phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | arousal-dependent auditory signal detection— “The neural correlates of optimal states for signal detection task performance are largely unknown.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Our results suggest a cellular and network basis for this classical result.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Whole cell recordings were made from regular or fast spiking neurons in layers 4 and 5 of ACtx using a physiological intracellular solution (see Supplemental Methods : Whole-Cell Recording).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We recorded membrane potentials of auditory cortical neurons in mice trained on a challenging tone-in-noise detection task while assessing arousal with simultaneous pupillometry and hippocampal recordings. Arousal measures accurately predicted multiple modes of membrane potential activity, including: rhythmic slow oscillations at low arousal… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Human and animal studies have reported that performance on signal detection tasks is highly state-dependent, exhibiting an inverted-U dependence on arousal and the activity of neuromodulatory pathways. This relationship, known as the Yerkes-Dodson curve, predicts that optimal performance occurs at intermediate levels of arousal” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Optimal signal detection behavior and sound-evoked responses, at both sub-threshold and spiking levels, occurred at intermediate arousal when pre-decision membrane potentials were stably hyperpolarized. These results reveal a cortical physiological signature of the classically-observed inverted-U relationship between task performance and… | |
| transfer | from psychophysiology: pupillometry as a continuous index of autonomic state, imported to index cortical membrane potential rather than emotion— “We primarily focus on pupil diameter as a measure of state, owing to its ease of measurement, non-invasive nature, and ability to continuously and sensitively track state changes, whether or not they accompany overt walking, whisking, or other movements” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from hippocampal electrophysiology: sharp-wave ripple rate as an independent state variable, used to validate the pupil rather than as the object of study— “The pupil diameter exhibited a strong inverse relationship to the rate of occurrence of fast ripples ( Figs. 1c–f , S1 ), with a peak coherence of 0.78 ± 0.07 (n=6 cells from N=6 animals) at low frequencies (<0.05 Hz) and a significant coherence at all frequencies up to 1 Hz ( Figs. 1e ). Theta activity was largely associated with walking… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from signal detection theory: response latency on hit trials plotted against pupil diameter, showing short latency licks and a large decrease in variability of lick latency at intermediate diameters— “Plotting response latency on hit trials versus pupil diameter, for an example session, reveals that intermediate pupil diameters are associated with short latency licks and a large decrease in variability of lick latency. e, Group data demonstrating that lick latency on hit trials is shortest for intermediate pupil diameters (n=30 sessions… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from gain modelling: responses sorted by state against responses averaged over all states, where no effect would be a diagonal of slope one— “If the state changes reflected by pupil diameter had no effect, this relationship would be a diagonal line with slope of 1. Variations in pupil diameter exhibited a consistent change in the slope of this relationship, with the highest slope occurring at intermediate pupil diameters ( Fig. 5d–h ) for both ACtx and MG responses (see however, (… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | rising arousal suppresses low-frequency cortical rhythms, letting cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical circuits interact more reliably and so producing larger, more precise sensory responses— “We hypothesize that this suppression of low frequency rhythms allows cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical circuits to operate more reliably, enhancing sensory-evoked neuronal interactions, and thereby contributing to precise, reliable, and large sensory responses ( Haider et al., 2010 ; Lee and Dan, 2012 ; Pinto et al., 2013 ).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | at hyper-arousal the depolarization is carried by task-unrelated synaptic activity that raises membrane variance and thereby disrupts sensory-evoked neuronal interactions— “Although depolarization may increase the responsiveness of single cortical neurons, it may have a detrimental effect on sensory evoked neuronal interactions if the depolarization is mediated by synaptic activity that increases membrane variance or is unrelated to the task.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | the opposing arousal-driven changes in thalamic gain and cortical depolarization combine to generate the U and inverted-U curves relating arousal to neural and behavioural performance— “We propose that together these opposing arousal-associated changes in thalamo-cortical activity produce the U, or inverted U, shaped relationships between neuronal and behavioral responses and arousal observed here ( Fig. 8 ).” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the lag between cortical depolarization and pupil dilation arises because pupillary and eyelid muscles respond slowly to sympathetic and parasympathetic drive— “Much or all of this lag may represent the slow time course of pupillary/eyelid movement to alterations in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity ( Loewenfeld, 1999 ).