standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 12 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | what the cortex is doing at the moment an animal is best at detecting a faint sound, and how that state can be measured continuously from outside Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what the synaptic and circuit basis is of the classical inverted-U between arousal and detection performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | arousal read continuously from the pupil predicts membrane potential, sensory response and behaviour, and all three are optimal at an intermediate level where the cortex is stably hyperpolarised Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | arousal-dependent auditory signal detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: We hypothesize that | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: We propose that | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | membrane potential and its variance trace a U-shaped relationship against arousal level as indexed by normalized pupil diameter Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | so the signal-to-noise ratio of an evoked response is high at that state, from both suppressed background and larger responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | at high arousal the cortex depolarises, which may raise single-neuron responsiveness while degrading the interactions that carry a sensory response Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 0.7 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | and thalamic responses fall with arousal and fall further with walking, so part of the cortical decline is inherited Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The proposed thalamo-cortical account of the U-shaped relationship has not been tested across behavioural contexts. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the thalamo-cortical account of the U-shaped relationship: FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, PARTICULARLY THE INFLUENCE OF BEHAVIORAL CONTEXT, REMAINS TO BE DONE | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The paper cannot resolve why locomotion enhances visual but suppresses auditory cortical responses. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the visual-versus-auditory locomotion discrepancy: IT IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR WHETHER THESE APPARENTLY OPPOSING RESULTS REFLECT VARIATIONS BETWEEN SENSORY SYSTEMS IN CORTICAL OR SUBCORTICAL INFLUENCES OF LOCOMOTION AND/OR AROUSAL | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The neuromodulatory pathway linking pupil-indexed arousal to the cortical inhibitory circuitry was not established. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the neuromodulatory account: THE INFLUENCE OF NOREPINEPHRINE, WHICH IS THOUGHT TO CONTROL PUPIL DIAMETER, ON CORTICAL INHIBITORY CIRCUITS REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | whether the opposing visual and auditory results reflect sensory systems, subcortical influences or the arousal level during stillness is stated to be unclear Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the generalisation across cortical areas: in visual cortex LOCOMOTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED SENSORY-EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSES, while in auditory cortex the effect runs the other way | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | laminar position and cell type are named as a second possible source of between-study variation, with their layer 5 cells behaving unlike layer 2/3 visual cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[3], with a second candidate source: ANOTHER POSSIBLE SOURCE OF VARIATION BETWEEN STUDIES ... IS THE LAMINAR POSITION AND CELL TYPE OF THE RECORDED NEURONS | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the influence of behavioural context on the proposed account remains to be done Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the proposed U-shaped account: FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, PART[icularly under behavioural context], remains to be done | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the peak of one measure out of thirteen, behavioural discriminability, sits at a significantly smaller pupil diameter than the rest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the claim that the measures share an optimal arousal level: WE DID NOT FIND STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 12 OF THE 13 BEHAVIORAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL measures - so one of thirteen peaks elsewhere, and it is the behavioural one | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | pupillometry as a continuous index of autonomic state, imported to index cortical membrane potential rather than emotion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | sharp-wave ripple rate as an independent state variable, used to validate the pupil rather than as the object of study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | response latency on hit trials plotted against pupil diameter, showing short latency licks and a large decrease in variability of lick latency at intermediate diameters Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | responses sorted by state against responses averaged over all states, where no effect would be a diagonal of slope one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | eyelid opening measured IN DARKNESS, alongside the pupil recording Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: illumination change as the cause of the pupil dilations - an eye movement changes how much light reaches the pupil, so a dilation time-locked to behaviour could be an optical consequence of looking elsewhere · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | pupil Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pupil | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | hyperpolarized Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hyperpolarized | concepts[9] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | evoked Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: evoked | concepts[19] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | hit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hit | concepts[25] | the paper's words | |
