phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | nonauditory effects of noise in laboratory animals— “The broad systemic effects of noise exposure include changes in endocrine and cardiovascular function, sleep–wake cycle disturbances, seizure susceptibility, and an array of behavioral changes.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “This summary demonstrates that noise can alter, either directly or indirectly, virtually every major system studied in biomedical research.” | |
| method — evidence | — “This article reviews some of the basic strain and species differences in hearing and outlines how the acoustic environment affects different mammals.” | |
| mechanism | Noise engages the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, producing a generic stress response like that of other stressors— “Noise activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, producing a stress response with physiological characteristics similar to those triggered by other sensory and psychosocial stimuli (35, 46, 163, 164).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Chronic noise keeps the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activated, so circulating stress hormones stay abnormally high and cause downstream organ-system problems— “The almost universal finding that noise increases stress hormone levels suggests that chronic noise-induced activation of the HPA axis might cause a variety of problems because of abnormally high levels of circulating stress hormones.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Sensory input sets the organism's arousal level, and noise reaches many organ systems through that arousal pathway— “A key function of sensory systems input is to maintain an ethologically appropriate level of arousal (123), and noise affects a number of organ systems and can impact nearly every area of biomedical and behavioral research via this mechanism.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Even quiet background sound masks conspecific communication signals, impairing the animal's ability to communicate— “Under this scenario, even a relatively quiet acoustic signal might impair an organism's ability to communicate, perhaps explaining some of the adverse effects of noise (37).” | mechanisms[3] |
| builds-on | Babisch (reference 6), a recent review of noise effects in humans concluding that noise is an established psychosocial stressor— “We echo this sentiment as it relates to laboratory animals.” | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | hearing loss - TEMPORARY: a temporary threshold shift, which recovers— “Noise overexposure can cause a loss of hearing that is either temporary (temporary threshold shift; TTS) or sometimes permanent (permanent threshold shift; PTS).” | senses[0] |
| sense | noise - stipulated for this review as ANY sound in the environment, rather than as unwanted or damaging sound— “For the purpose of this review, noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment.” | senses[1] |
| sense | noise - stipulated for this review as ANY SOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT, defined 'broadly' and by fiat rather than by acoustic or perceptual criteria, which is what lets the review range from cage ventilation to conspecific calls— “For the purpose of this review, noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment” | senses[2] |
| audit | strain —causes→ hearing loss — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but inbred strains 'experience a genetically determined' hearing loss; causes from 'strain' is loose.— “For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior. Both researchers and laboratory animal facility personnel should be… | concept_edges[0] |
| note | strain —causes→ hearing loss — THE STANDARD LABORATORY ANIMAL HAS THE CONFOUND BUILT IN. '…IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c)…' The animals chosen as the standard are not typical on the variable, and the consequences reach fields that never measure it - the same shape as the WEIRD-sample problem, in a different kingdom.— “For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior. Both researchers and laboratory animal facility personnel should be… | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | strain —causes→ hearing loss — 0.9— “For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior. Both researchers and laboratory animal facility personnel should be… | concept_edges[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the coverage of the review: THIS OVERVIEW IS NOT AN EXHAUSTIVE SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE AUDITORY SYSTEM— “This overview is not an exhaustive summary of the literature concerning the effects of noise on the auditory system.” | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the transfer of the nonauditory evidence: THE DEGREE TO WHICH SOME OF THESE OBSERVATIONS CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ANIMALS REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED— “The degree to which some of these observations can be generalized to animals remains to be determined.” | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any cross-facility comparison of auditory work: FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO COMPARE THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT CAGING CONDITIONS - the housing noise environment is an uncontrolled variable— “Further research is needed to compare the acoustic environment as a function of different caging conditions, especially given the increased use of isolator caging.” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the derivation of noise guidelines: BEFORE MORE PRECISE GUIDELINES CAN BE DEVELOPED, MORE SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH ON NOISE AFFECTS IS NECESSARY— “However, before more precise guidelines can be developed, more systematic research on noise affects is necessary.” | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any mouse experiment using C57BL/6, DBA/2 or BALB/c, whether or not it concerns hearing: these strains experience genetically determined progressive hearing loss with secondary changes from brain neurochemistry to social behaviour— “For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior.” | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — noise levels in an animal facility as a controlled variable: the review states researchers should ASSUME noise exposure could cause any or all of the described changes, across a wide variety of biomedical research areas— “researchers and animal care workers should assume that noise exposure could cause any or all of the changes described, potentially impacting a wide variety of biomedical research areas.” | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of 'noise' in this review: it is stipulated as any sound in the environment, so the effects described are not restricted to loud or aversive sound— “For the purpose of this review, noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment.” | limitations[6] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | The review is explicitly selective rather than exhaustive on the auditory-system literature.— “This overview is not an exhaustive summary of the literature concerning the effects of noise on the auditory system.” | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Much of the nonauditory evidence comes from human subjects, and its generalisability to animals is not established.