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | membrane potential and its variance trace a U-shaped relationship against arousal level as indexed by normalized pupil diameter— “Thus, plotting the membrane potential of cortical neurons as a group (n=9) against arousal level revealed a U-shaped relationship between average membrane potential/variance with normalized pupil diameter” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | so the signal-to-noise ratio of an evoked response is high at that state, from both suppressed background and larger responses— “At the best state for behavioral performance on our sensory detection task, the signal-to-noise ratio of evoked cortical responses is high, owing both to the suppression of spontaneous activities and the enhanced amplitude of sensory evoked responses” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | at high arousal the cortex depolarises, which may raise single-neuron responsiveness while degrading the interactions that carry a sensory response— “Although depolarization may increase the responsiveness of single cortical neurons, it may have a detrimental effect on sensory evoked neuronal interactions if the depolarization is mediated by synaptic activity that increases membrane variance or is unrelated to the task. The subsequent decreased reliability of cortical responses may also… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | and thalamic responses fall with arousal and fall further with walking, so part of the cortical decline is inherited— “To examine if the variations in ACtx response amplitude also occurred at subcortical levels, we performed MU (n=9) recordings in the medial geniculate body (MG). As observed with ACtx neurons, variations in pupil diameter in the non-walking animal were associated with variations in the amplitude and reliability of the evoked action potential… | mechanisms[7] |
| extends | Reimer et al. (2014)— “A recently published study of the mouse visual cortex, which paralleled our own investigations, suggested that the rate of change of pupil diameter was an accurate measure of changes in cortical membrane potential power ( Reimer et al., 2014 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | Reimer et al. (2014)— “Indeed, while our deep lying pyramidal neurons were depolarized during micro-arousals without walking ( Fig. 2 ), whole cell recordings from layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the visual cortex reveal no significant change in membrane potential with non-movement related arousal ( Reimer et al., 2014 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Williamson et al. (2014)— “These results are consistent with the large walking-specific decrease in evoked firing rate in MG neurons ( Fig. 5b ) ( Williamson et al., 2014 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| explains-away | the rate of change of pupil diameter as the better index of cortical state, which is shown to be a lagged proxy for the diameter itself— “Importantly, we found that the derivative of the pupil was correlated to the pupil diameter 1.3 ± 0.7 seconds later (CC = 0.32 ± 0.02; p<0.001; n=9; Fig. S6k,l ), but not to the pupil diameter at the same time (correlation coefficient CC = 0.0035 ± 0.0043; p=0.44). This lag approximately matched the observed lag between physiological… | claim_relations[3] |
| reconciles | the divergent reports of cortical membrane potential in waking animals, by supplying the continuously varying state variable none of them measured— “One possible explanation of these apparently divergent results is that state (arousal) fluctuates continuously and rapidly, resulting in a high… | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | studies of the effects of walking and whisking on sensory responses, which most likely involved large uncontrolled changes in arousal | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | the classical Yerkes-Dodson inverted-U between arousal and performance, by giving it a cellular and network basis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| qualifies | the opposing visual and auditory locomotion results, which are left explicitly unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | A LITERATURE'S CONTRADICTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE NOBODY MEASURED: state fluctuates continuously and in seconds, which produces variability between studies and between moments inside one study, and has not been accounted for Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and one earlier report is named as having recorded across un-anaesthetised states without quantifying the arousal of the animals at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | A BINARY CATEGORY IS DISSOLVED INTO A CONTINUUM: the same pupil measure had been used to sort trials into aroused and unaroused, and is used here as a graded quantity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | AND A WHOLE LITERATURE'S INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS RE-IDENTIFIED: the often reported effects of movement may not result from movement per se but from arousal, with one exception named and kept Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE SHAPE OF THE EFFECT BREAKS THE SUMMARY STATISTIC: because the relation is U-shaped the correlation is positive over one half of the range and negative over the other, which forced a sliding window rather than one coefficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | A RIVAL MEASURE IS TESTED AND THEN EXPLAINED AWAY: the derivative of the pupil predicts less than the diameter, and correlates with the diameter a second later, so its explanatory power may be entirely borrowed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | THE MEASURE IS VALIDATED THROUGH A CHANNEL WHERE THE CONFOUND CANNOT OPERATE: pupil dilation could be a response to light, so eyelid opening was measured in darkness, where dilation is saturated, and moved the same way Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | and the recording artefact is ruled out by timing rather than by argument - the depolarisation begins before the behavioural event and returns after it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THIRTEEN MEASURES ARE ASKED WHETHER THEY PEAK IN THE SAME PLACE: twelve are statistically indistinguishable and the thirteenth is not, with an interpretation offered for the one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | and the state measure is normalised within session because its maximum drifts between days and animals, so every number here is a fraction of that animal's own range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| control | eyelid opening measured IN DARKNESS, alongside the pupil recording — held — rules out illumination change as the cause of the pupil dilations - an eye movement changes how much light reaches the pupil, so a dilation time-locked to behaviour could be an optical consequence of looking elsewhere Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | studies of the effects of walking and whisking on sensory responses, which most likely involved large uncontrolled changes in arousal — THE AXIS IS AROUSAL AS AN UNCONTROLLED VARIABLE. 