phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | cortical disinhibition by VIP interneurons— “A unique mode of inhibitory control may be provided by inhibitory neurons that specifically suppress the firing of other inhibitory neurons.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We identified a basic disinhibitory circuit module in which activation of VIP interneurons transiently suppresses primarily somatostatin- and a fraction of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons that specialize in the control of the input and output of principal cells, respectively 3 , 6 , 16 , 17 .” | |
| method — evidence | — “By combining optogenetic activation with single cell recordings, we examined the functional role of VIP interneurons in awake mice, and investigated the underlying circuit mechanisms in vitro in auditory and medial prefrontal cortices.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here we show that a class of interneurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) mediates disinhibitory control in multiple areas of neocortex and is recruited by reinforcement signals.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, whether and how VIP interneurons mediate disinhibition in vivo and when they are recruited during behaviour has remained elusive.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Genetic targeting and optical activation enabled us to map a particular circuit function, disinhibitory control, onto a molecularly defined cell-type.” | |
| transfer | from computational neuroscience: gating and gain modulation as the functions a disinhibitory motif could serve— “A unique mode of inhibitory control may be provided by inhibitory neurons that specifically suppress the firing of other inhibitory neurons. Such disinhibition could lead to the selective amplification of local processing and serve the important computational functions of gating and gain modulation” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from model selection statistics: Bayesian information criterion used to choose between additive, divisive and combined descriptions of a tuning-curve change— “This model resulted in only marginal improvement relative to the divisive model for the inhibited group (Bayesian information criterion 34 for the combined, divisive gain and baseline shift models: −399.6, −398.3 and −354.7) and the baseline shift model for the delayed activated group (Bayesian information criterion for the combined… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Light-driven VIP firing inhibits other interneurons, which releases a subset of pyramidal cells from inhibition — an excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence that is the signature of disinhibition.— “This excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence, observed in two functionally different cortical regions, is the signature of a disinhibition process: activated VIP interneurons inhibit other interneurons, releasing some pyramidal neurons from inhibitory control.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Long-range or neuromodulatory inputs recruit VIP cells, and the resulting disinhibition selectively raises the gain of particular pyramidal ensembles.— “Based on these observations we propose that disinhibitory control by VIP interneurons provides a powerful circuit mechanism that enables long-range cortical signals or subcortical neuromodulation to efficiently modulate specific pyramidal neuron ensembles.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Because the disinhibition lands preferentially on tone-selective neurons, relaying the reinforcement signal through VIP cells could implement cortical learning.— “By rapidly relaying this signal primarily to tone-selective neurons locally, VIP interneurons might contribute to cortical learning mechanisms.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | The same disinhibitory microcircuit appears in two cytoarchitectonically different areas, so it is proposed to be a repeated neocortical motif.— “we propose that the disinhibitory microcircuit mediated by VIP expressing interneurons represents a conserved motif in neocortex” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence after a light pulse is read as the signature of disinhibition: VIP cells inhibit other interneurons, releasing pyramidal cells— “This excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence, observed in two functionally different cortical regions, is the signature of a disinhibition process: activated VIP interneurons inhibit other interneurons, releasing some pyramidal neurons from inhibitory control.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | VIP cells inhibit a large fraction of Som interneurons and a smaller fraction of Pv interneurons, with different decay constants and depression— “VIP activation elicited IPSCs in a smaller fraction of Pv interneurons ( Fig 2b, d ). Inhibitory currents (IPSCs) recorded in Pv neurons decayed faster than those recorded from Som neurons (decay time constant; Som: 18±2ms, Pv: 6±1ms), and also displayed stronger short-term synaptic depression” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | pyramidal neurons are only a minor monosynaptic target, so the effect on them is indirect— “In contrast to these inhibitory neurons only a small fraction of pyramidal neurons responded to VIP activation, suggesting that pyramidal neurons are a minor monosynaptic target of the VIP population” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the disinhibited population is functionally specific - biased toward tone-responsive, frequency-tuned cells— “These results reveal that in auditory cortex, the VIP circuit disinhibits a functionally specific subset of neurons that tend to be tone-responsive and frequency-tuned.