Engaging in an auditory task suppresses responses in auditory cortex

Otazu, Tai, Yang, Zador · Nature Neuroscience · 2009 · neuroscience · 10.1038/nn.2306 · record Otazu2009-engaging-in-an-auditory-task-suppresses-resp
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית
Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (xml); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The article text uses numbered superscript citations rather than author names, so claim relations targets are described by content plus reference number; only the two places where the paper explicitly aligns or contrasts itself with prior work are recorded. Replication status is 'contested' because the paper states its spontaneous-activity result runs against other engagement studies while its suppression result agrees with the barrel-cortex literature. The paper also carries a critique element ('These results demonstrate that in auditory cortex, neural activity cannot be viewed simply as a limited resource allocated in greater measure as the state of the animal passes from somnolent to passively listening to engaged and attentive.'), but the primary shape of the contribution is the demonstration that the suppression occurs, so claim type is 'existence'. Several evidence quotes contain curly quotation marks and en-dashes exactly as they appear in the source. 2026-08-13 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.
8 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.
How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
arousal 2 fields · anesthesia 2 fields · selective attention 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 12 concept tags on this paper, none is grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.
selective attention engaged passive modulation index auditory cortex auditory thalamus spontaneous activity synaptic depression kurtosis arousal anesthesia repetition rate Raised thalamic spontaneous firing depresses thalamocortical synapses, which suppresses the cortical evoked response while leaving cortical spontaneous rate unchanged Preceding spontaneous activity leaves thalamocortical synapses in a depleted state, so identical thalamic evoked responses drive smaller cortical responses Release probability falls inversely with presynaptic rate, so a higher thalamic firing rate does not translate into a higher cortical spontaneous rate Suppression functions as an early stage of routing the sensory signal to motor centres by silencing neurons irrelevant to the current task evoked response multiunit local field potentials medial geniculate sparser non-selective two-alternative choice head-fixed modulation index range isolation distance selective component non-selective component thalamic spontaneous firing rate intertrial interval spontaneous firing rate paired t-test kurtosis of the firing rate distribution standard error of the mean correlation suppression was correlated with spontaneous activity p-value Mahalanobis distance (spike-cluster quality metric) Mahalanobis distance from the center of an identified cluster electrophysiology

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second readingalternativesan independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other workclaim_relationshow this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim typeclaim_typethe shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edgeconcept_edgesan asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
content tagcontent_tagsa finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contributioncontributionwhat the paper claims to add
controlcontrolsan experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitationlimitationswhat the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanismmechanismshow the reported effect is said to come about
methodmethodhow the paper produced its evidence
object of studyobject_of_studywhat the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenonphenomenonthe effect or regularity under study
research questionresearch_questionthe question the paper sets itself
sensesensesa distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfertransfersa method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2306. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 2 · claim_relations 7 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 3 · content_tags 55 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 9 · mechanisms 10 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 4 · transfers 2

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 3 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facettagfieldconf.whose words
object_of_studyhow engaging in a task, as distinct from selectively attending, changes sound-evoked responses in auditory cortex
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object_of_studythe paper's words
research_questionwhat the neural signature of the non-selective component of attention is in auditory cortex
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research_questionthe paper's words
contributionshows task engagement suppresses evoked responses in A1 - the opposite sign to selective attention - and proposes suppression as the wakeful baseline on which other modulations are superimposed
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contributionthe paper's words
claim_typeexistence
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claim_typethe paper's words
phenomenontask-engagement suppression of sound-evoked responses in auditory cortex
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phenomenonthe paper's words
methodelectrophysiology
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methodthe paper's words
mechanismsmechanisms
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mechanisms[0]the tagger's words
mechanismsmechanisms
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mechanisms[1]the tagger's words
mechanismsmechanisms
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mechanisms[2]the tagger's words
mechanismsmechanisms
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mechanisms[3]the tagger's words
mechanismsthalamic spontaneous rate rises during engagement while thalamic evoked responses do not change
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mechanisms[4]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismssynaptic depression at thalamocortical synapses could convert a raised thalamic spontaneous rate into a suppressed cortical evoked response without raising cortical spontaneous rate
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mechanisms[5]0.9the tagger's words
mechanismssuppression concentrates the same stimulus into fewer, harder-firing neurons - the representation becomes sparser by kurtosis
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mechanisms[6]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismsheadphones deliver identical stimuli regardless of the animal's position, so any difference must come from the animal's state
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mechanisms[7]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismssuppression correlates with a cell's spontaneous rate, a property independent of the stimulus used
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mechanisms[8]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismssynaptic depression is argued to cover the steady-state effects, with other mechanisms left open for the first few stimuli
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mechanisms[9]0.9the tagger's words
limitationsSimultaneous multi-neuron recording meant stimuli could not be matched to each neuron's receptive field.