'Owing to the association of walking with large pupil diameter that we observed, previous studies on the effects of walking or other movements on sensory responses have most likely involved significant changes in arousal.' A whole literature's independent variable is shown to have carried a second one with it - established by THIS paper's own pupil measurement, which is why nobody could have controlled for it earlier. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | the opposing visual and auditory locomotion results, which are left explicitly unresolved — THE AXIS IS THE CORTICAL AREA, AND THE SIGN REVERSES ACROSS IT. 'Are the effects of arousal similar across cortical areas? In studies of the visual cortex, locomotion is associated with enhanced sensory-evoked visual responses (over non-locomotion), while in auditory cortex locomot[ion suppresses them].' The paper poses the question, gives the opposite findings, and LEAVES IT UNRESOLVED - so 'locomotion modulates sensory responses' is true with two opposite signs and the area is not optional. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| audit | state —operationalised-as→ arousal — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span writes 'state (arousal)'; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | state —operationalised-as→ arousal — A LITERATURE'S CONTRADICTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE NOBODY MEASURED: it fluctuates continuously and rapidly, producing variability between studies and between moments within one, and has not been accounted for Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | pupil —operationalised-as→ state — chosen for being non-invasive and continuous, and for tracking state changes whether or not they come with overt movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | EIS —operationalised-as→ eyelid — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but reflected infrared light is a proxy for lid opening; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | EIS —operationalised-as→ eyelid — and a cheaper proxy is then derived from the light reflected off the eye, so the measure can travel Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | pupil —contrasted-with→ derivative — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span compares pupil diameter with its derivative as indicators; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| differs in | pupil —contrasted-with→ derivative — THE AXIS IS WHICH PREDICTOR ADDS ANYTHING, AND THE ANSWER IS THAT ONE DOES NOT. 'Factoring in both the pupil diameter and its derivative explained 40+/-6% of the variance of power in the 2-10 Hz band, which was statistically larger than the amount explained by pupil derivative (p<0.0005), but not pupil diameter alone (p=0.36).' Adding the derivative to diameter does not improve on diameter alone - a null reported in the same sentence as the significant comparison, and the pair is only distinguishable because both tests are given. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | pupil —contrasted-with→ derivative — A RIVAL MEASURE TESTED HEAD TO HEAD: the diameter explains 34 percent of the variance in low-frequency power, the derivative about half that, and both together add nothing over the diameter alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | microdilation —causes→ membrane potential — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says microdilations were ASSOCIATED with depolarization; causes overstates it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| evidential status | microdilation —causes→ membrane potential — ASSOCIATIONAL AND TIME-LOCKED, WHICH IS NOT THE SAME AS CAUSAL: microdilations 'were reliably associated with 5-20 mV time-locked depolarization'. Tight temporal coupling in 16 neurons; nothing was manipulated to establish which leads. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | microdilation —causes→ membrane potential — 5 to 20 mV depolarisations time-locked to them, and leading the pupil by about a second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | MG —contrasted-with→ ACtx — thalamic responses fall steadily with arousal and fall further during walking, so part of the cortical decline is inherited and part is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| note | walking —is-a→ movement — since walking only ever happened at large pupil diameters, previous studies of movement effects most likely involved large changes in arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[23] |
| audit | whisking —distinct-from→ arousal — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span argues effects may come from arousal rather than movement; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| weight | whisking —distinct-from→ arousal — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| note | hit —contrasted-with→ false alarm — with hit and miss trials resampled to equal target level distributions, so loudness cannot be what separates them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[29] |
| audit | arousal —causes→ detection — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says intermediate arousal is optimal for detection; causes is loose and unsigned. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[32] |
| note | arousal —causes→ detection — the optimum is 40 to 60 percent of full dilation, for the neurons and for the behaviour alike Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[32] |
| audit | evoked —distinct-from→ spontaneous — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span attributes high SNR to suppression of spontaneous activity; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[35] |
| note | evoked —distinct-from→ spontaneous — and the optimum is a ratio: background suppressed AND response enhanced, not either alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[35] |
| audit | depolarization —causes→ reliability — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span discusses possible detrimental effects of depolarization; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[36] |