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | inhibited cells show divisive gain modulation while delayed-activated cells show an additive baseline shift | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | VIP cells are proposed as the substrate by which long-range or neuromodulatory signals raise the gain of specific pyramidal ensembles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | cell identity in vivo is inferred from spike width and firing rate, then confirmed in vitro with genetic labels and by c-Fos with a pyramidal marker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| extends | previous connectivity-based proposals that VIP interneurons provide disinhibitory control (refs 10-12) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| confirms | connectivity-based proposals that VIP interneurons specialise in targeting other interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | the layer 1 disinhibitory circuit enabling associative learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| qualifies | the additive account of how VIP activation changes tuning curves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | the view that different interneuron types perform distinct circuit operations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| generalises | the disinhibitory motif across cytoarchitectonically different cortical areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | disinhibition here is a specific circuit motif - inhibitory cells targeting other inhibitory cells - not a general loosening of inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | VIP names a molecular marker used as a cell class; the paper's whole argument is that a marker-defined population has a single circuit function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | Pv identity in the in vivo data is a PROXY: inferred from narrow spike width and high firing rate, hedged as many but not all and usually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | gain modulation is split into two distinguishable senses here - divisive (multiplying the tuning curve) versus an additive baseline shift - and the two populations show different ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | impact and recruitment are coined by this paper as the two directions of a cell type's role: what it drives, and what drives it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | SDF, PSTH and PETH are used for the same computed object in this paper, with the renaming declared in the text Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | ChR2 expression time held constant and comparable at 4 to 6 weeks across the two mouse lines — held — rules out a difference between the lines that is really a difference in how long the opsin had to express - more expression means more current, whatever the cell type does Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| evidential status | the layer 1 disinhibitory circuit enabling associative learning — the paper's own words: remains to be determined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| note | VIP interneurons —causes→ Som — inhibits: elicited IPSCs from a large fraction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | VIP interneurons —causes→ Som — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | VIP interneurons —causes→ Pv — a smaller fraction; the weight carries the difference from the Som connection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | VIP interneurons —causes→ Pv — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | fast-spiking interneurons —operationalised-as→ Pv — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but fast-spiking interneurons are 'USUALLY expressing' parvalbumin; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | fast-spiking interneurons —operationalised-as→ Pv — backwards-looking: spike width and rate are the in vivo PROXY for Pv identity, hedged as many but not all and usually Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | fast-spiking interneurons —operationalised-as→ Pv — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| differs in | divisive gain modulation —contrasted-with→ baseline firing rate — THE AXIS IS MULTIPLICATIVE SCALING VERSUS ADDITIVE OFFSET. 'one-parameter gain modulation models (additive or multiplicative) fitted the light-induced changes in average tuning curves: THE INHIBITED POPULATION SHOWED DIVISIVE GAIN MODULATION, WHEREAS THE CHANGE IN DELAYED ACTIVATED NEURONS WAS CONSISTENT WITH AN ADDITIVE SHIFT OF THE BASELINE FIRING RATE.' Both populations change their firing under the same manipulation; they differ on WHICH PARAMETER OF THE TUNING CURVE moves, which is the distinction the one-parameter models were fitted to decide. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | divisive gain modulation —contrasted-with→ baseline firing rate — the two one-parameter models, and the two populations show different ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | adaptive spike density function —same-as→ PSTH — a synonymy DECLARED by the authors for this paper - termed ... and abbreviated ... hereinafter. locally true by stipulation; SDF and PSTH are not generally the same object. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | VIP interneurons —operationalised-as→ disinhibition — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span maps disinhibitory control onto VIP cells; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | VIP interneurons —operationalised-as→ disinhibition — the paper's central move: one circuit function mapped onto one molecularly defined cell type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | VIP interneurons —operationalised-as→ disinhibition — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the relation to the layer 1 circuit: THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE TWO DISINHIBITORY CIRCUITS OVERLAP REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED, AS ONLY A FRACTION OF LAYER 1 INTERNEURONS EXPRESS VIP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every effect measured in these experiments: CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENTS REQUIRED MONITORING THE EFFECT OF VIP-PHOTOSTIMULATION ON MULTIUNIT ACTIVITY; THEREFORE, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO FULLY BLIND THE EXPERIMENTER Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the VIP expression specificity figures: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IS NOT CONSIDERED A GOLD STANDARD METHOD FOR ASSESSING GENE EXPRESSION, SINCE BOTH ITS SPECIFICITY AND SENSITIVITY DEPENDS ON EXTERNAL factors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], with the mitigation: THIS INFORMATION WAS ONLY USED TO GUIDE DECISIONS ABOUT electrode placement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the specificity estimate rests on a non-gold-standard assay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the VIP unit sample: SOME OF THE VIP NEURONS DID NOT REACH THE THRESHOLD OF ISOLATION DISTANCE AND L-RATIO. FOR THESE NEURONS, WE EXPLOITED THE