phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | spike latency tuning for sound frequency— “We investigated layer 4 pyramidal neurons in rat primary auditory cortex (A1) to understand the synaptic circuitry mechanisms underlying the spike latency tuning for sound frequency.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Dissecting of thalamocortical circuits and neural modeling further revealed that broadly tuned intracortical inhibition prolongs the integration time for spike generation preferentially at off-optimal frequencies, while sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens it selectively at the optimal frequency.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here, in vivo whole-cell recordings from rat auditory cortical neurons in layer 4 revealed that the onset latency of their aggregate thalamic input exhibited nearly flat tuning for sound frequency, whereas their spike latency tuning was much sharper with a broadly expanded dynamic range.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Whether the spike latency tuning is simply relayed along sensory ascending pathways or generated by local circuits remains unclear. Here, in vivo whole-cell recordings from rat auditory cortical neurons in layer 4 revealed that the onset latency of their aggregate thalamic input exhibited nearly flat tuning for sound frequency, whereas their… | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, this scenario can only apply if projections from one processing stage to the next are highly specific, i.e., neurons projecting to a local area in the downstream target have identical properties. In reality, neural circuits usually consist of highly convergent and divergent connections. A cortical neuron in the input layer of the… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Dissecting of thalamocortical circuits and neural modeling further revealed that broadly tuned intracortical inhibition prolongs the integration time for spike generation preferentially at off-optimal frequencies, while sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens it selectively at the optimal frequency. Such push and pull mechanisms… | |
| transfer | from somatosensory and olfactory coding: first spike latency as a code for stimulus identity, imported as the property to be explained— “Whether the spike latency tuning is simply relayed along sensory ascending pathways or generated by local circuits remains unclear. Here, in vivo whole-cell recordings from rat auditory cortical neurons in layer 4 revealed that the onset latency of their aggregate thalamic input exhibited nearly flat tuning for sound frequency, whereas their… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from computational modelling: the integrate-and-fire neuron fed with measured conductances, used to obtain the spikes the recording method destroyed— “Due to the use of QX-314 in the intrapipette solution to improve the recording quality, we were unable to examine the bona fide spike responses of the same neuron. Nonetheless, we derived the expected spike latency by using an integrate-and-fire neuron model, feeding the model with experimentally observed excitatory and inhibitory synaptic… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from network simulation: a four-layer thalamocortical network with background activity, used to ask whether input latency tuning is necessary at all— “We next examined whether the latency tuning of thalamic inputs was necessary for the generation of cortical spike latency tuning. As shown in Figure 7 D , although outputs of individual thalamic neurons exhibited a clear latency tuning, the aggregate input to each pyramidal neuron had a flat latency tuning. This result supports our original… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from psychophysics of timing: the requirement for an internal time reference, since the organism has no access to stimulus onset— “Several sources of internal time reference have been proposed, including large-scale oscillations ( Hopfield, 1995 ), local field potentials ( Eggermont, 1998 ), and population onsets ( Stecker and Middlebrooks, 2003 ; Chase and Young, 2007 ). In our modeling study, we found that for any given tone stimulus, a large fraction of responding… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | Differential frequency tuning of the excitatory and inhibitory input strengths creates two opposing effects on integration time (excitation shortens it at the best frequency, inhibition lengthens it away from it), which together stretch the spike latency tuning curve.— “Due to the differential tuning of input strength between thalamocortical and intracortical excitatory inputs as well as between inhibitory and total excitatory inputs, two antagonistic effects are generated concurrently: the sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens the integration time most robustly at the optimal frequency, while the… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Because inhibition is more broadly tuned than excitation, the excitation/inhibition ratio falls at the receptive field edges, which further prolongs the already long integration time there.— “the more broadly tuned inhibition sharpens spike latency tuning by imposing larger E / I ratios at receptive field peripheries” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Convergence of many thalamocortical axons with different characteristic frequencies onto one cortical neuron degrades the latency tuning carried by each axon, because the summed input onset is set by the single fastest input.