-latency subset of the one prior study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[19] |
| audit | anesthesia —distinct-from→ psychophysical — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span raises anesthesia as a concern for psychophysical comparison; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[24] |
| audit | cortex —causes→ suppression — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says masked responses may be inherited from earlier regions; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[30] |
| note | cortex —causes→ suppression — the cortical effect may be INHERITED from earlier regions, with cortex possibly magnifying it by reducing rebound excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[30] |
| weight | cortex —causes→ suppression — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[30] |
| note | TrialWin —contrasted-with→ ToneWin — AND THE TWO WINDOWS GIVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS: 18-43 dB against 13-16 dB in adults, with human psychophysics at 20-35 dB Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[36] |
| audit | tone —contrasted-with→ masker — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but tone-alone and tone+noise functions were compared; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[48] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparison with psychophysics only: ANESTHESIA IS ONE CONCERN IN EXTENDING OUR NEURAL RESPONSES TO PSYCHOPHYSICAL COMPARISONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the readout assumption behind every ToneWin result: IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ANALYZING ACTIVITY ONLY WITHIN THIS WINDOW Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every population-neurometric result: IT POOLS INFORMATION ACROSS ALL CELLS TO MAKE A DECISION FOR OR AGAINST TONE DETECTION - stated by the authors as strength and limitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the absolute level of the neurometric, and the age comparison it feeds: PERFORMANCE ... SHOULD BE REDUCED BY INCORPORATING RESPONSES FROM NONRESPONSIVE NEURONS, BUT WHETHER THIS EFFECT WOULD VARY ACROSS AGE is unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim resting on single-unit resolution: BECAUSE MUS DOMINATED THE DATA SET, ALL SUS AND MUS WERE POOLED FOR ANALYSIS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the analysis window is the experimenter's, not shown to be the nervous system's Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the pooled neurometric Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the absolute performance of the neurometric, which is optimistic by construction: BECAUSE ALL NEURONS ... WERE PRESENTED WITH STIMULI AT BF, OUR NEUROMETRIC DOES NOT REFLECT THE SITUATION WHERE A DOWNSTREAM INTEGRATOR NEURON WOULD ALSO RECEIVE INPUT FROM other cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the psychophysical comparison, with urethane chosen deliberately Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the interpretation of the age effect: the authors' own earlier study OBSERVED NO AGE DIFFERENCE IN THE THRESHOLDS OF THE BEST NEURONS, so the difference may be in pooling rather than in single-neuron sensitivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | MUs → analysis — AN ANALYST DECISION WITH ITS REASON GIVEN: because multiunits dominated the data set, all single units and multiunits were POOLED for analysis. The composition is 15 SU / 27 MU in adults and 10 SU / 30 MU in juveniles, so the pooling decision is load-bearing for every comparison that follows. No edge type records a choice the analysts made. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Recordings were made under anesthesia, which complicates extrapolation to psychophysics. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | It is unknown whether the nervous system actually reads out only the narrow tone-response window the analysis assumes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The population neurometric pools every recorded cell, which is both its strength and its weakness. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Including non-responsive neurons should degrade the pooled neurometric, and whether that degradation is age-dependent is unknown. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Single units and multiunits were pooled because multiunits dominated the dataset. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | it is unknown whether the nervous system analyses only the narrow window, and finding out would require trial-by-trial mapping of activity onto behavioral choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the population neurometric pools every cell, which is both its strength and its limitation, and sits against the rival principle that only the most sensitive neurons matter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | and because every neuron was tested at its own best frequency, the pooled measure is optimistic in a way the paper spells out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | anesthesia is named as a concern for the comparison with psychophysics, with urethane chosen to keep the cortex closest to the awake state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | and the authors' own earlier null on the best neurons suggests the difference may lie in how the information is used rather than in how it is encoded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Most auditory cortex neurons required a louder tone to be detected when a noise masker immediately followed the tone, demonstrating backward masking in ordinary onset-responsive cortical cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Cortical backward masking arises from two things at once: the masker suppresses the tone-evoked response, and it raises the baseline so that the dynamic range available for detecting the tone shrinks. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Juvenile units showed significantly larger masked threshold shifts than adult units under both analysis windows. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Tone-evoked firing was suppressed by the masker more strongly in juveniles than in adults under both analysis windows. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The masker-induced reduction of dynamic range was the same size in juveniles and adults, so the age difference in masking was not driven by dynamic range. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Units that gave no response at all to the noise alone still showed significant masked threshold shifts, so a response to the masker is not required for backward masking. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Population threshold shifts computed over the whole trial (~18-43 dB in adults) matched human psychophysical backward-masking shifts far better than shifts computed over the narrow tone window (~13-16 dB). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | In units that did respond to the noise alone, the preceding tone significantly suppressed the noise-evoked firing, i.e. forward masking occurred alongside backward masking in both age groups. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Pooling all units into a population neurometric also produced larger threshold shifts for juveniles than for adults under both windows. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Within the narrow tone window, the loss of dynamic range predicted the masked threshold shift only in juveniles, suggesting juveniles rely more on dynamic range for detection. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | The masker caused only a small delay in first-spike latency in both age groups. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | backward masking has a longer maturational trajectory than many other auditory percepts, and its neural correlates are not well described at any developmental stage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | AND THE TWO WINDOWS GIVE DIFFERENT ANSWERS: neural threshold shifts match human psychophysics better when the longer window is used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | THE ANALYSIS WINDOW IS A CHOICE, WITH THE REASONS GIVEN BEFORE THE RESULT: one isolates backward masking uncontaminated by forward masking, the other includes the masker response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | THE LOCUS ARGUED FROM WHERE IT IS AND IS NOT FOUND: present in inferior colliculus, absent in auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus, impossible peripherally because the signal precedes the masker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | with variability itself taken as INDICATIVE of central contributions, being greater in backward than forward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the area was chosen because inactivating it impairs temporal discrimination and because human imaging ties it to conscious masked detection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | juvenile neurons showed both greater tone-firing suppression and larger threshold shifts, at single-cell and population levels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | A POOLING DECISION JUSTIFIED BY THE COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLE: single and multi-units pooled BECAUSE the multi-units dominated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | THE METHOD IS ALIGNED TO THE LITERATURE IT WILL BE COMPARED WITH: monaural delivery, to parallel the majority of psychophysical studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | AND THE INCLUSION RULE IS SET BY THE PERCEPT: only units responding reliably to short tones, because backward masking is reliable only for short tones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the masker was a 500 ms noise at 30% bandwidth centerd on each neuron's own best frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | this is the first assessment of backward masking in STANDARD onset-responsive cortical neurons, and both coding elements contribute Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | with the two elements dissociating across development - larger suppression in juveniles but no difference in dynamic range reduction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | THE anesthetic IS JUSTIFIED BY MECHANISM: urethane acts modestly on several receptor systems and allows desynchronised activity closer to the awake state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | THE VARIABILITY IS ITSELF A POINT OF CORRESPONDENCE with the psychophysics, unlike the tight relationship seen for forward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | A CORRELATE THAT IS NOT THE CAUSE, SAID PLAINLY: suppression correlated with masking but could occur in its absence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | a shorter latency for inhibition than excitation lets the later masker suppress the earlier tone, and predicts the negative correlation observed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | so the cortical effect may be inherited from earlier regions, with cortex possibly magnifying it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | the backgrounds were chosen deliberately to match how a listener's two thresholds are compared Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | and the dynamic range correlates with masking ONLY in juveniles and ONLY in the narrow window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | THE CORRECT WINDOW CANNOT BE DETERMINED FROM THIS DATA: it would need trial-by-trial mapping of activity onto behavioral choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | IN LIEU OF SUCH DATA the longer window is chosen for two named reasons - the comparison is against the masker alone, and the reaction time falls after masker onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | 18-43 dB of shift in the longer window against 13-16 dB in the narrow one, with human psychophysics at 20-35 dB Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | A STRENGTH AND A LIMITATION IN ONE SENTENCE, with the rival lower-envelope principle named Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | AND THE DIRECTION OF THE OWN BIAS SPELLED OUT: testing every neuron at its own best frequency makes the pooled measure optimistic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | AND THE AUTHORS' OWN EARLIER NULL COMPLICATES IT: no age difference in the best neurons, so the difference may be in ACCESS rather than encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | children LISTEN LATE with respect to a signal, and may be integrating over a longer window than adults Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | with the developmental interpretation flagged as conditional - IF juveniles integrate longer, they WOULD see larger dynamic range differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | and the slow maturation attributed to inhibition, which decays more slowly and summates more in young neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | the differential signal suppression could contribute to the large age-related threshold differences seen in psychophysical backward masking, about 25-dB differences around age 9 and still about 10-dB differences