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what this limits: every response-magnitude comparison: BECAUSE ... WE RECORDED FROM SEVERAL NEURONS SIMULTANEOUSLY, WE COULD NOT OPTIMIZE THE STIMULUS PROPERTIES TO MATCH THE RECEPTIVE FIELD PROPERTIES of the recorded neurons
limitations[0]the tagger's words
limitationsThe paradigm differs enough from barrel-cortex whisking studies that the two sets of results cannot be compared in detail.
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what this limits: any comparison with the barrel-cortex literature: DIFFERENCES IN THE BEHAVIORAL PARADIGMS USED IN THE PRESENT WORK ... AND THE PARADIGMS USED IN THE BARREL SYSTEM prevent it
limitations[1]the tagger's words
limitationsThe attentional load of the task was modest, and a harder task might have reduced or reversed the suppression.
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what this limits: the size and sign of the suppression: the attentional load was modest, and a harder task might have reduced or reversed it
limitations[2]the tagger's words
limitationsThe synaptic and circuit mechanism of the suppression is not established.
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what this limits: the mechanistic reading of the suppression: OUR RESULTS REPRESENT A FIRST STEP TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE SYNAPTIC AND CIRCUIT MECHANISMS - the mechanism is not established here
limitations[3]the tagger's words
limitationsthe absence of target enhancement is attributed to a modest attentional load, so a harder task might have changed the result
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duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - the absence of target enhancement is attributed to a modest attentional load, so a harder task might have changed the result
limitations[4]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsa minority of units, 8 of 32, showed the opposite effect
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what this limits: the word 'suppression' as a description of the population: A MINORITY SHOWED AN INCREASE (8/32 UNITS). THIS HAD THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATING THE STIMULUS-EVOKED SPIKES INTO [a] SMALLER POPULATION OF NEURONS
limitations[5]1.0the tagger's words
limitationssuppression interacts with repetition rate and disappears at the highest rates
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what this limits: the stimulus range over which the effect holds: AT ALL BUT THE HIGHEST REPETITION RATES, THE RESPONSES IN THE ENGAGED CONDITION WERE RELATIVELY SUPPRESSED ... THUS SUPPRESSION INTERACTS WITH REPETITION RATE
limitations[6]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsthe thalamocortical depression account is offered as an explanation that could work, not one that was tested here
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what this limits: the thalamocortical mechanism: SYNAPTIC DEPRESSION OF THE THALAMOCORTICAL INPUTS COULD EXPLAIN HOW THE RELATIVE ENHANCEMENT ... MIGHT LEAD TO SUPPRESSION - offered, not tested here
limitations[7]0.95the tagger's words
limitationsthe two intermodal experiments used a harder task and longer training than the main experiment
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what this limits: any comparison between the intermodal experiments and the main one: WE USED A TONE DISCRIMINATION TASK WHICH WAS SUBSTANTIALLY MORE CHALLENGING (~3 WEEKS TRAINING, PERFORMANCE ~80%)
limitations[8]0.9the tagger's words
transfersthe whisking-versus-quiet suppression in barrel cortex, used as the cross-modal parallel for the same effect
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transfers[0]1.0the tagger's words
transfersshort-term synaptic depression and the inverse relation between release probability and presynaptic rate, imported as the circuit explanation
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transfers[1]1.0the tagger's words
controlsthe tetrodes advanced at least 40 micrometres EVERY DAY
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eliminates: the same cells being counted as independent observations across sessions - without moving the electrode, a strong effect in one neuron is re-measured daily and the sample size is a fiction · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held
controls[0]0.95the tagger's words
sensesattention is split into a well-defined SELECTIVE component and a much less well-defined non-selective one covering arousal, vigilance and sustained attention - and the two have OPPOSITE signs in this cortex
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senses[0]1.0the tagger's words
sensesengaged is coined here for the non-selective component: performing a task, as against being awake and not performing one
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senses[1]1.0the tagger's words
sensesmodulation index is defined twice in this paper with different contents - engaged versus passive in the main experiment, auditory versus olfactory block in the intermodal one
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senses[2]1.0the tagger's words
sensessuppression is proposed not as an effect but as the BASELINE on which other attentional and non-attentional modulations are superimposed
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senses[3]1.0the tagger's words
alternativesmethod: tetrode recording in rat A1 and auditory thalamus across four task variants, comparing engaged and passive conditions with identical headphone-delivered stimuli
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a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.