— “This result supports our original hypothesis that the convergence of thalamic inputs can lead to a degradation of input latency tuning” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens the integration time most at the optimal frequency, while broadly tuned inhibition prolongs it most at off-optimal frequencies - two antagonistic effects that together triple the dynamic range— “Due to the differential tuning of input strength between thalamocortical and intracortical excitatory inputs as well as between inhibitory and total excitatory inputs, two antagonistic effects are generated concurrently: the sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens the integration time most robustly at the optimal frequency, while the… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | and because inhibition is more broadly tuned than excitation, the excitation-to-inhibition ratio is worst at the receptive field periphery, where the integration time is already longest— “The frequency tuning of inhibitory input strength is broader than that of excitation. Besides sharpening the tuning of spike rate response through an analogous lateral inhibition effect ( Wu et al., 2008 ), the more broadly tuned inhibition sharpens spike latency tuning by imposing larger E / I ratios at receptive field peripheries. There the… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | with the onset of this second component is 2.6 ms after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while the first evoked spike is at 4.2 ms— “On average, the onset of this second component is 2.6 ± 0.7 ms (mean ± SD) after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while that of the first evoked spike is 4.2 ± 0.3 ms ( p < 0.05, t test).” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the aggregate thalamic input is flat because it is set by the shortest latency among many convergent inputs, so the sharpness carried by each individual afferent is destroyed by the summation— “However, this scenario can only apply if projections from one processing stage to the next are highly specific, i.e., neurons projecting to a local area in the downstream target have identical properties. In reality, neural circuits usually consist of highly convergent and divergent connections. A cortical neuron in the input layer of the… | mechanisms[6] |
| builds-on | the cortical silencing method of Liu et al. (2007)— “In this study we have intended to isolate the intracortical excitatory input using our previously established cortical silencing method ( Liu et al., 2007 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Liu et al. (2007), on flattened excitatory frequency tuning after cortical silencing— “As shown in an example neuron, the excitatory responses after cortical silencing (i.e., the pure thalamocortical input) exhibited a much flattened tuning compared to the responses before silencing ( Fig. 5 A ), consistent with the previous study ( Liu et al., 2007 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Wu et al. (2008) and Sun et al. (2010), on inhibition being more broadly tuned than excitation— “The tuning curve of inhibitory inputs appeared broader than that of excitatory inputs to the same cell ( Fig. 3 A ), consistent with previous reports ( Wu et al., 2008 ; Sun et al., 2010 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | the thalamocortical network model of de la Rocha et al. (2008)— “The basic framework for our thalamocortical model was inspired by de la Rocha et al. (2008) , although we used spiking neurons to allow investigation of spike latencies.” | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | the assumption that spike latency tuning is relayed unchanged along the ascending pathway— “Whether the spike latency tuning is simply relayed along sensory ascending pathways or generated by local circuits remains unclear. Here, in vivo whole-cell recordings from rat auditory cortical neurons in layer 4 revealed that the onset latency of their aggregate thalamic input exhibited nearly flat tuning for sound frequency, whereas their… | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the feedforward-inhibition account of cortical response sharpening, extended from spike rate to spike timing— “The frequency tuning of inhibitory input strength is broader than that of excitation. Besides sharpening the tuning of spike rate response through an analogous lateral inhibition effect ( Wu et al., 2008 ), the more broadly tuned… | claim_relations[5] |
| explains-away | the apparent need for latency-tuned thalamic input, since the model generates output tuning from flat input tuning | claim_relations[6] |
| distinguishes-from | feedback, recurrent and oscillatory sources of the second excitatory component, each excluded on timing grounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| critiques | the objection that noise destroys latency codes more than rate codes, on the grounds that pooling helps both and the relevant reference is other neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| predicts | that spiny stellate neurons, if they can be recorded in vivo, will be the postulated fast excitatory relay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| sense | A PROPERTY EVERY ELEMENT HAS, THAT THEIR SUM DOES NOT: individual thalamic neurons are sharply latency-tuned, but the aggregate input to one cortical cell is FLAT, because the sum is set exclusively by the SHORTEST latency among the convergent inputs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the network model reproduces exactly that - clear tuning in each thalamic neuron, flat tuning in the aggregate, sharp tuning again in the output Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | so the sharpness is NOT INHERITED but reconstructed: the input dynamic range is about 1 ms and the output about 4 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | THE SAME INPUT, THE SAME STRENGTH AT THE OPTIMAL FREQUENCY, AND OPPOSITE EFFECTS ON THE CODE: sharply tuned intracortical excitation INCREASED the dynamic range where cotuned excitation DECREASED it - the tuning width decides, not the amplitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | PUSH AND PULL: sharply tuned excitation shortens the integration time at the optimal frequency, broadly tuned inhibition prolongs it off-optimum - and an initial tuning of input latency is then NOT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | THE DRUG THAT MADE THE RECORDING POSSIBLE MADE THE TARGET UNMEASURABLE: QX-314 was used to improve recording quality, and the bona fide spikes of the