by age 15 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | and the whole point is stated plainly - detection deficits correlate with problems in speech processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| quantity | n = 16 adults, n = 18 juveniles — gerbils in each age group and their postnatal-day ranges Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | n = 42 / n = 40 — cortical units recorded in adults and in juveniles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ToneWin: P = 0.003; TrialWin: P = 0.013 — Fisher's exact test of elevation showing greater masking in juveniles than adults Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | ToneWin: adult, 15, 13, and 16 dB; juvenile, 21, 19, and 15 dB; TrialWin: adult, 18, 43, and 43 dB; juvenile, 28, 48, and 48 dB — population neurometric threshold shifts at low, mid and high masker levels for each age group and window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~20–35 dB — human psychophysical backward-masked threshold shifts under comparable masking parameters, the benchmark for the neural shifts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 65% — detection criterion on the neurometric function used to define a unit's tone detection threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | >50% — share of units showing masked threshold shifts of about 12-15 dB even under the narrow tone window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 1,000 — bootstrap resamples drawn per tone level to compute percent-correct detection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 13–16 dB — the adult threshold shift measured in the narrow window against 18-43 dB in the longer one - the same neurons, two windows, and only the second matches the 20-35 dB of human psychophysics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 50% of trials — the response reliability a unit had to reach to be recorded at all, a selection set by the perceptual phenomenon rather than by the recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | ~25-dB — the human age difference in backward masked thresholds around age nine, still about 10 dB by fifteen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| variable | masker level (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | tone level (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | age group (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | masked tone threshold shift (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | tone-evoked firing rate suppression (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| definition | ToneWin and TrialWin analysis windows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | encoding time window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | threshold shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | pooling neurometric Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | lower envelope principle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | backward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | lower envelope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | ToneWin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | BF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| key-terms | backward masking, forward masking, masker, tone, noise, signal, threshold, detection, dynamic range, suppression, firing, baseline, neurometric, window, ToneWin, TrialWin, psychophysical, perception, juvenile, adult, children, development, maturation, ACx, cortex, inferior colliculus, cochlear nucleus, inhibition, excitation, latency, population, cell, neuron, pooling, lower envelope, variability, anesthesia, urethane, awake, temporal, integration, speech, BF, multiunit, correlation, spontaneous |
| concept | masker — not defined in this paper's own words; the sound that follows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | threshold — not defined in this paper's own words; the quantity compared with psychophysics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | dynamic range — not defined in this paper's own words; the second coding element, narrowed by the masker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | juvenile — not defined in this paper's own words; the young animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| Mann-Whitney U test z | as written: Mann-Whitney U -tests for across-unit comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test z | as written: The Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Spearman rank correlation ρ | as written: Spearman’s nonparametric rank correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Fisher's exact test | as written: Fisher’s exact tests of elevation differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| ANCOVA (nonparametric ranked mixed model) F | as written: nonparametric ranked mixed-model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; Conover and Iman 1982 ) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| bootstrap | as written: repeated (bootstrapped) 1,000 times, drawing with replacement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| confidence interval 95% CI | as written: 95% confidence intervals were calculated by bootstrapping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| principal component analysis PCA | as written: sorted into single (SU) or multiunits (MU) on the basis of spike shape and principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard error SE | as written: variances are reported as SE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| percentiles / box plot summary | as written: box edges are 25th and 75th percentiles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| evidence status note | percentiles / box plot summary — This quote ends with the stray word 'To', the first word of the next sentence. It is not trimmed, because the quote without it occurs more than once in the paper's text and could not be tied to one place. The claim is carried by the sentence before 'To'. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| principal component analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | neurometric thresholds computed in two analysis windows - one containing only the tone response, one containing the masker response as well — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | backward masking - a higher threshold for a short tone when a masker follows it than for the same tone in silence — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: auditory backward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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