alternatives.methodthe tagger's words
alternativesphenomenon: behavioural-state modulation of sensory cortex
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a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: task-engagement suppression of sound-evoked responses in auditory cortex — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.
alternatives.phenomenonthe tagger's words
claim_relationscontradicts → prior studies reporting increased spontaneous activity with task engagement (cited as reference 19)
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claim_relations[0]the tagger's words
claim_relationsbuilds-on → rat barrel cortex whisking-versus-quiet-wakefulness studies (cited as references 37–39)
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claim_relations[1]the tagger's words
claim_relationscontradicts → the expectation that engagement, like selective attention, enhances cortical responses
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claim_relations[2]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationscontradicts → the account of neural activity as a resource allocated in greater measure with increasing arousal
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claim_relations[3]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsqualifies → studies reporting increased spontaneous activity with task engagement
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claim_relations[4]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationssupports → barrel cortex reports of suppression during whisking relative to quiet wakefulness
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claim_relations[5]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsdistinguishes-from → sleep and anaesthesia, which have their own distinct signatures
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differs in: THE AXIS IS THE SIGNATURE EACH STATE LEAVES. 'Spontaneous and evoked cortical activity showed A CHARACTERISTIC NEURAL SIGNATURE UNDER EACH CONDITION: SPONTANEOUS CORTICAL ACTIVITY WAS REDUCED IN THE LESS AROUSED STATES (SLEEP AND ANESTHETIZED) compared with the awake but passive condition.' Task engagement is distinguished from sleep and anaesthesia not by the direction of the effect on evoked responses - which can look alike - but by what happens to SPONTANEOUS activity at the same time.
claim_relations[6]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesengaged —distinct-from→ selective attention
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: OPPOSITE IN SIGN in the same cortex - the sharpest sign contrast in the corpus, and the reason the construct has to be split
concept_edges[0]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgessynaptic depression —causes→ auditory cortex
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strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: could explain - proposed, not tested here Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but synaptic depression 'COULD EXPLAIN' suppression of the cortical evoked response; causes is hedged and 'auditory cortex' drops the response.
concept_edges[3]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesengaged —distinct-from→ arousal
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strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: argued from the SIGN: raised arousal would raise firing, and firing fell Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span argues arousal would not explain the suppression; distinct-from is loose.
also in: engaged · arousal
concept_edges[4]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagspaired t-test
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also in: paired t-test
content_tags.statistics[0]the tagger's words
content_tagskurtosis
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also in: kurtosis
content_tags.statistics[1]the tagger's words
content_tagsstandard error of the mean
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content_tags.statistics[2]the tagger's words
content_tagscorrelation
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also in: correlation
content_tags.statistics[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsp-value
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also in: p-value
content_tags.statistics[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsMahalanobis distance (spike-cluster quality metric)
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content_tags.statistics[5]the tagger's words
content_tagsmodulation index
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content_tags.statistics[6]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagskurtosis of the firing rate distribution
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content_tags.statistics[7]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagspaired t-test
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also in: paired t-test
content_tags.statistics[8]0.9the tagger's words
content_tagsEngaging in an auditory task suppressed sound-evoked responses in auditory cortex, the opposite sign of the enhancement produced by selective attention.
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content_tags.findings[0]the tagger's words
content_tagsThe suppression of evoked responses occurred with no accompanying change in pre-stimulus spontaneous cortical activity.
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content_tags.findings[1]the tagger's words
content_tagsResponses to the task-relevant target sound were suppressed as much as responses to the last non-target sound.
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content_tags.findings[2]the tagger's words
content_tagsSound-evoked responses during auditory-attention blocks were not suppressed relative to olfactory-attention blocks.
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content_tags.findings[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsThe amount of suppression was unrelated to a neuron's spatial selectivity, frequency selectivity, or the octave distance between its best frequency and the attended frequency.
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content_tags.findings[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsThe authors conclude that the suppression in the engaged condition does not depend on the animal triggering the stimulus.
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content_tags.findings[5]the tagger's words
content_tagsFiring-rate kurtosis rose from 4.1 (passive) to 8.4 (engaged), indicating a sparser stimulus representation during engagement.