same neuron could then not be examined - the output had to be DERIVED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | and the derivation is validated the right way - sequential cell-attached and whole-cell recording FROM THE SAME NEURON, with the derived and recorded receptive fields and latency tunings compared directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | A MISSING MEASUREMENT REPLACED BY A NUMBER FROM ANOTHER EXPERIMENT: inhibition was not recorded in the silencing condition, so the spiking frequency range was set by thresholding the excitatory tuning curve at 55%, a ratio measured elsewhere Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THE CELL THE MECHANISM REQUIRES IS THE ONE THE METHOD CANNOT SEE: spiny stellate cells are resistant to Golgi impregnation and hard to sample intracellularly, and every current recording method shows SAMPLING BIAS TOWARD LARGE PYRAMIDAL NEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | with the honest consequence stated - the identities of the presumptive excitatory relay neurons are ELUSIVE, and the proposal rests on reasoning rather than on having recorded them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | THE ZERO POINT OF THE MEASURE BELONGS TO THE EXPERIMENTER, NOT TO THE ORGANISM: the brain has NO ACCESS to the external stimulus onset, so latency is well defined for the observer and undefined for the system being studied Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | and the proposed substitutes are all internal - oscillations, local field potentials, population onsets - with whether any is actually used left an open question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | THREE ALTERNATIVES ELIMINATED BY TIMING ALONE: feedback and recurrent inputs arrive after the first spike, a recurrent component would appear at about 4 ms and was not evident, and the small jitter rules out a random early-firing subgroup Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | and gamma oscillations are excluded by arithmetic - a 2 ms delay is difficult to explain by a 30 to 80 Hz rhythm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| sense | THE TWO CODES NEED DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF DATA: a smooth latency tuning curve is established in a SINGLE TRIAL, where the spike-rate curve relies on averaging multiple trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[14] |
| sense | and the case against the latency code is answered rather than dismissed - noise is thought more destructive to latency than to rate coding, but pooling helps both, and jitter relative to other neurons may be smaller than jitter relative to the stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[15] |
| control | spike latency measured with excitatory input only, and again with both excitatory and inhibitory input present — held — rules out the contribution of inhibition to latency tuning - the excitation-only condition is the same cell without the thing being tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | Wu et al. (2008) and Sun et al. (2010), on inhibition being more broadly tuned than excitation — THE AXIS IS RELATIVE TUNING BREADTH, AND IT IS WHAT IS BEING REPLICATED. 'THE TUNING CURVE OF INHIBITORY INPUTS APPEARED BROADER THAN THAT OF EXCITATORY INPUTS TO THE SAME CELL, CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS REPORTS.' A 'replicates' usually records that two papers agree; naming the property says WHAT AGREES - and 'to the same cell' is the control that makes the comparison mean anything. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | the assumption that spike latency tuning is relayed unchanged along the ascending pathway — THE AXIS IS WHERE IN THE CIRCUIT THE LATENCY IS MEASURED. 'the onset latency of their aggregate thalamic input exhibited nearly flat tuning for sound frequency, whereas their spike latency tuning was much sharper.' Relay and local generation are not rival readings of one measurement; they are claims about different stages, and the paper measures both. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | feedback, recurrent and oscillatory sources of the second excitatory component, each excluded on timing grounds — THE AXIS IS ARRIVAL TIME RELATIVE TO THE FIRST SPIKE. 'In principle, feedback and recurrent inputs would arrive later than the occurrence of the first spike of layer 4 pyramidal neurons, and would be unable to affect its timing.' Three candidate sources are excluded by a single argument about WHEN they could act - not by measuring them, and not by denying they exist. An elimination that costs no experiment and holds only for the quantity being explained, which is first-spike latency. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | the objection that noise destroys latency codes more than rate codes, on the grounds that pooling helps both and the relevant reference is other neurons — THE AXIS IS WHAT EACH CODE IS ASSUMED TO BE READ BY. 'the noise is often seen as being destructive to latency coding more than to rate coding. This is partly because the information in rate codes is assumed to be extracted by pooling A large number of neurons together, while with latency codes, single spikes ar[e considered].' The comparison is unfair by construction: one code is given a population and the other a single spike, so the noise result follows from the assumption rather than from the codes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| note | inhibition —causes→ integration time — broadly tuned inhibition PROLONGS the integration time preferentially at off-optimal frequencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | excitation —causes→ integration time — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span credits broadly tuned INHIBITION with prolonging integration time; excitation's role is not stated here. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | excitation —causes→ integration time — sharply tuned intracortical excitation SHORTENS it selectively at the optimal frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | integration time —causes→ dynamic range — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the push-pull mechanisms expand the dynamic range; integration time as the cause is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| evidential status | integration time —causes→ dynamic range — the paper's own words: likely Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| edge | inhibition —contrasted-with→ excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[18] |