| note | depolarization —causes→ reliability — the proposed cost of the depolarised state - single neurons more responsive, their interactions less so Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[36] |
| weight | depolarization —causes→ reliability — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[36] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the thalamo-cortical account of the U-shaped relationship: FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, PARTICULARLY THE INFLUENCE OF BEHAVIORAL CONTEXT, REMAINS TO BE DONE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the visual-versus-auditory locomotion discrepancy: IT IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR WHETHER THESE APPARENTLY OPPOSING RESULTS REFLECT VARIATIONS BETWEEN SENSORY SYSTEMS IN CORTICAL OR SUBCORTICAL INFLUENCES OF LOCOMOTION AND/OR AROUSAL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the neuromodulatory account: THE INFLUENCE OF NOREPINEPHRINE, WHICH IS THOUGHT TO CONTROL PUPIL DIAMETER, ON CORTICAL INHIBITORY CIRCUITS REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the generalisation across cortical areas: in visual cortex LOCOMOTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED SENSORY-EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSES, while in auditory cortex the effect runs the other way Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3], with a second candidate source: ANOTHER POSSIBLE SOURCE OF VARIATION BETWEEN STUDIES ... IS THE LAMINAR POSITION AND CELL TYPE OF THE RECORDED NEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the proposed U-shaped account: FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, PART[icularly under behavioural context], remains to be done Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that the measures share an optimal arousal level: WE DID NOT FIND STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 12 OF THE 13 BEHAVIORAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL measures - so one of thirteen peaks elsewhere, and it is the behavioural one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: We hypothesize that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: We propose that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | pupil derivative → pupil diameter — THE INDEXING / PROXY RELATION - 'from' STANDS IN FOR 'to'. We have no type for it: 'causes' asserts production, and 'operationalised-as' says the authors CHOSE a measure, whereas a proxy claim says THIS STANDS IN FOR WHAT WE ACTUALLY CARE ABOUT AND WE KNOW IT IS NOT THE SAME THING. Measured at 8% of papers. A PROXY FOR ITSELF, DISPLACED IN TIME: 'the explanatory power of the pupil derivative occurs because it serves as a proxy for the pupil diameter approximately 1 second later'. The two endpoints are the same measurement at different lags, which is a substitution no vocabulary of concepts would catch. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | The proposed thalamo-cortical account of the U-shaped relationship has not been tested across behavioural contexts. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The paper cannot resolve why locomotion enhances visual but suppresses auditory cortical responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The neuromodulatory pathway linking pupil-indexed arousal to the cortical inhibitory circuitry was not established. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | whether the opposing visual and auditory results reflect sensory systems, subcortical influences or the arousal level during stillness is stated to be unclear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | laminar position and cell type are named as a second possible source of between-study variation, with their layer 5 cells behaving unlike layer 2/3 visual cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the influence of behavioural context on the proposed account remains to be done Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the peak of one measure out of thirteen, behavioural discriminability, sits at a significantly smaller pupil diameter than the rest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Pupil diameter showed a strong inverse relationship to the rate of fast ripples, with a peak coherence of about 0.78 at low frequencies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Auditory cortical membrane potential and its variance follow a U-shaped function of arousal, being most hyperpolarized and least variable at intermediate pupil diameter. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Brief spontaneous pupil microdilations in still animals are locked to 5-20 mV depolarizations of cortical neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The cortical depolarization leads the pupil dilation by roughly one second, so the membrane potential change comes first. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Sound-evoked synaptic responses in auditory cortex are largest at intermediate pupil diameter and shrink with either constriction or further dilation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Behavioural hit rate on the tone-in-noise detection task follows an inverted-U in pupil diameter at every tone intensity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Just before correct detections the membrane potential was more hyperpolarized and less variable than before false alarms. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Pupil diameter predicts trial-to-trial cortical response variability at least as well as walking status and absorbs walking's predictive power. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The optimal arousal band, for both neural coding and behaviour, corresponds to pupils dilated to 40-60% of maximum. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Thalamic (medial geniculate) sound responses decline steadily as pupil diameter increases and are suppressed further during walking. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | Raw pupil diameter explains about twice as much of the low-frequency membrane-potential power as the rate of change of pupil diameter does. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | Mice only walked when their pupils were large, so locomotion in this preparation is always accompanied by high arousal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | APPARENTLY DIVERGENT RESULTS ARE ATTRIBUTED TO A VARIABLE NOBODY ACCOUNTED FOR: state fluctuates continuously and rapidly, giving variability between studies and between moments within individual studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | with the divergent reports themselves laid out first, across species and sensory systems Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | and one earlier study named as having recorded across un-anaesthetised states without quantifying arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | walking increases visual cortical responses and decreases auditory ones, which is the contradiction in view Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | A BINARY CATEGORY IS DISSOLVED INTO A CONTINUUM: the same pupil measure had been used to sort trials into aroused and unaroused Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | pupil diameter tracks hippocampal ripple rate inversely, supporting the view that it may be a useful indicator of brain state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | THE LIGHT CONFOUND IS REMOVED BY CHANGING CHANNEL: eyelid opening measured in darkness, where dilation is saturated, moves the same way Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | and a proxy is derived from infrared light reflected from the eye, termed eye-indexed state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | the pupil is normalised within session because its maximum drifts between days and animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | brief dilations are time-locked to 5 to 20 mV depolarisations that lead them by about a second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | membrane potential and its variance both trace a U against arousal, most hyperpolarised and least variable in the middle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | THE SHAPE OF THE EFFECT BREAKS THE SUMMARY STATISTIC: the correlation is positive over one half of the range and negative over the other, forcing a sliding window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | and layer 5 multi-unit firing shows the same U, lowest at intermediate pupil Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | THE RECORDING ARTEFACT IS RULED OUT BY TIMING: the depolarisation starts before the behavioural event and returns after it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | and spike threshold barely tracks the pupil, varying instead with the rate of rise into threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | A RIVAL MEASURE IS TESTED HEAD TO HEAD: raw pupil diameter and the rate of change of pupil diameter are both compared to membrane power at 2-10 Hz, and factoring in both is not statistically better than the diameter alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | AND THEN EXPLAINED AWAY: the derivative correlates with the diameter 1.3 s later and not with it at the same moment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | evoked spikes and synaptic responses are largest at moderate pupil diameters and smaller in both directions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | with evoked rate, reliability and gain all following the same inverse U Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | and the gain model is built so that no effect is a diagonal of slope one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | thalamic responses fall steadily as the pupil dilates and are suppressed further during walking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | THE PUPIL SUBSUMES THE OLDER VARIABLE: walking status adds 20 percent explained variance, pupil adds 28, and both together (29) are not significantly more than pupil alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | lick latency is shortest and least variable at intermediate diameters, for hits and false alarms alike Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | membrane potentials are most hyperpolarised and least variable before hits, with the largest evoked responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | and hit and miss trials are resampled to equivalent target tone level distributions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | THIRTEEN MEASURES ARE ASKED WHETHER THEY PEAK IN THE SAME PLACE: twelve are indistinguishable and only behavioural discriminability sits lower Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | the optimum is 40 to 60 percent of full dilation, for the neurons and the behaviour alike Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | which suggests a cellular and network basis for the classical inverted-U Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | and at the best state the signal-to-noise ratio of evoked cortical responses is high, owing both to the suppression of spontaneous activities and the enhanced amplitude of sensory evoked responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | A LITERATURE'S INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS RE-IDENTIFIED: reported effects of movement may not result from movement per se but from arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | with previous walking studies described as having most likely involved large uncontrolled changes in arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | and one arousal-independent walking effect, on thalamic responses and decision bias, named and kept Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| finding | laminar position and cell type are named as a second source of between-study variation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[44] |
| finding | and whether the opposing visual and auditory results reflect systems, subcortical influence or arousal during stillness is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[45] |
| finding | the proposed cost is that depolarisation may raise single-neuron responsiveness while harming sensory-evoked neuronal interactions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[46] |
| finding | and the influence of behavioural context on the account remains to be done Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[47] |
| finding | the classical Yerkes-Dodson curve predicts optimal performance at intermediate arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[48] |