WAVEFORM INFORMATION CARRIED BY LIGHT-EVOKED ACTION POTENTIALS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison of latencies or firing between the two areas: the analysis windows were set separately for each, from the observed response latencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — every pooled result: THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN IPSC AMPLITUDE AND FRACTION OF RESPONDED NEURONS IN DIFFERENT CORTICAL LAYERS AND THE RESULTS WERE COMBINED - pooling on a null, not on demonstrated equivalence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the ACx-versus-mPFC yield comparison: THE DIFFERENCE IN THE RELATIVE PROPORTION OF RECORDED VIP NEURONS IN ACx AND mPFC IS LIKELY DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS - ChR2 WAS DELIVERED VIRALLY INTO mPFC, WHEREAS WE USED A REPORTER LINE (Ai32) FOR ACx Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the overlap with the layer 1 circuit is undetermined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the synchronous-activation method: THE HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOURAL RECRUITMENT OF VIPs SUGGESTS THAT THE SYNCHRONOUS ChR2-MEDIATED ACTIVATION TO PROBE THEIR CIRCUIT FUNCTION WAS PHYSIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE - the plausibility rests on that homogeneity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: we propose that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | How far this circuit overlaps with the previously described layer 1 disinhibitory circuit is undetermined. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The experimenter could not be fully blinded. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The immunohistochemical estimate of VIP expression specificity and efficiency is not a gold-standard measure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the experimenter could not be fully blinded, because finding the effect was necessary to position the electrodes; disclosed with its mitigation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | immunohistochemistry, used to estimate the specificity of VIP labelling, is stated by the authors not to be a gold standard for gene expression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the exclusion thresholds were relaxed for VIP cells specifically, using light-evoked waveform correlation instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | analysis windows differed between the two recorded areas, chosen from the observed response latencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | datasets were pooled across layers and areas on the strength of null results rather than demonstrated equivalence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the difference in VIP yield between the two areas is attributed to delivery method rather than biology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | the overlap between this circuit and the layer 1 disinhibitory circuit is left undetermined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | synchronous optogenetic activation is defended as physiologically plausible by appeal to the homogeneity of the natural response, which is an argument rather than a control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | VIP-expressing interneurons carry out disinhibitory control across several neocortical areas and are switched on by reinforcement signals. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The circuit module is VIP activation transiently suppressing somatostatin interneurons and a subset of parvalbumin interneurons, which respectively control principal-cell input and output. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Only a small fraction of pyramidal neurons responded to VIP activation, suggesting they are a minor monosynaptic target of VIP cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | VIP-evoked IPSCs in parvalbumin cells decay about three times faster than in somatostatin cells and depress more strongly with repeated stimulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Eight percent of c-Fos-positive neurons expressed VIP; the rest expressed the pyramidal marker CaMKIIα. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The disinhibited cells in auditory cortex are not random: they are preferentially the tone-responsive, frequency-tuned neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | VIP stimulation changes tuning curves in two different ways: divisively scaling down the inhibited cells and additively raising the baseline of the delayed-activated cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | In every VIP neuron, punishment (air puff or foot shock) evoked strong phasic activation at short latency. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | VIP neurons respond to reinforcement uniformly as a class, unlike the heterogeneous responses of the surrounding cortical population. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | The study maps a specific circuit operation, disinhibition, onto a genetically defined cell type. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | an excitation-inhibition-excitation sequence appears in two functionally different cortical areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | first in vivo demonstration of cell-type-specific disinhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | VIP activation elicited IPSCs in a large fraction of Som interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | pyramidal cells are only a minor direct target of VIP cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the disinhibited cells are disproportionately tone-responsive and frequency-tuned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | punishment activates every recorded VIP neuron at short latency, and two different punishments do the same Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | VIP cells respond in unison where the rest of the population responds heterogeneously Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the divisive gain model beat a baseline shift plus threshold in 22 of 25 inhibited neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| quantity | ~20% — proportion of recorded cortical cells whose firing rate changed significantly after a single 1 ms VIP light pulse Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | ~10% — share of all cortical interneurons that express VIP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 