standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | VIP-expressing cortical interneurons and the disinhibitory circuit they form Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether a specific interneuron type mediates disinhibition in vivo, and under what behavioural conditions it is recruited Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | maps one circuit function onto one molecularly defined cell type in two cortical areas, and identifies reinforcement feedback as the condition that recruits it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | cortical disinhibition by VIP interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: we propose that | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | the excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence after a light pulse is read as the signature of disinhibition: VIP cells inhibit other interneurons, releasing pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | VIP cells inhibit a large fraction of Som interneurons and a smaller fraction of Pv interneurons, with different decay constants and depression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | pyramidal neurons are only a minor monosynaptic target, so the effect on them is indirect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the disinhibited population is functionally specific - biased toward tone-responsive, frequency-tuned cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | inhibited cells show divisive gain modulation while delayed-activated cells show an additive baseline shift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | VIP cells are proposed as the substrate by which long-range or neuromodulatory signals raise the gain of specific pyramidal ensembles Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[9] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | cell identity in vivo is inferred from spike width and firing rate, then confirmed in vitro with genetic labels and by c-Fos with a pyramidal marker Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | How far this circuit overlaps with the previously described layer 1 disinhibitory circuit is undetermined. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the relation to the layer 1 circuit: THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE TWO DISINHIBITORY CIRCUITS OVERLAP REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED, AS ONLY A FRACTION OF LAYER 1 INTERNEURONS EXPRESS VIP | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The experimenter could not be fully blinded. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every effect measured in these experiments: CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENTS REQUIRED MONITORING THE EFFECT OF VIP-PHOTOSTIMULATION ON MULTIUNIT ACTIVITY; THEREFORE, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO FULLY BLIND THE EXPERIMENTER | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The immunohistochemical estimate of VIP expression specificity and efficiency is not a gold-standard measure. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the VIP expression specificity figures: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IS NOT CONSIDERED A GOLD STANDARD METHOD FOR ASSESSING GENE EXPRESSION, SINCE BOTH ITS SPECIFICITY AND SENSITIVITY DEPENDS ON EXTERNAL factors | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | the experimenter could not be fully blinded, because finding the effect was necessary to position the electrodes; disclosed with its mitigation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1], with the mitigation: THIS INFORMATION WAS ONLY USED TO GUIDE DECISIONS ABOUT electrode placement | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | immunohistochemistry, used to estimate the specificity of VIP labelling, is stated by the authors not to be a gold standard for gene expression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - the specificity estimate rests on a non-gold-standard assay | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the exclusion thresholds were relaxed for VIP cells specifically, using light-evoked waveform correlation instead Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the VIP unit sample: SOME OF THE VIP NEURONS DID NOT REACH THE THRESHOLD OF ISOLATION DISTANCE AND L-RATIO. FOR THESE NEURONS, WE EXPLOITED THE WAVEFORM INFORMATION CARRIED BY LIGHT-EVOKED ACTION POTENTIALS | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | analysis windows differed between the two recorded areas, chosen from the observed response latencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any comparison of latencies or firing between the two areas: the analysis windows were set separately for each, from the observed response latencies | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | datasets were pooled across layers and areas on the strength of null results rather than demonstrated equivalence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every pooled result: THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN IPSC AMPLITUDE AND FRACTION OF RESPONDED NEURONS IN DIFFERENT CORTICAL LAYERS AND THE RESULTS WERE COMBINED - pooling on a null, not on demonstrated equivalence | limitations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the difference in VIP yield between the two areas is attributed to delivery method rather than biology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the ACx-versus-mPFC yield comparison: THE DIFFERENCE IN THE RELATIVE PROPORTION OF RECORDED VIP NEURONS IN ACx AND mPFC IS LIKELY DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS - ChR2 WAS DELIVERED VIRALLY INTO mPFC, WHEREAS WE USED A REPORTER LINE (Ai32) FOR ACx | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the overlap between this circuit and the layer 1 disinhibitory circuit is left undetermined Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[0] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - the overlap with the layer 1 circuit is undetermined | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | synchronous optogenetic activation is defended as physiologically plausible by appeal to the homogeneity of the natural response, which is an argument rather than a control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the synchronous-activation method: THE HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOURAL RECRUITMENT OF VIPs SUGGESTS THAT THE SYNCHRONOUS ChR2-MEDIATED ACTIVATION TO PROBE THEIR CIRCUIT FUNCTION WAS PHYSIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE - the plausibility rests on that homogeneity | limitations[10] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | gating and gain modulation as the functions a disinhibitory motif could serve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | Bayesian information criterion used to choose between additive, divisive and combined descriptions of a tuning-curve change Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | ChR2 expression time held constant and comparable at 4 to 6 weeks across the two mouse lines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a difference between the lines that is really a difference in how long the opsin had to express - more expression means more current, whatever the cell type does · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| senses | disinhibition here is a specific circuit motif - inhibitory cells targeting other inhibitory cells - not a general loosening of inhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | VIP names