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content_tags.findings[6]the tagger's words
content_tagsIn the auditory thalamus engagement left evoked responses unchanged but raised spontaneous firing rates, the opposite pattern to cortex.
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content_tags.findings[7]the tagger's words
content_tagsThalamic evoked responses did not differ between engaged and passive conditions (p=0.80).
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content_tags.findings[8]the tagger's words
content_tagsSleep and ketamine anesthesia reduced spontaneous cortical activity relative to the awake passive state, giving those low-arousal states a neural signature distinct from passive wakefulness.
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content_tags.findings[9]the tagger's words
content_tagsNeural activity did not differ between the passive blocks recorded before and after the task, excluding recording drift, satiety and reward expectation as explanations for the suppression.
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content_tags.findings[10]the tagger's words
content_tagstask engagement suppressed evoked responses across single units, multiunit activity and LFP
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content_tags.findings[11]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagscortical spontaneous activity did not change, unlike other reports
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content_tags.findings[12]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagstask-relevant target and irrelevant non-target stimuli were suppressed equally
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content_tags.findings[13]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe representation became sparser, kurtosis 8.4 engaged against 4.1 passive
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content_tags.findings[14]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsno suppression of auditory responses in an auditory block relative to an olfactory block
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content_tags.findings[15]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagssuppression appeared in both blocks relative to passive, so it does not depend on the task's modality
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content_tags.findings[16]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagssuppression was unrelated to spatial selectivity, frequency selectivity or distance from the attended frequency
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content_tags.findings[17]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthe same suppression appeared when the animal did not trigger the stimulus, with a nearly identical modulation index
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content_tags.findings[18]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagssleep and anaesthesia have their own distinct signatures, with reduced spontaneous activity
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content_tags.findings[19]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsin thalamus, spontaneous activity rose during engagement while evoked responses were unchanged
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content_tags.findings[20]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsthalamic burstiness did not change, unlike in sleep or reduced arousal
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content_tags.findings[21]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsmodulation index
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content_tags.definitions[1]the tagger's words
content_tagsmodulation index range
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content_tags.definitions[2]the tagger's words
content_tagskurtosis
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also in: kurtosis
content_tags.definitions[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsisolation distance
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content_tags.definitions[5]the tagger's words
content_tagsselective component
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content_tags.definitions[9]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsnon-selective component
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content_tags.definitions[10]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsevoked response
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content_tags.variables[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsthalamic spontaneous firing rate
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content_tags.variables[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsintertrial interval
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content_tags.variables[6]the tagger's words
content_tagsrepetition rate
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content_tags.variables[8]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsspontaneous firing rate
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content_tags.variables[9]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags−0.20 ± 0.03 vs −0.19±0.02 — modulation index of the multiunit evoked response in the head-fixed task compared with the freely moving task
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[0]the tagger's words
content_tags8.4 ± 2.4 vs 4.1 ± 0.7 — kurtosis of the firing-rate distribution when engaged versus passive
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[1]the tagger's words
content_tags8/32 units — minority of single units whose evoked activity increased rather than decreased when the animal was engaged
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[2]the tagger's words
content_tagsp<1e–16 — significance of the engagement-related suppression for multiunit activity and evoked LFP
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[3]the tagger's words
content_tagsp=0.80 — test of the difference in thalamic evoked response between engaged and passive conditions (no difference)
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content_tags.quantities[4]the tagger's words
content_tagsp<0.001 — significance of the elevation of thalamic spontaneous activity during engagement
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[5]the tagger's words
content_tags81% / 91% — behavioural accuracy during auditory versus olfactory blocks of the intermodal attention task
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content_tags.quantities[6]the tagger's words
content_tags> 95% correct; ~1 week — criterion performance and training time on the two-alternative choice task before electrode implantation
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content_tags.quantities[7]the tagger's words
content_tagskurtosis 8.4 plus or minus 2.4 engaged versus 4.1 plus or minus 0.7 passive — sparseness of the representation
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[8]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags8 of 32 units — the minority showing enhancement rather than suppression
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[9]1.0the tagger's words
content_tags-0.20 plus or minus 0.03 head-fixed versus -0.19 plus or minus 0.02 self-triggered — modulation indices, showing self-triggering does not explain the effect
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content_tags.quantities[10]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsp = 0.80 — the thalamic evoked-response null
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content_tags.quantities[11]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsabout 80% correct after three weeks versus over 95% after one week — the harder intermodal task against the main task
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.quantities[12]1.0the tagger's words

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