98/343 — single units in awake auditory cortex that could be classified into one of the three light-response groups Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 5-fold — increase in c-Fos expression in mPFC after VIP photostimulation relative to controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 28/46, 61% — share of delayed-activated neurons that were tone-responsive, versus 29% in the whole population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | Som: 18±2ms, Pv: 6±1ms — IPSC decay time constants in somatostatin versus parvalbumin interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 50±12ms — latency of the peak VIP response to punishment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 22 out of 25 neurons — inhibited cells for which the divisive activity-gain model fit better than a baseline shift with threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | NS, 39.0±10.0 ms; WS, 86.5±7.6 ms — offset of light-induced suppression in narrow-spiking versus wide-spiking neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | VIP is about 10% of interneurons and 1-2% of cortical neurons — the size of the population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| value source note | quantity — THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('interneurons (1–2% of cortical neurons 19 , 20 ) resulted…'). | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · ACx 130/495 and mPFC 26/155 cells changed firing — the breadth of the effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| retracted | quantity — RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was verbatim, anchored and correctly cut, and it contained NONE of this claim's numbers (130, 155, 26, 495). The paper states the claim in one sentence elsewhere and the tagger did not use it. the project, 2026-08-23: 'WE HAVE SPENT THE DAY VERIFYING THAT QUOTES ARE REAL AND NONE OF IT ASKS WHETHER THEY ARE RELEVANT.' Confirmed by reading the claim, the old span and the candidate together; the candidate carries every number AND the claim's own content words. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | Som decay 18 plus or minus 2 ms, Pv decay 6 plus or minus 1 ms — IPSC kinetics distinguishing the two targets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 275 microseconds — the stipulated spike-width cut between narrow and wide spiking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | isolation distance < 20 or L-ratio > 0.1 — the exclusion thresholds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 5-fold — increase in c-Fos after VIP photostimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 40 of 43 neurons — unaffected by movement bouts, the control for head-restraint movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | BIC -399.6, -398.3 and -354.7 — combined, divisive and baseline-shift models for the inhibited group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| variable | light-induced changes of firing rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | IPSCs (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | ChR2 expression time (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | movement bouts (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | spike width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | decay time constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | disinhibitory control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | tone-responsive neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | adaptive spike density function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | tone-selectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | ΔResponse Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | disinhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | narrow spiking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | impact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | recruitment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | disinhibition, VIP, somatostatin, parvalbumin, interneuron, pyramidal neurons, gain modulation, divisive, optogenetic, ChR2, reinforcement, auditory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, IPSCs, fast-spiking, spike width, c-Fos, isolation distance, Bayesian information criterion, conserved motif |
| Mann-Whitney U test | as written: two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| statistical-significance | as written: P value cutoff of 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test | as written: paired t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| t-test | as written: unpaired t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test p | as written: Wilcoxon signed rank test, two-tailed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| Bayesian information criterion | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| normality test | as written: Lilliefors-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| mean | as written: All central tendencies were reported as mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| confidence interval | as written: 95% confidence intervals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| bootstrap | as written: bootstrapped distribution of correlation coefficients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| nonlinear least-squares curve fitting | as written: robust fit with non-linear least squares method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| correlation | as written: waveform correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| Mann-Whitney U-test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| Bayesian information criterion | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| Wilcoxon signed rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| isolation distance and L-ratio | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | optogenetic tagging with ChR2 in VIP-Cre mice, tetrode recording in awake mice, slice recording from genetically labelled Som and Pv cells, and an auditory go/no-go task — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | disinhibition - inhibitory neurons that suppress other inhibitory neurons, amplifying local processing — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: cortical disinhibition by VIP interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
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