standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 9 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | spike latency tuning in layer 4 pyramidal neurons - whether the sharpness of the code is relayed from the thalamus or built locally Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether latency tuning survives the convergence of many thalamic inputs onto one cortical cell, or has to be recreated after that convergence destroys it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | the input latency tuning is nearly flat and the spike latency tuning is three to four times sharper, so the code is generated locally by a push-and-pull of sharply tuned intracortical excitation and broadly tuned inhibition acting on the integration time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | spike latency tuning for sound frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens the integration time most at the optimal frequency, while broadly tuned inhibition prolongs it most at off-optimal frequencies - two antagonistic effects that together triple the dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | and because inhibition is more broadly tuned than excitation, the excitation-to-inhibition ratio is worst at the receptive field periphery, where the integration time is already longest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | with the onset of this second component is 2.6 ms after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while the first evoked spike is at 4.2 ms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the aggregate thalamic input is flat because it is set by the shortest latency among many convergent inputs, so the sharpness carried by each individual afferent is destroyed by the summation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | QX-314 in the pipette prevented recording real spikes from the same voltage-clamped cells, so spike responses had to be modeled. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any spike-response claim about the recorded cells: DUE TO THE USE OF QX-314 IN THE INTRAPIPETTE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE RECORDING QUALITY, WE WERE UNABLE TO EXAMINE THE BONA FIDE SPIKE RESPONSES OF THE SAME NEURON | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Inhibitory responses were not recorded in the cortical-silencing experiments. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cortical-silencing experiments: TO SIMPLIFY THE EXPERIMENT AND IMPROVE THE SUCCESS RATE, INHIBITORY RESPONSES WERE NOT RECORDED | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Non-specific effects of the pharmacological silencing mixture cannot be entirely ruled out. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the silencing results: NONSPECIFIC EFFECTS OF THE MIXTURE APPLICATION ... CANNOT BE TOTALLY EXCLUDED | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The identity of the early-spiking neurons proposed to supply the fast intracortical excitation is unknown. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the proposed relay population: THE IDENTITIES OF THESE PRESUMPTIVE EXCITATORY RELAY NEURONS ARE ELUSIVE | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Whether the cortex actually uses the proposed population-onset time reference is not established. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the functional claim: WHETHER THIS STRATEGY IS INDEED IMPLEMENTED BY THE CORTICAL CIRCUITS REMAINS AN OPEN QUESTION | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | the drug that made the recording possible made the target unmeasurable - QX-314 blocks the spikes of the very cell whose spikes are the output being explained, so they were derived from a model instead Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every spike response reported: DUE TO THE USE OF QX-314 ... WE WERE UNABLE TO EXAMINE THE BONA FIDE SPIKE RESPONSES OF THE SAME NEURON - the drug enabling the recording blocks the spikes, so they are derived rather than observed | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | inhibition was not recorded at all in the silencing experiments, and the missing frequency range was replaced by a 55% threshold taken from a different set of recordings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the silencing experiments specifically: TO SIMPLIFY THE EXPERIMENT AND IMPROVE THE SUCCESS RATE, INHIBITORY RESPONSES WERE NOT RECORDED | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the cells the mechanism requires have never been recorded from - their identities are called elusive, and the recording methods are stated to be biased against them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the population size the mechanism depends on: THEIR NUMBER COULD BE UNDERESTIMATED SINCE THEY ARE REPORTED TO BE RESISTANT TO GOLGI IMPREGNATION AND DIFFICULT TO SAMPLE WITH INTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS - the absence is a property of the methods | limitations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | nonspecific effects of the silencing mixture cannot be totally excluded, and the argument for specificity is that the changes appear in both the temporal and the frequency domain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - specificity argued rather than demonstrated | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and whether the brain actually uses a population onset as its time reference remains an open question Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[4] - whether the brain uses a population onset as its time reference is open | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | first spike latency as a code for stimulus identity, imported as the property to be explained Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the integrate-and-fire neuron fed with measured conductances, used to obtain the spikes the recording method destroyed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | a four-layer thalamocortical network with background activity, used to ask whether input latency tuning is necessary at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the requirement for an internal time reference, since the organism has no access to stimulus onset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| controls | spike latency measured with excitatory input only, and again with both excitatory and inhibitory input present Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the contribution of inhibition to latency tuning - the excitation-only condition is the same cell without the thing being tested · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A PROPERTY EVERY ELEMENT HAS, THAT THEIR SUM DOES NOT: individual thalamic neurons are sharply latency-tuned, but the aggregate input to one cortical cell is FLAT, because the sum is set exclusively by the SHORTEST latency among the convergent inputs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the network model reproduces exactly that - clear tuning in each thalamic neuron, flat tuning in the aggregate, sharp tuning again in the output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | so the sharpness is NOT INHERITED but reconstructed: the input dynamic range is about 1 ms and the output about 4 ms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE SAME INPUT, THE SAME STRENGTH AT THE OPTIMAL FREQUENCY, AND OPPOSITE EFFECTS ON THE CODE: sharply tuned intracortical excitation INCREASED the dynamic range where cotuned excitation DECREASED it - the tuning width decides, not the amplitude Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | PUSH AND PULL: