Hearing in Laboratory Animals: Strain Differences and Nonauditory Effects of Noise

Turner, Parrish, Hughes, Toth, Caspary · Comparative medicine · 2005 · laboratory-animal-science · record Turner2005-hearing-in-laboratory-animals-strain-differe
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Claim type 'existence' is the shape of the review's headline claim (noise-driven nonauditory change occurs across organ systems); the article also has a strong methodological-critique strand, arguing that noise is an unrecognised confound in animal research, and it ends in practice recommendations, so the 'review' label carries a practice-report element too. Replication status 'replicated' is grounded in the article's own statement that 'a relatively consistent finding was the elevation of blood pressure by noise' across many studies; the article also records a dissenting result (Borg and Moller reporting no blood-pressure effect of lifelong noise in the rat), so the convergence is not total. Only one claim_relation is recorded: the review cites hundreds of studies, but Babisch is the single place where the authors explicitly position their own position relative to a named work ('We echo this sentiment'), and instruction 7 forbids inferring relations from bare citations. Note the source is an NIH-PMC PDF text layer with running page furniture ('I - N H P A', 'Comp Med. ; available in PMC 2013 July 29') interleaved into the prose; quotes were chosen to avoid those interruptions. 2026-08-14 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

This record’s own method is review, and the tags below follow from that. A review’s findings, quantities and statistics are things stated IN this paper, and some of them report results obtained elsewhere. No tag on this page names a different author. Measured across every review in this corpus, 81% of a review’s tags carry no citation at all — most of them are the review speaking. The corpus does not adjudicate the rest: read an unmarked tag as a claim this paper makes, not necessarily one it made first.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
frequency 2 fields · noise 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 5 concept tags on this paper, all 5 are grounded in a quoted sentence.

noise temporary threshold shift strain C57BL/6 hearing loss Noise engages the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, producing a generic stress response like that of other stressors Chronic noise keeps the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activated, so circulating stress hormones stay abnormally high and cause downstream organ-system problems Sensory input sets the organism's arousal level, and noise reaches many organ systems through that arousal pathway Even quiet background sound masks conspecific communication signals, impairing the animal's ability to communicate spectral analysis dB sound pressure level (SPL) acoustic priming frequency permanent threshold shift environmental noise environmental variables review

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at its publisher. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 1 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 1 · concepts 5 · content_tags 22 · limitations 8 · mechanisms 4 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 3