| quantity | 0.78 ± 0.07 — peak coherence between pupil diameter and hippocampal fast-ripple rate at low frequencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | R=−0.94 +/− 0.03 — correlation between pupil diameter and hippocampal ripple rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 5–20 mV — amplitude of the membrane-potential depolarizations time-locked to pupil microdilations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 1.1 ± 0.1 s — lead time by which cortical depolarization precedes pupil dilation or eyelid opening Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 34±7% versus 18±4% — variance in 2-10 Hz membrane-potential power explained by pupil diameter versus by its temporal derivative Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | −74 ± 1.2 mV — average membrane potential corresponding to zero change on the arousal heatmap Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 37 ± 17%, 160 ± 120%, and 94 ± 55% — gain in explained variance for d-prime, bias and lick latency when pupil diameter is known in addition to tone intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | ~0.15 mm to ~1.8 mm — range over which pupil diameter varied in waking mice under constant low light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 40–60% — fraction of full dilation that marks the optimal arousal band for neural coding and behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 40–60% — of full dilation - the optimum, and the same range for the neurons and for the behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 34±7% — variance in low-frequency membrane power explained by pupil diameter, against about half that for its derivative Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 1.3 ± 0.7 seconds — the lag by which the pupil derivative leads the diameter - which is why it looked like a better predictor Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 1.1 ± 0.1 s — by how much the cortical depolarisation precedes the pupil dilation it is locked to Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 20 ± 8% — explained variance added by knowing walking status, against 28 percent for pupil diameter and nothing for both together Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 12 of the 13 — measures whose optimum could not be distinguished from one another Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| variable | target tone level (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | intracellular injection of current (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | spontaneous activity (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | behavioral performance (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | pupil diameter (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | pupil Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | membrane potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | reliability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | microdilations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | eye-indexed state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Yerkes-Dodson curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | canonical wakeful state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | EIS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | microdilation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | arousal, pupil, ripple, eyelid, EIS, derivative, membrane potential, Vm, variance, oscillation, microdilation, walking, movement, whisking, ACtx, MG, layer, evoked, spontaneous, gain, reliability, coherence, detection, hit, false alarm, latency, inverted-U, U-shaped, state, sensory |
| concept | pupil — not defined in this paper's own words; how arousal is read, non-invasively and moment to moment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | hyperpolarized — not defined in this paper's own words; the state of the optimum - stable, quiet, and below rest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | evoked — not defined in this paper's own words; the sound response, largest and most reliable at the optimum Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| concept | hit — not defined in this paper's own words; the trial type before which the cortex is most hyperpolarised and least variable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[25] |
| coherence | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| correlation CC | as written: correlation coefficient CC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| ANOVA | as written: ANOVA models with posthoc pairwise comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| standard deviation S.D. | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| bootstrap confidence interval CI | as written: 68% bootstrap confidence interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| resampling with replacement | as written: resampled (1000 times with replacement) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| signal detection theory measures (d-prime and criterion) d′ | as written: standard signal detection theory measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| F-test F | as written: F 1,7 =28.3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| explained variance | as written: increase in explained variance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| cross-correlation | as written: average of the correlation coefficient between all pairs of responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| coherence | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| cross correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| explained variance | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| resampled | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | pupil diameter as a continuous state measure, validated against hippocampal ripple rate and against eyelid opening in darkness, related to membrane potential, evoked responses and trial outcome — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the inverted-U between arousal and performance, and its cortical signature — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: arousal-dependent auditory signal detection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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