A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society

Skinner-Dorkenoo, George, Wages, Sánchez, Perry · Nature Reviews Psychology · 2023 · social-psychology · 10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z · record Skinner-Dorkenoo2023-a-systemic-approach-to-the-psychology-of-rac
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (xml); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Claim type is a close call. The review carries a real critique of the field ('this approach largely ignores the systemic nature of racial biases and the ways in which racial biases are shaped by the broader cultural systems in which people live'), and one could defensibly tag it 'critique'; I chose 'mechanism' because the substantive body of the article is a causal account of how five systemic factors produce individual bias and how individual bias reproduces the systems, with the critique serving as framing for that account. Caste is the only prior work the review names in a sentence that also states a relation to its own argument — everything else, including the nested-levels models it adopts (refs 17-20), is cited numerically, so those were not recorded as relations. Two evidence-quality signals in the paper that the facets cannot hold: it twice flags supporting studies as preprints that have not undergone peer review, and it explicitly notes that the effect of exposure to cultural products on racial attitudes has never been experimentally tested. The intervention agenda (racial socialization in white families, bias awareness, historical education) is a fifth of the article and has no facet. 2026-08-12 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

5 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

This record’s own method is review, and the tags below follow from that. A review’s findings, quantities and statistics are things stated IN this paper, and some of them report results obtained elsewhere. No tag on this page names a different author. Measured across every review in this corpus, 81% of a review’s tags carry no citation at all — most of them are the review speaking. The corpus does not adjudicate the rest: read an unmarked tag as a claim this paper makes, not necessarily one it made first.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 9 concept tags on this paper, all 9 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

racial bias systemic factors individual-level nested levels of influence temporal influences power and privilege cultural narratives implicit bias cultural context Children raised in an unequal society, given no systemic explanation for that inequality, internalize the existing distribution of power and privilege as legitimate Internalized expectations of inequality drive behaviour that maintains the system, so individual attitudes reproduce the very inequality that generated them (a self-reinforcing loop) Nonverbal bias propagates as an expanding transmission system: seeing biased signals creates biased attitudes, which are then expressed as biased signals that others in the social network observe and adopt Devaluing cultural products lets people transmit racial bias while believing they are only judging the product, hiding the bias from the person holding it system justification: growing up inside an unequal arrangement without an explanation for it leads children and adults to conclude the arrangement is right structural exposure predicts individual bias - the composition of a university, a neighbourhood's poverty rate, a community's economic mobility all track measured implicit bias backlash: information that inequality is decreasing can raise bias rather than lower it the return path: aggregate individual bias in a county tracks institutional outcomes such as school discipline, so attitudes reconstitute the systems that produced them segregated communities shared stereotypes nonverbal messages intergroup contact racial socialization redlining racially colourblind ideology eminent domain manifest destiny the nested levels of influence individual-level racial bias review

