standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | Whether novel relational information presented below awareness is stored well enough to bias a conscious decision made twenty minutes later. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | long-term subliminal influence on delayed decision-making Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: behavioural-experiment | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | The proposed route is relational binding in the hippocampal system, which can encode novel relations rapidly and hold them durably Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | That predicts the opposite of the usual expectation - subliminal effects should last longer when the material is novel and must be bound, not when it is familiar and repeated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | In the second experiment the same logic is applied to word meaning: a subliminal German word must be decoded and linked to a foreign word for the later judgement to work Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | Awareness is ruled out four ways rather than one: interview, two objective tests, Bayes factors, and a regression on residual awareness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | A stricter check: removing every participant whose awareness score deviated from chance in either direction, and confirming the effect survives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The paradigm cannot establish what kind of memory was formed - precise semantic relations or only fuzzy semantic/affective associations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | In experiment 2 the Bayes analysis of the awareness test was inconclusive, so true unawareness of the subliminal words was not established. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The awareness test for experiment 2 may simply have been insensitive rather than showing absence of awareness. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Awareness was not probed trial-by-trial during the main experiments, so brief awareness of some stimuli cannot be excluded. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The authors state plainly that a non-significant awareness test does not establish unawareness, and this is why they compute Bayes factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | In Experiment 2 that check came back inconclusive and is reported as such - awareness could not be excluded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The conclusion for Experiment 2 is therefore explicitly left open on the awareness question Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The regression method used to separate awareness from effect is cited together with the criticism of it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[7] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The effects are a few percentage points above chance in both experiments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[8] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The Experiment 2 effect rests on a p just under .05 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[9] | the tagger's words | |
| controls | twenty additional faces paired with CONSONANT STRINGS and presented subliminally as a control condition - AND THE PAPER MARKS IT '(not reported)' Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the long-term preference follows from subliminal exposure to ANY paired string rather than to the message - consonant strings carry no meaning, and the paper marks the condition '(not reported)' in its own parentheses · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): absent-declared-unreported · would have ruled out, had it been run: the subliminal presentation itself as the source of the later wage judgement: if faces paired with meaningless consonant strings produced the same effect, the occupation words would not be doing the work | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | a non-significant awareness test - as ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE: the test may simply have been too insensitive, which proves nothing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | a non-significant awareness test - as EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE: a Bayes factor below one third, which is what Experiment 1 obtained Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the same test in Experiment 2 - INCONCLUSIVE: a factor near one, favouring neither hypothesis, and reported rather than glossed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | subliminal effect - the received view: decays within about a second, which is why it is thought harmless Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | subliminal effect - as found here: undiminished at 25 minutes compared with 15, for novel relational material Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | phenomenon: long-term subliminal influence on delayed decision-making Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: long-term subliminal influence on delayed decision-making — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Duss et al. (2011) subliminal masking paradigm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Greenwald et al. (1995) regression method for estimating awareness-independent subliminal effects Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → prevailing views that consciousness is a precondition for information integration, relational learning and decision-making (Tononi, 2004; Shanks, 2010; Newell and Shanks, 2014) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | critiques → the view that subliminal effects decay within a second and are therefore harmless Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | critiques → the assumption that subliminal messages are stored only slowly and not at all when novel Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Dienes on using Bayes factors to test whether a null can be accepted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[5] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Greenwald et al.'s regression method for separating subliminal influence from residual awareness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[6] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | subliminal —causes→ long-term memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says new associations were stored long-term; causes is loose. also in: subliminal · long-term memory | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | masked —operationalised-as→ subliminal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the masked stimuli are reported as not seen; operationalised-as is loose. also in: masked · subliminal | concept_edges[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | prior distribution —part-of→ Bayes factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: prior distribution · Bayes factors | concept_edges[4] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | decision accuracy —contrasted-with→ chance level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: decision accuracy · chance level | concept_edges[5] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | face–occupation pairs —operationalised-as→ relational binding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the face-occupation pairs are the experiment's stimuli; 'relational binding' as their operationalisation is loose. also in: face–occupation pairs · relational binding | concept_edges[7] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | unconscious processing —same-as→ subliminal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span concludes effects came from unconscious processing; same-as 'subliminal' is loose. also in: unconscious processing · subliminal | concept_edges[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bayes factor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bayes factor | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | prior distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prior distribution | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | multiple regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multiple regression | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bayes factor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bayes factor | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | multiple regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multiple regression | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | effect size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: effect size | content_tags.statistics[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | binomial probability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: binomial probability | content_tags.statistics[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Faces that had been subliminally paired with high- or low-wage occupations were later consciously rated as high or low earners at 53.97% accuracy, above the 50% chance level. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Subliminally encoded semantic associations still steered conscious decisions almost thirty minutes later. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The subliminal effect was no weaker after a 25-minute delay than after 15 minutes, so it did not measurably decay over that range. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Subliminally presented pseudoword-translation pairs let participants judge later whether a foreign word matched a synonym of its translation, at 52.7% accuracy versus 50% chance. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Objective forced-choice tests in experiment 1 gave substantial Bayesian evidence that participants could not perceive the masked faces or occupations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In experiment 2 the Bayes factor of 1.14 was inconclusive, so the awareness test there could not rule stimulus awareness out. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Accuracy in the awareness test did not predict decision accuracy in the main experiment. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Lasting unconscious relational memories formed from only one or two subliminal encoding episodes in participants naive to the manipulation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | subliminal face-occupation pairs shifted income judgements above chance almost half an hour later Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the effect was no weaker at 25 minutes than at 15 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | subliminally presented foreign vocabulary supported later match/mismatch judgements at 52.7% against a 50% baseline Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bayes factors gave substantial support for genuine unawareness in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the same analysis was inconclusive in Experiment 2, so awareness could not be excluded there Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the effect survived removing every participant whose awareness score departed from chance in either direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | sandwich masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sandwich masking | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | indirect (implicit) memory test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: indirect (implicit) memory test | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 'deliberation without attention' effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bayes factor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bayes factor | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | relational binding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: relational binding | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | encoding-test interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: encoding-test interval | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean decision accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean decision accuracy | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | accuracy in the awareness test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: accuracy in the awareness test | content_tags.variables[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean logarithmic word frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean logarithmic word frequency | content_tags.variables[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | character count Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: character count | content_tags.variables[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 53.97% — mean accuracy of income decisions about subliminally primed faces in experiment 1 (chance = 50%) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 52.7% — mean accuracy of match/mismatch translation decisions in experiment 2 (chance = 50%) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 50% — chance-level performance on the objective face-awareness forced-choice test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1.14 — Bayes factor for the experiment-2 awareness test, in the inconclusive range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 46 — number of analysed participants in experiment 1 after exclusions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 23 women and 11 men — composition of the analysed experiment-2 sample (34 participants) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 40 — number of face–word pairs encoded subliminally in experiment 1, one encoding episode each Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 48 encoding episodes for 24 pseudoword–word pairs — experiment 2 encoding load: each pair shown in two nonadjacent subliminal episodes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 53.97% — Experiment 1 decision accuracy, about four points above the 50% baseline Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 52.7% — Experiment 2 accuracy, under three points above baseline Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.16 and 0.14 — Bayes factors supporting genuine unawareness in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1.14 — the Experiment 2 Bayes factor - close to 1, favouring neither hypothesis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 15 and 25 min — the two retention intervals across which the effect held Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 12 participants — those removed in the strict re-analysis for deviating from chance on an awareness test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[13] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.