| unhoused_relations | pupil derivative → pupil diameter Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. THE INDEXING / PROXY RELATION - 'from' STANDS IN FOR 'to'. We have no type for it: 'causes' asserts production, and 'operationalised-as' says the authors CHOSE a measure, whereas a proxy claim says THIS STANDS IN FOR WHAT WE ACTUALLY CARE ABOUT AND WE KNOW IT IS NOT THE SAME THING. Measured at 8% of papers. A PROXY FOR ITSELF, DISPLACED IN TIME: 'the explanatory power of the pupil derivative occurs because it serves as a proxy for the pupil diameter approximately 1 second later'. The two endpoints are the same measurement at different lags, which is a substitution no vocabulary of concepts would catch. | unhoused_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| senses | A LITERATURE'S CONTRADICTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE NOBODY MEASURED: state fluctuates continuously and in seconds, which produces variability between studies and between moments inside one study, and has not been accounted for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and one earlier report is named as having recorded across un-anaesthetised states without quantifying the arousal of the animals at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A BINARY CATEGORY IS DISSOLVED INTO A CONTINUUM: the same pupil measure had been used to sort trials into aroused and unaroused, and is used here as a graded quantity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND A WHOLE LITERATURE'S INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS RE-IDENTIFIED: the often reported effects of movement may not result from movement per se but from arousal, with one exception named and kept Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE SHAPE OF THE EFFECT BREAKS THE SUMMARY STATISTIC: because the relation is U-shaped the correlation is positive over one half of the range and negative over the other, which forced a sliding window rather than one coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A RIVAL MEASURE IS TESTED AND THEN EXPLAINED AWAY: the derivative of the pupil predicts less than the diameter, and correlates with the diameter a second later, so its explanatory power may be entirely borrowed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE MEASURE IS VALIDATED THROUGH A CHANNEL WHERE THE CONFOUND CANNOT OPERATE: pupil dilation could be a response to light, so eyelid opening was measured in darkness, where dilation is saturated, and moved the same way Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the recording artefact is ruled out by timing rather than by argument - the depolarisation begins before the behavioural event and returns after it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THIRTEEN MEASURES ARE ASKED WHETHER THEY PEAK IN THE SAME PLACE: twelve are statistically indistinguishable and the thirteenth is not, with an interpretation offered for the one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the state measure is normalised within session because its maximum drifts between days and animals, so every number here is a fraction of that animal's own range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: pupil diameter as a continuous state measure, validated against hippocampal ripple rate and against eyelid opening in darkness, related to membrane potential, evoked responses and trial outcome Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: the inverted-U between arousal and performance, and its cortical signature Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: arousal-dependent auditory signal detection — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Reimer et al. (2014) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Reimer et al. (2014) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Williamson et al. (2014) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | explains-away → the rate of change of pupil diameter as the better index of cortical state, which is shown to be a lagged proxy for the diameter itself Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | reconciles → the divergent reports of cortical membrane potential in waking animals, by supplying the continuously varying state variable none of them measured Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → studies of the effects of walking and whisking on sensory responses, which most likely involved large uncontrolled changes in arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS AROUSAL AS AN UNCONTROLLED VARIABLE. 'Quotation withheld.' A whole literature's independent variable is shown to have carried a second one with it - established by THIS paper's own pupil measurement, which is why nobody could have controlled for it earlier. | claim_relations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the classical Yerkes-Dodson inverted-U between arousal and performance, by giving it a cellular and network basis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → the opposing visual and auditory locomotion results, which are left explicitly unresolved Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE CORTICAL AREA, AND THE SIGN REVERSES ACROSS IT. 'Quotation withheld (over non-locomotion), while in auditory cortex locomot[ion suppresses them].' The paper poses the question, gives the opposite findings, and LEAVES IT UNRESOLVED - so 'locomotion modulates sensory responses' is true with two opposite signs and the area is not optional. | claim_relations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | state —operationalised-as→ arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: A LITERATURE'S CONTRADICTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE NOBODY MEASURED: it fluctuates continuously and rapidly, producing variability between studies and between moments within one, and has not been accounted for
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span writes 'state (arousal)'; operationalised-as is loose. | concept_edges[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | pupil —operationalised-as→ state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: chosen for being non-invasive and continuous, and for tracking state changes whether or not they come with overt movement | concept_edges[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | EIS —operationalised-as→ eyelid Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and a cheaper proxy is then derived from the light reflected off the eye, so the measure can travel
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but reflected infrared light is a proxy for lid opening; operationalised-as is loose. | concept_edges[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | pupil —contrasted-with→ derivative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHICH PREDICTOR ADDS ANYTHING, AND THE ANSWER IS THAT ONE DOES NOT. 'Factoring in both the pupil diameter and its derivative explained 40+/-6% of the variance of power in the 2-10 Hz band, which was statistically larger than the amount explained by pupil derivative (p<0.0005), but not pupil diameter alone (p=0.36).' Adding the derivative to diameter does not improve on diameter alone - a null reported in the same sentence as the significant comparison, and the pair is only distinguishable because both tests are given. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: A RIVAL MEASURE TESTED HEAD TO HEAD: the diameter explains 34 percent of the variance in low-frequency power, the derivative about half that, and both together add nothing over the diameter alone