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 2 · claim_relations 4 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 3 · concepts 9 · content_tags 33 · contribution 1 · limitations 8 · mechanisms 8 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 3 · transfers 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 3 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	The two-way relation between racial biases held by individuals and the societal systems those individuals live in, in the USA. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	If racial bias is produced by systems rather than only held by people, what does psychology miss by measuring it one person at a time? Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	A nested-levels framework in which five systemic factors shape individual bias and individual bias feeds back to reproduce those systems. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Children raised in an unequal society, given no systemic explanation for that inequality, internalize the existing distribution of power and privilege as legitimate	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Internalized expectations of inequality drive behaviour that maintains the system, so individual attitudes reproduce the very inequality that generated them (a self-reinforcing loop)	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Nonverbal bias propagates as an expanding transmission system: seeing biased signals creates biased attitudes, which are then expressed as biased signals that others in the social network observe and adopt	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Devaluing cultural products lets people transmit racial bias while believing they are only judging the product, hiding the bias from the person holding it	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: system justification: growing up inside an unequal arrangement without an explanation for it leads children and adults to conclude the arrangement is right	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: structural exposure predicts individual bias - the composition of a university, a neighbourhood's poverty rate, a community's economic mobility all track measured implicit bias	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: backlash: information that inequality is decreasing can raise bias rather than lower it	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the return path: aggregate individual bias in a county tracks institutional outcomes such as school discipline, so attitudes reconstitute the systems that produced them	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Scope is restricted to the USA, chosen for the authors' cultural knowledge and the location of most existing research. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the geographic scope of every claim: WE FOCUS ON THE USA BECAUSE IT IS THE CONTEXT THAT WE HAVE THE CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE TO DISCUSS AND WHERE MOST RESEARCH ... HAS BEEN CONDUCTED	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The five systemic factors reviewed are a selection, not an exhaustive set. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the completeness of the systemic account: THEY ARE CERTAINLY NOT THE ONLY SYSTEMIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RACIAL BIASES	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	For part of the reviewed evidence the direction of influence between individual bias and system is not established, only association. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the causal reading of the reviewed evidence: IN SOME CASES THERE IS CLEAR EVIDENCE OF THE CAUSAL CHAIN ... WHEREAS IN OTHERS, THERE MIGHT BE EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The empirical base linking systemic influences to individual-level bias is described as still thin. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the weight of the evidence base: THE LITERATURE IN THIS AREA IS STILL RELATIVELY SPARSE	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Restricted to the USA by the authors' own statement, and the paper says the systemic factors may not transfer. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the transfer of the framework beyond the USA: THE SYSTEMIC FACTORS THAT PERPETUATE RACIAL BIASES INTO THE PRESENT MIGHT BE SOMEWHAT DISTINCT FROM OTHER CONTEXTS	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The causal direction is not established throughout - in places only an association is available. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - association rather than causal chain in places	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The five factors are chosen, not exhaustive, and the authors say so. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - five factors chosen, not exhaustive	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Mutual reinforcement is treated as two separable directions for expositional clarity, which is an analytic simplification the paper flags. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any one-directional use of this review: INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL BIASES AND BROADER SOCIETAL SYSTEMS MIGHT BE MUTUALLY REINFORCING, BUT FOR CLARITY WE TAKE THE APPROACH OF ASSESSING EACH DIRECTION OF INFLUENCE SEPARATELY - the loop is cut for exposition	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the nested-levels model of influence, imported to relate individual racial bias to the systems around it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concepts	racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: racial bias	`concepts[0]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	systemic factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: systemic factors	`concepts[1]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	individual-level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: individual-level	`concepts[2]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	nested levels of influence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nested levels of influence	`concepts[3]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	temporal influences Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporal influences	`concepts[4]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	power and privilege Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: power and privilege	`concepts[5]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	cultural narratives Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cultural narratives	`concepts[6]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	implicit bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: implicit bias	`concepts[7]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	cultural context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cultural context	`concepts[8]`	1.0	the paper's words
senses	bias - a property of a PERSON: an attitude favouring one group, measured on individuals in response to stimuli Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	bias - a property of a SYSTEM: patterns built into institutions and culture, which produce individual attitudes rather than summing them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	level - a nested shell of context around the person: interpersonal, community, cultural, temporal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: bidirectional relation between systemic racial inequality and individual-level racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: racial bias — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Caste: The Origins Of Our Discontents Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → prior arguments (ref. 11) that individuals and systems mutually reinforce one another in organizations and the workplace Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the individual-level tradition in the psychology of racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → nested-levels models from race relations, human development and culture research Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	systemic factors —causes→ racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: systemic factors · racial bias	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	power and privilege —part-of→ systemic factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: power and privilege · systemic factors	`concept_edges[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	cultural narratives —part-of→ systemic factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: cultural narratives · systemic factors	`concept_edges[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The review considers the effects of five systemic factors on racial bias in the USA: power and privilege disparities, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes and nonverbal messages. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The relation runs in both directions: each of the five systemic factors shapes individual-level bias, and individual-level bias in turn shapes systems and inequalities at every nested level. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Telling white Americans that the country is becoming more racially diverse increases, rather than decreases, their bias in favour of white people. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Living in a state with more Black residents was associated with increased racial bias only among white residents with limited close contact with Black people. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Colourblind ideology functions to keep policies that are formally race-neutral racially biased in their effects. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Because the cultural products of people of colour are devalued at a societal level, individuals develop bias against those who use and produce them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Individual bias devalues and negatively stereotypes physical spaces occupied by people of colour, which makes those spaces less desirable to white people and so reinforces residential segregation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The causal effect of exposure to cultural products on racial attitudes has never been tested experimentally, which the authors identify as an open gap. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Markers of structural inequality in a person's surroundings predict their measured implicit bias. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Being told the country is becoming more diverse increased pro-white bias rather than reducing it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Aggregate individual bias tracks institutional outcomes: county-level bias predicts racial disparities in school suspensions, expulsions and police referrals. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Greater individual anti-Black bias was associated with a lower likelihood of voting for Obama in 2008 and less support for his healthcare reform. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	The authors judge interventions aimed at individual attitudes unlikely to address the systemic causes of bias. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: racial bias	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	intergroup contact Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intergroup contact	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	racial socialization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: racial socialization	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	redlining Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: redlining	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	racially colourblind ideology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: racially colourblind ideology	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	eminent domain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: eminent domain	`content_tags.definitions[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	manifest destiny Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: manifest destiny	`content_tags.definitions[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: racial bias	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the nested levels of influence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the nested levels of influence	`content_tags.definitions[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	temporal influences Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporal influences	`content_tags.definitions[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	approximately 40% — share of US residents in 2020 polling who thought that paying less attention to race would improve racial inequality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	roughly five times — Black-to-white ratio of US incarceration rates as of 2021 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	75% — share of neighbours who are white for the average white American, as an index of residential segregation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	40% — proportion of preschool children exposed to biased nonverbal signals who then copied those signals themselves Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	67% ... less than 8% — share of South African top management positions held by white people in 2017, versus their share of the population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	100 times higher — the War on Drugs sentencing ratio between substances used disproportionately by Black versus white Americans Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	57% ... 30% — how often observers attributed their attitude towards a target to the target's own behaviour rather than to the biased treatment the target received Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	five systemic factors — the factors the review covers: power and privilege, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes, nonverbal messages Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	systemic factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: systemic factors	`content_tags.variables[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	individual-level racial bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: individual-level racial bias	`content_tags.variables[1]`	0.85	the tagger's words

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