| audit | inhibition —causes→ receptive field — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but broader inhibitory tuning sharpens spike tuning; causes 'receptive field' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| note | inhibition —causes→ receptive field — broader inhibitory tuning imposes larger E/I ratios at receptive field PERIPHERIES, where the integration time is already long Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| audit | recurrent —distinct-from→ feedforward — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but feedforward, feedback and recurrent are listed as alternative sources; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[40] |
| note | recurrent —distinct-from→ feedforward — THREE ALTERNATIVES ELIMINATED BY TIMING: feedback and recurrent inputs arrive after the first spike, a recurrent component would show at about 4 ms and WAS NOT EVIDENT, and the small jitter rules out a random early-firing subgroup Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[40] |
| audit | tuning —contrasted-with→ spike — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but latency tuning emerges on a single trial while rate tuning needs averaging; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[44] |
| differs in | tuning —contrasted-with→ spike — THE AXIS IS HOW MANY TRIALS THE TUNING NEEDS TO EXIST. 'A rather smooth tuning curve of FSL appeared to be established with a single trial, whereas that of spike rate relied on averaging of multiple trials.' A code available on one trial and a code that exists only in the average are different claims about what a downstream neuron could use - and the averaging that makes the second visible is the analyst's, not the brain's. Same paper whose aggregation operator is already in this corpus for deciding the meaning of a sum. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[44] |
| note | tuning —contrasted-with→ spike — THE TWO CODES NEED DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF DATA: the latency curve is established in a SINGLE TRIAL, the spike-rate curve relies on averaging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[44] |
| audit | precision —part-of→ coding — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but precise spike timing is one of 'two prerequisites' for latency coding; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[45] |
| note | precision —part-of→ coding — two prerequisites stated - precise spike timing per presentation, and a broad dynamic range; submillisecond precision with a 4 ms range is judged sufficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[45] |
| audit | dynamic range —part-of→ coding — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but a broad dynamic range is one of 'two prerequisites' for latency coding; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[46] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any spike-response claim about the recorded cells: DUE TO THE USE OF QX-314 IN THE INTRAPIPETTE SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE RECORDING QUALITY, WE WERE UNABLE TO EXAMINE THE BONA FIDE SPIKE RESPONSES OF THE SAME NEURON Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the cortical-silencing experiments: TO SIMPLIFY THE EXPERIMENT AND IMPROVE THE SUCCESS RATE, INHIBITORY RESPONSES WERE NOT RECORDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the silencing results: NONSPECIFIC EFFECTS OF THE MIXTURE APPLICATION ... CANNOT BE TOTALLY EXCLUDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the proposed relay population: THE IDENTITIES OF THESE PRESUMPTIVE EXCITATORY RELAY NEURONS ARE ELUSIVE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the functional claim: WHETHER THIS STRATEGY IS INDEED IMPLEMENTED BY THE CORTICAL CIRCUITS REMAINS AN OPEN QUESTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every spike response reported: DUE TO THE USE OF QX-314 ... WE WERE UNABLE TO EXAMINE THE BONA FIDE SPIKE RESPONSES OF THE SAME NEURON - the drug enabling the recording blocks the spikes, so they are derived rather than observed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the silencing experiments specifically: TO SIMPLIFY THE EXPERIMENT AND IMPROVE THE SUCCESS RATE, INHIBITORY RESPONSES WERE NOT RECORDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the population size the mechanism depends on: THEIR NUMBER COULD BE UNDERESTIMATED SINCE THEY ARE REPORTED TO BE RESISTANT TO GOLGI IMPREGNATION AND DIFFICULT TO SAMPLE WITH INTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS - the absence is a property of the methods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - specificity argued rather than demonstrated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[4] - whether the brain uses a population onset as its time reference is open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | QX-314 in the pipette prevented recording real spikes from the same voltage-clamped cells, so spike responses had to be modeled. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Inhibitory responses were not recorded in the cortical-silencing experiments. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Non-specific effects of the pharmacological silencing mixture cannot be entirely ruled out. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The identity of the early-spiking neurons proposed to supply the fast intracortical excitation is unknown. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Whether the cortex actually uses the proposed population-onset time reference is not established. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the drug that made the recording possible made the target unmeasurable - QX-314 blocks the spikes of the very cell whose spikes are the output being explained, so they were derived from a model instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | inhibition was not recorded at all in the silencing experiments, and the missing frequency range was replaced by a 55% threshold taken from a different set of recordings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the cells the mechanism requires have never been recorded from - their identities are called elusive, and the recording methods are stated to be biased against them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | nonspecific effects of the silencing mixture cannot be totally excluded, and the argument for specificity is that the changes appear in both the temporal and the frequency domain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | and whether the brain actually uses a population onset as its time reference remains an open question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The onset latency of the aggregate thalamic input to layer 4 neurons is almost untuned for sound frequency, while the same cells' spike latency is sharply tuned with a much wider dynamic range. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Broadly tuned intracortical inhibition lengthens the integration time for spike generation at off-optimal frequencies, whereas sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens it at the optimal frequency. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The dynamic range of spike latency is three times that of synaptic input latency. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | outputs of individual thalamic neurons exhibited a clear latency tuning, and the aggregate input to each pyramidal neuron had a flat latency tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Cortical pyramidal neurons produced sharp spike latency tuning even when their input latency tuning was flat. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | the onset of this second component is 2.6 ms after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while that of the first evoked spike is 4.2 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | First spike latency was tuned much like spike rate, with a similar preferred frequency. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Adding inhibition to the derived responses lengthened spike latency mostly at the tuning-curve tails, widening the dynamic range and sharpening latency tuning. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | the input latency tuning is nearly flat and the spike latency tuning much sharper, so the code is NOT simply inherited from the thalamus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | broadly tuned intracortical inhibition prolongs the integration time at off-optimal frequencies while sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortens it at the optimal frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | with the stated strategy being the conversion of information spatially coded in synaptic strength into a temporal representation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | THE SUM LOSES WHAT EVERY ELEMENT HAS: the summed input latency is determined exclusively by the SHORTEST latency among many convergent inputs, so a sharp output tuning has to be recreated from a flat input tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | and the network model reproduces it - clear latency tuning in each thalamic neuron, flat tuning in the aggregate, sharp tuning in the output anyway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the dynamic range is about 1 ms for the input and about 4 ms for the spike output Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | measured stepwise: 1.5 ms of input latency, 2.0 ms from thalamocortical input alone, 3.1 ms once intracortical excitation is included Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the onset of this second component is 2.6 ms after the initial onset of the excitatory response, while the first evoked spike is at 4.2 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | PUSH AND PULL, with the consequence that an initial tuning of input latency is NOT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED for the creation of spike latency tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | inhibition is more broadly tuned than excitation, so the E/I ratio is worst at receptive field peripheries where the integration time is already longest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | cotuned and sharply tuned intracortical excitation shortened integration time equally at the optimal frequency, but the sharply tuned kind increased the dynamic range of spike latency while the cotuned kind decreased it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | the derived spikes were validated against cell-attached spikes recorded sequentially FROM THE SAME NEURON, on receptive field, best frequency and dynamic range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | THE DRUG THAT IMPROVED THE RECORDING REMOVED THE OBSERVATION: with QX-314 in the pipette the bona fide spikes of the same neuron could not be examined, so they were derived from a model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | A MISSING MEASUREMENT REPLACED BY A NUMBER FROM ANOTHER EXPERIMENT: inhibition was not recorded in the silencing condition and the spiking frequency range was set by thresholding at 55% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | spiny stellate cells, the candidate relay, resist Golgi impregnation and are hard to sample intracellularly, and current patch-recording methods are biased toward large pyramidal neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | with the identities of the presumptive excitatory relay neurons called ELUSIVE and the proposal resting on reasoning rather than on recordings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | THE ZERO POINT OF THE MEASURE BELONGS TO