a molecular marker used as a cell class; the paper's whole argument is that a marker-defined population has a single circuit function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | Pv identity in the in vivo data is a PROXY: inferred from narrow spike width and high firing rate, hedged as many but not all and usually Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | gain modulation is split into two distinguishable senses here - divisive (multiplying the tuning curve) versus an additive baseline shift - and the two populations show different ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | impact and recruitment are coined by this paper as the two directions of a cell type's role: what it drives, and what drives it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | SDF, PSTH and PETH are used for the same computed object in this paper, with the renaming declared in the text Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: optogenetic tagging with ChR2 in VIP-Cre mice, tetrode recording in awake mice, slice recording from genetically labelled Som and Pv cells, and an auditory go/no-go task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: disinhibition - inhibitory neurons that suppress other inhibitory neurons, amplifying local processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: cortical disinhibition by VIP interneurons — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → previous connectivity-based proposals that VIP interneurons provide disinhibitory control (refs 10-12) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | confirms → connectivity-based proposals that VIP interneurons specialise in targeting other interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → the layer 1 disinhibitory circuit enabling associative learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: remains to be determined | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → the additive account of how VIP activation changes tuning curves Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the view that different interneuron types perform distinct circuit operations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | generalises → the disinhibitory motif across cytoarchitectonically different cortical areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | VIP interneurons —causes→ Som Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: inhibits: elicited IPSCs from a large fraction also in: VIP interneurons · Som | concept_edges[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | VIP interneurons —causes→ Pv Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: a smaller fraction; the weight carries the difference from the Som connection also in: VIP interneurons · Pv | concept_edges[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | fast-spiking interneurons —operationalised-as→ Pv Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.75 · note: backwards-looking: spike width and rate are the in vivo PROXY for Pv identity, hedged as many but not all and usually
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but fast-spiking interneurons are 'USUALLY expressing' parvalbumin; operationalised-as is loose. also in: fast-spiking interneurons · Pv | concept_edges[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | divisive gain modulation —contrasted-with→ baseline firing rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS MULTIPLICATIVE SCALING VERSUS ADDITIVE OFFSET. 'one-parameter gain modulation models (additive or multiplicative) fitted the light-induced changes in average tuning curves: THE INHIBITED POPULATION SHOWED DIVISIVE GAIN MODULATION, WHEREAS THE CHANGE IN DELAYED ACTIVATED NEURONS WAS CONSISTENT WITH AN ADDITIVE SHIFT OF THE BASELINE FIRING RATE.' Both populations change their firing under the same manipulation; they differ on WHICH PARAMETER OF THE TUNING CURVE moves, which is the distinction the one-parameter models were fitted to decide. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: the two one-parameter models, and the two populations show different ones also in: divisive gain modulation · baseline firing rate | concept_edges[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | adaptive spike density function —same-as→ PSTH Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: a synonymy DECLARED by the authors for this paper - termed ... and abbreviated ... hereinafter. locally true by stipulation; SDF and PSTH are not generally the same object. also in: adaptive spike density function · PSTH | concept_edges[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | VIP interneurons —operationalised-as→ disinhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: the paper's central move: one circuit function mapped onto one molecularly defined cell type
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span maps disinhibitory control onto VIP cells; operationalised-as is loose. also in: VIP interneurons · disinhibition | concept_edges[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Mann-Whitney U test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Mann-Whitney U test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | statistical-significance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical-significance | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon signed-rank test | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bayesian information criterion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bayesian information criterion | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | normality test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: normality test | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | bootstrap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bootstrap | content_tags.statistics[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | nonlinear least-squares curve fitting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Mann-Whitney U-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Mann-Whitney U-test | content_tags.statistics[12] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Bayesian information criterion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bayesian information criterion | content_tags.statistics[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Wilcoxon signed rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon signed rank test | content_tags.statistics[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | isolation distance and L-ratio Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: isolation distance and L-ratio | content_tags.statistics[15] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | VIP-expressing interneurons carry out disinhibitory control across several neocortical areas and are switched on by reinforcement signals. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The circuit module is VIP activation transiently suppressing somatostatin interneurons and a subset of parvalbumin interneurons, which respectively control principal-cell input and output. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Only a small fraction of pyramidal neurons responded to VIP activation, suggesting they are a minor monosynaptic target of VIP cells. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | VIP-evoked IPSCs in parvalbumin cells decay about three times faster than in somatostatin cells and depress more strongly with repeated stimulation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Eight percent of c-Fos-positive neurons expressed VIP; the rest expressed the pyramidal marker CaMKIIα. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The disinhibited cells in auditory cortex are not random: they are preferentially the tone-responsive, frequency-tuned neurons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | VIP stimulation changes tuning curves in two different ways: divisively scaling down the inhibited cells and additively raising the baseline of the delayed-activated cells. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In every VIP neuron, punishment (air puff or foot shock) evoked strong phasic activation at short latency. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | VIP neurons respond to reinforcement uniformly as a class, unlike the heterogeneous responses of the surrounding cortical population. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The study maps a specific circuit operation, disinhibition, onto a genetically defined cell type. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | an excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence appears in two functionally different cortical areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | first in vivo demonstration of cell-type-specific disinhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | VIP activation elicited IPSCs in a large fraction of Som interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | pyramidal cells are only a minor direct target of VIP cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the disinhibited cells are disproportionately tone-responsive and frequency-tuned Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | punishment activates every recorded VIP neuron at short latency, and two different punishments do the same Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | VIP cells respond in unison where the rest of the population responds heterogeneously Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the divisive gain model beat a baseline shift plus threshold in 22 of 25 inhibited neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | disinhibitory control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: disinhibitory control | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | tone-responsive neuron Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tone-responsive neuron | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | adaptive spike density function Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: adaptive spike density function | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | tone-selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tone-selectivity | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ΔResponse Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ΔResponse | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | disinhibition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: disinhibition | content_tags.definitions[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | narrow spiking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: narrow spiking | content_tags.definitions[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | impact Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: impact | content_tags.definitions[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | recruitment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: recruitment | content_tags.definitions[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | light-induced changes of firing rate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: light-induced changes of firing rate | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | IPSCs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: IPSCs | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ChR2 expression time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ChR2 expression time | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | movement bouts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: movement bouts | content_tags.variables[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | spike width Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spike width | content_tags.variables[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | decay time constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: decay time constant | content_tags.variables[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ~20% — proportion of recorded cortical cells whose firing rate changed significantly after a single 1 ms VIP light pulse Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ~10% — share of all cortical interneurons that express VIP Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 98/343 — single units in awake auditory cortex that could be classified into one of the three light-response groups Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 5-fold — increase in c-Fos expression in mPFC after VIP photostimulation relative to controls Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 28/46, 61% — share of delayed-activated neurons that were tone-responsive, versus 29% in the whole population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Som: 18±2ms, Pv: 6±1ms — IPSC decay time constants in somatostatin versus parvalbumin interneurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 50±12ms — latency of the peak VIP response to punishment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 22 out of 25 neurons — inhibited cells for which the divisive activity-gain model fit better than a baseline shift with threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | NS, 39.0±10.0 ms; WS, 86.5±7.6 ms — offset of light-induced suppression in narrow-spiking versus wide-spiking neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | VIP is about 10% of interneurons and 1-2% of cortical neurons — the size of the population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. value source note: THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('interneurons (1–2% of cortical neurons 19 , 20 ) resulted…'). | content_tags.quantities[9] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · ACx 130/495 and mPFC 26/155 cells changed firing — the breadth of the effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was verbatim, anchored and correctly cut, and it contained NONE of this claim's numbers (130, 155, 26, 495). The paper states the claim in one sentence elsewhere and the tagger did not use it. the project, 2026-08-23: 'WE HAVE SPENT THE DAY VERIFYING THAT QUOTES ARE REAL AND NONE OF IT ASKS WHETHER THEY ARE RELEVANT.' Confirmed by reading the claim, the old span and the candidate together; the candidate carries every number AND the claim's own content words. | content_tags.quantities[10] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Som decay 18 plus or minus 2 ms, Pv decay 6 plus or minus 1 ms — IPSC kinetics distinguishing the two targets Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 275 microseconds — the stipulated spike-width cut between narrow and wide spiking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | isolation distance < 20 or L-ratio > 0.1 — the exclusion thresholds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 5-fold — increase in c-Fos after VIP photostimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 40 of 43 neurons — unaffected by movement bouts, the control for head-restraint movement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | BIC -399.6, -398.3 and -354.7 — combined, divisive and baseline-shift models for the inhibited group Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.