sharply tuned excitation shortens the integration time at the optimal frequency, broadly tuned inhibition prolongs it off-optimum - and an initial tuning of input latency is then NOT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE DRUG THAT MADE THE RECORDING POSSIBLE MADE THE TARGET UNMEASURABLE: QX-314 was used to improve recording quality, and the bona fide spikes of the same neuron could then not be examined - the output had to be DERIVED Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the derivation is validated the right way - sequential cell-attached and whole-cell recording FROM THE SAME NEURON, with the derived and recorded receptive fields and latency tunings compared directly Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A MISSING MEASUREMENT REPLACED BY A NUMBER FROM ANOTHER EXPERIMENT: inhibition was not recorded in the silencing condition, so the spiking frequency range was set by thresholding the excitatory tuning curve at 55%, a ratio measured elsewhere Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE CELL THE MECHANISM REQUIRES IS THE ONE THE METHOD CANNOT SEE: spiny stellate cells are resistant to Golgi impregnation and hard to sample intracellularly, and every current recording method shows SAMPLING BIAS TOWARD LARGE PYRAMIDAL NEURONS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | with the honest consequence stated - the identities of the presumptive excitatory relay neurons are ELUSIVE, and the proposal rests on reasoning rather than on having recorded them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE ZERO POINT OF THE MEASURE BELONGS TO THE EXPERIMENTER, NOT TO THE ORGANISM: the brain has NO ACCESS to the external stimulus onset, so latency is well defined for the observer and undefined for the system being studied Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the proposed substitutes are all internal - oscillations, local field potentials, population onsets - with whether any is actually used left an open question Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THREE ALTERNATIVES ELIMINATED BY TIMING ALONE: feedback and recurrent inputs arrive after the first spike, a recurrent component would appear at about 4 ms and was not evident, and the small jitter rules out a random early-firing subgroup Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and gamma oscillations are excluded by arithmetic - a 2 ms delay is difficult to explain by a 30 to 80 Hz rhythm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE TWO CODES NEED DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF DATA: a smooth latency tuning curve is established in a SINGLE TRIAL, where the spike-rate curve relies on averaging multiple trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the case against the latency code is answered rather than dismissed - noise is thought more destructive to latency than to rate coding, but pooling helps both, and jitter relative to other neurons may be smaller than jitter relative to the stimulus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: spikes derived from recorded excitatory and inhibitory conductances with an integrate-and-fire model, validated against cell-attached spikes recorded sequentially from the same neuron Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: first spike latency tuned for sound frequency - a timing code whose dynamic range is about 1 ms at the input and about 4 ms at the output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: spike latency tuning for sound frequency — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the cortical silencing method of Liu et al. (2007) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Liu et al. (2007), on flattened excitatory frequency tuning after cortical silencing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Wu et al. (2008) and Sun et al. (2010), on inhibition being more broadly tuned than excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS RELATIVE TUNING BREADTH, AND IT IS WHAT IS BEING REPLICATED. 'THE TUNING CURVE OF INHIBITORY INPUTS APPEARED BROADER THAN THAT OF EXCITATORY INPUTS TO THE SAME CELL, CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS REPORTS.' A 'replicates' usually records that two papers agree; naming the property says WHAT AGREES - and 'to the same cell' is the control that makes the comparison mean anything. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → the thalamocortical network model of de la Rocha et al. (2008) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the assumption that spike latency tuning is relayed unchanged along the ascending pathway Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHERE IN THE CIRCUIT THE LATENCY IS MEASURED. 'the onset latency of their aggregate thalamic input exhibited nearly flat tuning for sound frequency, whereas their spike latency tuning was much sharper.' Relay and local generation are not rival readings of one measurement; they are claims about different stages, and the paper measures both. | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the feedforward-inhibition account of cortical response sharpening, extended from spike rate to spike timing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | explains-away → the apparent need for latency-tuned thalamic input, since the model generates output tuning from flat input tuning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | distinguishes-from → feedback, recurrent and oscillatory sources of the second excitatory component, each excluded on timing grounds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS ARRIVAL TIME RELATIVE TO THE FIRST SPIKE. 'In principle, Quotation withheld.' Three candidate sources are excluded by a single argument about WHEN they could act - not by measuring them, and not by denying they exist. An elimination that costs no experiment and holds only for the quantity being explained, which is first-spike latency. | claim_relations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → the objection that noise destroys latency codes more than rate codes, on the grounds that pooling helps both and the relevant reference is other neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS WHAT EACH CODE IS ASSUMED TO BE READ BY. 'Quotation withheld together, while with latency codes, single spikes ar[e considered].' The comparison is unfair by construction: one code is given a population and the other a single spike, so the noise result follows from the assumption rather than from the codes. | claim_relations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | predicts → that spiny stellate neurons, if they can be recorded in vivo, will be the postulated fast excitatory relay Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[9] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | inhibition —causes→ integration time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: broadly tuned inhibition PROLONGS the integration time preferentially at off-optimal frequencies also in: inhibition · integration time | concept_edges[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | excitation —causes→ integration time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: sharply tuned intracortical excitation SHORTENS it selectively at the optimal frequency