— “The degree to which some of these observations can be generalized to animals remains to be determined.” | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The acoustic environment produced by different caging systems has not been compared, so cage-level exposure is not known.— “Further research is needed to compare the acoustic environment as a function of different caging conditions, especially given the increased use of isolator caging.” | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The evidence base is not yet strong enough to support precise noise guidelines.— “However, before more precise guidelines can be developed, more systematic research on noise affects is necessary.” | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Strains used as standard laboratory animals go progressively deaf for genetic reasons, with secondary effects reaching brain neurochemistry and social behaviour.— “For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior.” | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The review's recommendation is precautionary rather than evidential: assume the exposure could cause any of the effects described.— “researchers and animal care workers should assume that noise exposure could cause any or all of the changes described, potentially impacting a wide variety of biomedical research areas.” | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The review defines its central term as broadly as possible, by stipulation.— “For the purpose of this review, noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment.” | limitations[6] |
| limitation | The central term is defined by stipulation and as broadly as possible - 'noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment' - so the review's scope is set by a definitional choice rather than by a property of the sounds, and every claim about 'noise' inherits that breadth.— “For the purpose of this review, noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment” | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Baseline background noise across the spectrum was around 42 dB SPL.— “Baseline levels of noise across the spectrum appear to be around 42 dB SPL.” | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | A routine husbandry action, snapping a wire-top lid onto a shoebox cage, generates a near-100 dB SPL low-frequency impulse with roughly 80 dB SPL of energy extending into the ultrasonic range up to 40 kHz.— “For example, the common practice of simply snapping a wire-top cage lid to a plastic shoebox cage can produce an intense low-frequency noise impulse of nearly 100 dB SPL, with energy of about 80 dB SPL at frequencies up to 40 kHz (Fig. 2).” | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Most facility noise traces to two sources: staff activity itself, and animals vocalising or banging cages in reaction to people being present.— “These findings suggest that the majority of noise in animal facilities is due to two leading sources: the direct activity of personnel using the facility and the increased activity (vocalization. cage rattling or banging) of animals in response to the presence and actions of people.” | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | DBA/2 mice begin losing hearing at about two weeks of age and are profoundly deaf by three to four months.— “For example, relative to other strains, DBA/2 mice demonstrate substantial hearing loss beginning at the onset of hearing (around 2 weeks of age) and progressing rapidly until they are profoundly deaf by around 3 to 4 months of age (51, 152, 200).” | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Two common rat strains differ in opposite directions by roughly 20 dB: F344 hear low frequencies better and FBN hybrids hear high frequencies better.— “F344s show approximately 20 dB better hearing at low frequencies (4 kHz) whereas FBNs show approximately 20 dB better hearing at higher frequencies (32 kHz; 187).” | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Chronic exposure to as little as 65 dB(A) of noise can induce a variety of nonauditory effects.— “Ising and Kruppa (94) indicated that chronic exposure to as little as 65 dB(A) of noise can induce a variety of nonauditory effects.” | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Rearing animals in the constant white-noise masking background recommended by some facilities may itself harm auditory development by masking vocalisations and other natural input.— “The suggestion from this work is that rearing animals in a constant white noise, masking background (which is being recommended in some animal facilities) might have negative consequences for normal development of the auditory system by effectively masking out the normal input to the ear from vocalizations and other sources.” | content_tags.findings[6] |
| quantity | 42 dB SPL — Baseline background noise level measured inside a rat cage in a standard animal housing room— “Baseline levels of noise across the spectrum appear to be around 42 dB SPL.” | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | nearly 100 dB SPL — Peak low-frequency impulse produced by attaching a wire-top lid to a shoebox cage— “For example, the common practice of simply snapping a wire-top cage lid to a plastic shoebox cage can produce an intense low-frequency noise impulse of nearly 100 dB SPL, with energy of about 80 dB SPL at frequencies up to 40 kHz (Fig. 2).” | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ≥ 85 dB — Sound pressure level above which prolonged chronic exposure is recommended to be treated as capable of causing permanent cochlear hearing loss— “As a result of human and laboratory animal studies, current recommendations are that chronic exposure to noise levels at ≥ 85 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for any prolonged period of time can cause permanent hearing loss through cochlear damage (131).” | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 75% — Proportion of acoustically primed CBA mice that seized and died on re-exposure to the 123-dB noise— “For example, if CBA mice (which hear normally and are not susceptible to audiogenic seizures) are exposed to a 123-dB noise for 2 min when they are 24 to 42 days old, that same exposure repeated 5 days later leads to seizures and death in 75% of the animals (80).” | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | more than 90% — Share of mammals used in research that are mice, whose hearing extends into the ultrasonic range beyond human hearing | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 60 episodes/0.5 h at ≥ 90 dB — Rate of loud noise episodes recorded in animal facilities in the morning, rising above 100 dB in the evening | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| variable | environmental noise (covariate) | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | environmental variables (control) | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | spectral analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | dB sound pressure level (SPL) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | acoustic priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | temporary threshold shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | permanent threshold shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| concept | noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | temporary threshold shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | strain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | C57BL/6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | hearing loss Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
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