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span compares pupil diameter with its derivative as indicators; contrasted-with is loose. also in: pupil · derivative | concept_edges[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | microdilation —causes→ membrane potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: ASSOCIATIONAL AND TIME-LOCKED, WHICH IS NOT THE SAME AS CAUSAL: microdilations 'were reliably associated with 5-20 mV time-locked depolarization'. Tight temporal coupling in 16 neurons; nothing was manipulated to establish which leads. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: 5 to 20 mV depolarisations time-locked to them, and leading the pupil by about a second
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says microdilations were ASSOCIATED with depolarization; causes overstates it. also in: microdilation · membrane potential | concept_edges[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | MG —contrasted-with→ ACtx Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: thalamic responses fall steadily with arousal and fall further during walking, so part of the cortical decline is inherited and part is not | concept_edges[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | walking —is-a→ movement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: since walking only ever happened at large pupil diameters, previous studies of movement effects most likely involved large changes in arousal | concept_edges[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | whisking —distinct-from→ arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span argues effects may come from arousal rather than movement; distinct-from is loose. | concept_edges[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | hit —contrasted-with→ false alarm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: with hit and miss trials resampled to equal target level distributions, so loudness cannot be what separates them also in: hit · false alarm | concept_edges[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | arousal —causes→ detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: the optimum is 40 to 60 percent of full dilation, for the neurons and for the behaviour alike
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says intermediate arousal is optimal for detection; causes is loose and unsigned. | concept_edges[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | evoked —distinct-from→ spontaneous Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the optimum is a ratio: background suppressed AND response enhanced, not either alone
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span attributes high SNR to suppression of spontaneous activity; distinct-from is loose. also in: evoked · spontaneous | concept_edges[35] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | depolarization —causes→ reliability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: the proposed cost of the depolarised state - single neurons more responsive, their interactions less so
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span discusses possible detrimental effects of depolarization; causes is loose. also in: depolarization · reliability | concept_edges[36] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | coherence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: coherence | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | bootstrap confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bootstrap confidence interval | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | resampling with replacement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: resampling with replacement | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | signal detection theory measures (d-prime and criterion) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | F-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: F-test | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | explained variance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: explained variance | content_tags.statistics[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cross-correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlation | content_tags.statistics[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | coherence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: coherence | content_tags.statistics[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | cross correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross correlation | content_tags.statistics[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | explained variance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: explained variance | content_tags.statistics[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | resampled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: resampled | content_tags.statistics[14] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Pupil diameter showed a strong inverse relationship to the rate of fast ripples, with a peak coherence of about 0.78 at low frequencies. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Auditory cortical membrane potential and its variance follow a U-shaped function of arousal, being most hyperpolarized and least variable at intermediate pupil diameter. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Brief spontaneous pupil microdilations in still animals are locked to 5-20 mV depolarizations of cortical neurons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The cortical depolarization leads the pupil dilation by roughly one second, so the membrane potential change comes first. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Sound-evoked synaptic responses in auditory cortex are largest at intermediate pupil diameter and shrink with either constriction or further dilation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Behavioural hit rate on the tone-in-noise detection task follows an inverted-U in pupil diameter at every tone intensity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Just before correct detections the membrane potential was more hyperpolarized and less variable than before false alarms. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Pupil diameter predicts trial-to-trial cortical response variability at least as well as walking status and absorbs walking's predictive power. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The optimal arousal band, for both neural coding and behaviour, corresponds to pupils dilated to 40-60% of maximum. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Thalamic (medial geniculate) sound responses decline steadily as pupil diameter increases and are suppressed further during walking. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Raw pupil diameter explains about twice as much of the low-frequency membrane-potential power as the rate of change of pupil diameter does. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Mice only walked when their pupils were large, so locomotion in this preparation is always accompanied by high arousal. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | APPARENTLY DIVERGENT RESULTS ARE ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE NOBODY ACCOUNTED FOR: state fluctuates continuously and rapidly, giving variability between studies and between moments within individual studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the divergent reports themselves laid out first, across species and sensory systems Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: Steriade et al., 2001 ), but recent work in rodent sensory cortical areas has revealed - THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS ROW ATTRIBUTES THE WORK TO SOMEBODY ELSE. The cited name is the subject of a result verb and the sentence carries no first-person marker, so the finding, quantity or definition is the CITED author's rather than this record's. The claim is true and the quote is verbatim - what is wrong is whose result the corpus says it is. Nothing edited, nothing withdrawn: the row is marked so a page can name the source. Where the record is a commentary or review, its claim relations layer usually already names the paper being discussed - the record knows at one layer and forgets at another. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and one earlier study named as having recorded across un-anaesthetised states without quantifying arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | walking increases visual cortical responses and decreases auditory ones, which is the contradiction in view Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A BINARY CATEGORY IS DISSOLVED INTO A CONTINUUM: the same pupil measure had been used to sort trials into aroused and unaroused Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | pupil diameter tracks hippocampal ripple rate inversely, supporting the view that it may be a useful indicator of brain state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE LIGHT CONFOUND IS REMOVED BY CHANGING CHANNEL: eyelid opening measured in darkness, where dilation is saturated, moves the same way Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and a proxy is derived from infrared light reflected from the eye, termed eye-indexed state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the pupil is normalised within session because its maximum drifts between days and animals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | brief dilations are time-locked to 5 to 20 mV depolarisations that lead them by about a second Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | membrane potential and its variance both trace a U against arousal, most hyperpolarised and least variable in the middle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE SHAPE OF THE EFFECT BREAKS THE SUMMARY STATISTIC: the correlation is positive over one half of the range and negative over the other, forcing a sliding window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and layer 5 multi-unit firing shows the same U, lowest at intermediate pupil Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE RECORDING ARTEFACT IS RULED OUT BY TIMING: the depolarisation starts before the behavioural event and returns after it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and spike threshold barely tracks the pupil, varying instead with the rate of rise into threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A RIVAL MEASURE IS TESTED HEAD TO HEAD: raw pupil diameter and the rate of change of pupil diameter are both compared to membrane power at 2-10 Hz, and factoring in both is not statistically better than the diameter alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[27] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THEN EXPLAINED AWAY: the derivative correlates with the diameter 1.3 s later and not with it at the same moment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[28] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | evoked spikes and synaptic responses are largest at moderate pupil diameters and smaller in both directions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with evoked rate, reliability and gain all following the same inverse U Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[30] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the gain model is built so that no effect is a diagonal of slope one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[31] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | thalamic responses fall steadily as the pupil dilates and are suppressed further during walking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE PUPIL SUBSUMES THE OLDER VARIABLE: walking status adds 20 percent explained variance, pupil adds 28, and both together (29) are not significantly more than pupil alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[33] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | lick latency is shortest and least variable at intermediate diameters, for hits and false alarms alike Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[34] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | membrane potentials are most hyperpolarised and least variable before hits, with the largest evoked responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[35] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and hit and miss trials are resampled to equivalent target tone level distributions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[36] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THIRTEEN MEASURES ARE ASKED WHETHER THEY PEAK IN THE SAME PLACE: twelve are indistinguishable and only behavioural discriminability sits lower Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[37] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the optimum is 40 to 60 percent of full dilation, for the neurons and the behaviour alike Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[38] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | which suggests a cellular and network basis for the classical inverted-U Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[39] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and at the best state the signal-to-noise ratio of evoked cortical responses is high, owing both to the suppression of spontaneous activities and the enhanced amplitude of sensory evoked responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[40] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A