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span credits broadly tuned INHIBITION with prolonging integration time; excitation's role is not stated here. also in: excitation · integration time | concept_edges[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | integration time —causes→ dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: likely · strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the push-pull mechanisms expand the dynamic range; integration time as the cause is loose. also in: integration time · dynamic range | concept_edges[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | inhibition —contrasted-with→ excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: inhibition · excitation | concept_edges[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | inhibition —causes→ receptive field Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: broader inhibitory tuning imposes larger E/I ratios at receptive field PERIPHERIES, where the integration time is already long
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but broader inhibitory tuning sharpens spike tuning; causes 'receptive field' is loose. also in: inhibition · receptive field | concept_edges[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | recurrent —distinct-from→ feedforward Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: THREE ALTERNATIVES ELIMINATED BY TIMING: feedback and recurrent inputs arrive after the first spike, a recurrent component would show at about 4 ms and WAS NOT EVIDENT, and the small jitter rules out a random early-firing subgroup
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but feedforward, feedback and recurrent are listed as alternative sources; distinct-from is loose. also in: recurrent · feedforward | concept_edges[40] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | tuning —contrasted-with→ spike Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS HOW MANY TRIALS THE TUNING NEEDS TO EXIST. 'Quotation withheld.' A code available on one trial and a code that exists only in the average are different claims about what a downstream neuron could use - and the averaging that makes the second visible is the analyst's, not the brain's. Same paper whose aggregation operator is already in this corpus for deciding the meaning of a sum. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: THE TWO CODES NEED DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF DATA: the latency curve is established in a SINGLE TRIAL, the spike-rate curve relies on averaging
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but latency tuning emerges on a single trial while rate tuning needs averaging; contrasted-with is loose. | concept_edges[44] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | precision —part-of→ coding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: two prerequisites stated - precise spike timing per presentation, and a broad dynamic range; submillisecond precision with a 4 ms range is judged sufficient
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but precise spike timing is one of 'two prerequisites' for latency coding; part-of is loose. | concept_edges[45] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | dynamic range —part-of→ coding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but a broad dynamic range is one of 'two prerequisites' for latency coding; part-of is loose. also in: dynamic range · coding | concept_edges[46] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: regression | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | coefficient of determination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: coefficient of determination | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean and standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean and standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | spline regression smoothing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spline regression smoothing | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | paired t test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: paired t test | content_tags.statistics[6] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mean ± SD Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean ± SD | content_tags.statistics[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The onset latency of the aggregate thalamic input to layer 4 neurons is almost untuned for sound frequency, while the same cells' spike latency is sharply tuned with a much wider dynamic range. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Broadly tuned intracortical inhibition lengthens the integration time for spike generation at off-optimal frequencies, whereas sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens it at the optimal frequency. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The dynamic range of spike latency is three times that of synaptic input latency. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | outputs of individual thalamic neurons exhibited a clear latency tuning, and the aggregate input to each pyramidal neuron had a flat latency tuning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cortical pyramidal neurons produced sharp spike latency tuning even when their input latency tuning was flat. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the onset of this second component is 2.6 ms after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while that of the first evoked spike is 4.2 ms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | First spike latency was tuned much like spike rate, with a similar preferred frequency. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Adding inhibition to the derived responses lengthened spike latency mostly at the tuning-curve tails, widening the dynamic range and sharpening latency tuning. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the input latency tuning is nearly flat and the spike latency tuning much sharper, so the code is NOT simply inherited from the thalamus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | broadly tuned intracortical inhibition prolongs the integration time at off-optimal frequencies while sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens it at the optimal frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the stated strategy being the conversion of information spatially coded in synaptic strength into a temporal representation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE SUM LOSES WHAT EVERY ELEMENT HAS: the summed input latency is determined exclusively by the SHORTEST latency among many convergent inputs, so a sharp output tuning has to be recreated from a flat input tuning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the network model reproduces it - clear latency tuning in each thalamic neuron, flat tuning in the aggregate, sharp tuning in the output anyway Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the dynamic range is about 1 ms for the input and about 4 ms for the spike output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | measured stepwise: 1.5 ms of input latency, 2.0 ms from thalamocortical input alone, 3.1 ms once intracortical excitation is included Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the onset of this second component is 2.6 ms after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while the first evoked spike is at 4.2 ms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | PUSH AND PULL, with the consequence that an initial tuning of input latency is NOT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED for the creation of spike latency tuning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | inhibition is more broadly tuned than excitation, so the E/I ratio is worst at receptive field peripheries where the integration time is already longest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | cotuned and sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortened integration time equally at the optimal frequency, but the sharply tuned kind increased the dynamic range of spike latency while the cotuned kind decreased it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the derived spikes were validated against cell-attached spikes recorded sequentially FROM THE SAME NEURON, on receptive field, best frequency and dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE DRUG THAT IMPROVED THE RECORDING REMOVED THE OBSERVATION: with QX-314 in the pipette the bona fide spikes of the same neuron could not be examined, so they were derived from a model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A MISSING MEASUREMENT REPLACED BY A NUMBER FROM ANOTHER EXPERIMENT: inhibition was not recorded in the silencing condition and the spiking frequency range was set by thresholding at 55% Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | spiny stellate cells, the candidate relay, resist Golgi impregnation and are hard to sample intracellularly, and current patch-recording methods are biased toward large pyramidal neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the identities of the presumptive excitatory relay neurons called ELUSIVE and the proposal resting on reasoning rather than on recordings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE ZERO POINT OF THE MEASURE BELONGS TO THE EXPERIMENTER: the brain has no access to the external stimulus onset, so an internally generated time reference is necessary Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | three candidate internal references are named - oscillations, local field potentials, population onsets - and whether any is used is left an open question Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THREE ALTERNATIVES ELIMINATED BY TIMING ALONE: feedback and recurrent inputs arrive too late, the expected recurrent component was not evident, and the small jitter excludes a random early-firing subgroup Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and gamma oscillations are excluded by arithmetic - a 2 ms delay is difficult to explain by a 30 to 80 Hz rhythm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[27] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | nonspecific effects of the silencing mixture cannot be totally excluded, and the specificity argument is that the changes appear in both the temporal and the frequency domain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[28] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE TWO CODES NEED DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF DATA: the latency tuning curve is established in a single trial, the spike-rate curve relies on averaging multiple trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | two prerequisites for a latency code are stated - precise spike timing per presentation and a broad dynamic range - and submillisecond precision with a 4 ms range is judged sufficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: Previous studies have demonstrated - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining recognition found', 'studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. | content_tags.findings[30] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the standing objection that noise hurts latency codes more than rate codes is answered: pooling helps both, and jitter relative to other neurons may be lower than relative to the stimulus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[31] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with 20 Hz background activity the latency tuning is largely preserved, but the jitter increases especially at off-optimal frequencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | first spike latency (FSL) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: first spike latency (FSL) | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | input latency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: input latency | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | integration time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: integration time | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | integration time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: integration time | content_tags.definitions[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dynamic range | content_tags.definitions[6] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | reference Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reference | content_tags.definitions[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | feedforward Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feedforward | content_tags.definitions[8] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | tone-evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | integration time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: integration time | content_tags.variables[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dynamic range | content_tags.variables[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | jitter Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: jitter | content_tags.variables[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: frequency | content_tags.variables[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a factor of three — how much broader the spike-latency dynamic range is than the input-latency dynamic range Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1.5 ± 0.5 ms — dynamic range of the isolated thalamocortical input latency across frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 3.1 ± 0.8 ms — dynamic range of derived spike latency once intracortical excitation was included Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 14.34 ± 0.42 ms — average first spike latency in the intracellularly recorded layer 4 neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 2.6 ± 0.7 ms — delay of the second (intracortical) excitatory component after the onset of excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 4.2 ± 0.3 ms — delay of the first evoked spike after the onset of excitation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 93 — number of middle-layer neurons whose first spike latencies were sampled with cell-attached recording Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ∼55% — fraction of the excitatory response range over which the cell actually spikes, used to threshold the tuning curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 800 — number of model cells in each of the four layers of the thalamocortical network model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ∼1 ms ... ∼4 ms — the dynamic range of latency tuning within the frequency range for spiking response - for the input, and increased for the spike output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 1.5 ± 0.5 ms ... 2.0 ± 0.8 ms ... 3.1 ± 0.8 ms — the same range measured stepwise as each input component is added back, so the mechanism is attributed by subtraction rather than asserted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 2.6 ± 0.7 ms ... 4.2 ± 0.3 ms — the intracortical component arrives before the first spike, which is the entire license for saying it can modulate spike timing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 55% — a ratio measured in current-clamp recordings and used as a threshold in a different experiment where inhibition was never recorded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 20 Hz — background firing set deliberately ABOVE the typical level, so preserved tuning is a conservative result Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.