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	nonauditory effects of noise in laboratory animals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Noise engages the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, producing a generic stress response like that of other stressors	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Chronic noise keeps the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activated, so circulating stress hormones stay abnormally high and cause downstream organ-system problems	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Sensory input sets the organism's arousal level, and noise reaches many organ systems through that arousal pathway	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Even quiet background sound masks conspecific communication signals, impairing the animal's ability to communicate	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The review is explicitly selective rather than exhaustive on the auditory-system literature. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the coverage of the review: THIS OVERVIEW IS NOT AN EXHAUSTIVE SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE AUDITORY SYSTEM	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Much of the nonauditory evidence comes from human subjects, and its generalisability to animals is not established. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the transfer of the nonauditory evidence: THE DEGREE TO WHICH SOME OF THESE OBSERVATIONS CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ANIMALS REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The acoustic environment produced by different caging systems has not been compared, so cage-level exposure is not known. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any cross-facility comparison of auditory work: FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO COMPARE THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT CAGING CONDITIONS - the housing noise environment is an uncontrolled variable	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The evidence base is not yet strong enough to support precise noise guidelines. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the derivation of noise guidelines: BEFORE MORE PRECISE GUIDELINES CAN BE DEVELOPED, MORE SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH ON NOISE AFFECTS IS NECESSARY	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Strains used as standard laboratory animals go progressively deaf for genetic reasons, with secondary effects reaching brain neurochemistry and social behaviour. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any mouse experiment using C57BL/6, DBA/2 or BALB/c, whether or not it concerns hearing: these strains experience genetically determined progressive hearing loss with secondary changes from brain neurochemistry to social behaviour	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The review's recommendation is precautionary rather than evidential: assume the exposure could cause any of the effects described. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: noise levels in an animal facility as a controlled variable: the review states researchers should ASSUME noise exposure could cause any or all of the described changes, across a wide variety of biomedical research areas	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The review defines its central term as broadly as possible, by stipulation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the scope of 'noise' in this review: it is stipulated as any sound in the environment, so the effects described are not restricted to loud or aversive sound	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The central term is defined by stipulation and as broadly as possible - 'noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment' - so the review's scope is set by a definitional choice rather than by a property of the sounds, and every claim about 'noise' inherits that breadth. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concepts	noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noise	`concepts[0]`		the paper's words
concepts	temporary threshold shift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporary threshold shift	`concepts[1]`		the paper's words
concepts	strain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: strain	`concepts[2]`		the paper's words
concepts	C57BL/6 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: C57BL/6	`concepts[3]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	hearing loss Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hearing loss	`concepts[4]`	0.95	the paper's words
senses	hearing loss - TEMPORARY: a temporary threshold shift, which recovers Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	noise - stipulated for this review as ANY sound in the environment, rather than as unwanted or damaging sound Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	noise - stipulated for this review as ANY SOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT, defined 'broadly' and by fiat rather than by acoustic or perceptual criteria, which is what lets the review range from cage ventilation to conspecific calls Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Babisch (reference 6), a recent review of noise effects in humans concluding that noise is an established psychosocial stressor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	strain —causes→ hearing loss Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE STANDARD LABORATORY ANIMAL HAS THE CONFOUND BUILT IN. '…IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c)…' The animals chosen as the standard are not typical on the variable, and the consequences reach fields that never measure it - the same shape as the WEIRD-sample problem, in a different kingdom. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but inbred strains 'experience a genetically determined' hearing loss; causes from 'strain' is loose. also in: strain · hearing loss	`concept_edges[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	Baseline background noise across the spectrum was around 42 dB SPL. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	A routine husbandry action, snapping a wire-top lid onto a shoebox cage, generates a near-100 dB SPL low-frequency impulse with roughly 80 dB SPL of energy extending into the ultrasonic range up to 40 kHz. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Most facility noise traces to two sources: staff activity itself, and animals vocalising or banging cages in reaction to people being present. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	DBA/2 mice begin losing hearing at about two weeks of age and are profoundly deaf by three to four months. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Two common rat strains differ in opposite directions by roughly 20 dB: F344 hear low frequencies better and FBN hybrids hear high frequencies better. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Chronic exposure to as little as 65 dB(A) of noise can induce a variety of nonauditory effects. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Rearing animals in the constant white-noise masking background recommended by some facilities may itself harm auditory development by masking vocalisations and other natural input. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noise	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spectral analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spectral analysis	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	dB sound pressure level (SPL) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dB sound pressure level (SPL)	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	acoustic priming Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: acoustic priming	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: frequency	`content_tags.definitions[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	temporary threshold shift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: temporary threshold shift	`content_tags.definitions[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	permanent threshold shift Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permanent threshold shift	`content_tags.definitions[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	environmental noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: environmental noise	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	environmental variables Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: environmental variables	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	42 dB SPL — Baseline background noise level measured inside a rat cage in a standard animal housing room Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	nearly 100 dB SPL — Peak low-frequency impulse produced by attaching a wire-top lid to a shoebox cage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	≥ 85 dB — Sound pressure level above which prolonged chronic exposure is recommended to be treated as capable of causing permanent cochlear hearing loss Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	75% — Proportion of acoustically primed CBA mice that seized and died on re-exposure to the 123-dB noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	more than 90% — Share of mammals used in research that are mice, whose hearing extends into the ultrasonic range beyond human hearing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	60 episodes/0.5 h at ≥ 90 dB — Rate of loud noise episodes recorded in animal facilities in the morning, rising above 100 dB in the evening Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

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none — every tag was located in the text

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