LITERATURE'S INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS RE-IDENTIFIED: reported effects of movement may not result from movement per se but from arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[41] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with previous walking studies described as having most likely involved large uncontrolled changes in arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[42] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and one arousal-independent walking effect, on thalamic responses and decision bias, named and kept Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[43] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | laminar position and cell type are named as a second source of between-study variation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[44] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and whether the opposing visual and auditory results reflect systems, subcortical influence or arousal during stillness is left open Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[45] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the proposed cost is that depolarisation may raise single-neuron responsiveness while harming sensory-evoked neuronal interactions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[46] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the influence of behavioural context on the account remains to be done Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[47] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the classical Yerkes-Dodson curve predicts optimal performance at intermediate arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[48] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | microdilations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: microdilations | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | eye-indexed state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: eye-indexed state | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Yerkes-Dodson curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Yerkes-Dodson curve | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | canonical wakeful state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: canonical wakeful state | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | EIS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: EIS | content_tags.definitions[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | microdilation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: microdilation | content_tags.definitions[5] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | gain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gain | content_tags.definitions[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | arousal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: arousal | content_tags.definitions[7] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | target tone level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: target tone level | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | intracellular injection of current Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intracellular injection of current | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | spontaneous activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spontaneous activity | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | behavioral performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: behavioral performance | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | pupil diameter Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pupil diameter | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | pupil Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pupil | content_tags.variables[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | membrane potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: membrane potential | content_tags.variables[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | gain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gain | content_tags.variables[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | latency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: latency | content_tags.variables[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | reliability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reliability | content_tags.variables[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 0.78 ± 0.07 — peak coherence between pupil diameter and hippocampal fast-ripple rate at low frequencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | R=−0.94 +/− 0.03 — correlation between pupil diameter and hippocampal ripple rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 5–20 mV — amplitude of the membrane-potential depolarizations time-locked to pupil microdilations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1.1 ± 0.1 s — lead time by which cortical depolarization precedes pupil dilation or eyelid opening Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 34±7% versus 18±4% — variance in 2-10 Hz membrane-potential power explained by pupil diameter versus by its temporal derivative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | −74 ± 1.2 mV — average membrane potential corresponding to zero change on the arousal heatmap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 37 ± 17%, 160 ± 120%, and 94 ± 55% — gain in explained variance for d-prime, bias and lick latency when pupil diameter is known in addition to tone intensity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ~0.15 mm to ~1.8 mm — range over which pupil diameter varied in waking mice under constant low light Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 40–60% — fraction of full dilation that marks the optimal arousal band for neural coding and behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 40–60% — of full dilation - the optimum, and the same range for the neurons and for the behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 34±7% — variance in low-frequency membrane power explained by pupil diameter, against about half that for its derivative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 1.3 ± 0.7 seconds — the lag by which the pupil derivative leads the diameter - which is why it looked like a better predictor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 1.1 ± 0.1 s — by how much the cortical depolarisation precedes the pupil dilation it is locked to Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 20 ± 8% — explained variance added by knowing walking status, against 28 percent for pupil diameter and nothing for both together Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 12 of the 13 — measures whose optimum could not be distinguished from one another Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.