THE EXPERIMENTER: the brain has no access to the external stimulus onset, so an internally generated time reference is necessary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | three candidate internal references are named - oscillations, local field potentials, population onsets - and whether any is used is left an open question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | THREE ALTERNATIVES ELIMINATED BY TIMING ALONE: feedback and recurrent inputs arrive too late, the expected recurrent component was not evident, and the small jitter excludes a random early-firing subgroup Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | and gamma oscillations are excluded by arithmetic - a 2 ms delay is difficult to explain by a 30 to 80 Hz rhythm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | nonspecific effects of the silencing mixture cannot be totally excluded, and the specificity argument is that the changes appear in both the temporal and the frequency domain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | THE TWO CODES NEED DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF DATA: the latency tuning curve is established in a single trial, the spike-rate curve relies on averaging multiple trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | two prerequisites for a latency code are stated - precise spike timing per presentation and a broad dynamic range - and submillisecond precision with a 4 ms range is judged sufficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | the standing objection that noise hurts latency codes more than rate codes is answered: pooling helps both, and jitter relative to other neurons may be lower than relative to the stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | with 20 Hz background activity the latency tuning is largely preserved, but the jitter increases especially at off-optimal frequencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| quantity | a factor of three — how much broader the spike-latency dynamic range is than the input-latency dynamic range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 1.5 ± 0.5 ms — dynamic range of the isolated thalamocortical input latency across frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 3.1 ± 0.8 ms — dynamic range of derived spike latency once intracortical excitation was included Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 14.34 ± 0.42 ms — average first spike latency in the intracellularly recorded layer 4 neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 2.6 ± 0.7 ms — delay of the second (intracortical) excitatory component after the onset of excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 4.2 ± 0.3 ms — delay of the first evoked spike after the onset of excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 93 — number of middle-layer neurons whose first spike latencies were sampled with cell-attached recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | ∼55% — fraction of the excitatory response range over which the cell actually spikes, used to threshold the tuning curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 800 — number of model cells in each of the four layers of the thalamocortical network model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | ∼1 ms ... ∼4 ms — the dynamic range of latency tuning within the frequency range for spiking response - for the input, and increased for the spike output Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 1.5 ± 0.5 ms ... 2.0 ± 0.8 ms ... 3.1 ± 0.8 ms — the same range measured stepwise as each input component is added back, so the mechanism is attributed by subtraction rather than asserted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 2.6 ± 0.7 ms ... 4.2 ± 0.3 ms — the intracortical component arrives before the first spike, which is the entire license for saying it can modulate spike timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 55% — a ratio measured in current-clamp recordings and used as a threshold in a different experiment where inhibition was never recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 20 Hz — background firing set deliberately ABOVE the typical level, so preserved tuning is a conservative result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| variable | tone-evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | integration time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | jitter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | first spike latency (FSL) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | input latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | integration time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | integration time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | dynamic range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | reference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | feedforward Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | latency, spike, tuning, integration time, thalamocortical, thalamic, intracortical, inhibition, excitation, dynamic range, convergence, aggregate, cortex, pyramidal, interneuron, stellate, synaptic, strength, frequency, coding, model, jitter, noise, reference, silencing, QX-314, receptive field, feedforward, recurrent, oscillation, precision, sampling |
| t-test p | as written: paired t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| regression | as written: best-fit linear regression line Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| coefficient of determination r 2 | as written: r 2 = 0.70 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| mean and standard deviation SD | as written: mean, 0.56; SD, 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| spline regression smoothing | as written: Bayesian adaptive regression splines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| paired t test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| mean ± SD | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | spikes derived from recorded excitatory and inhibitory conductances with an integrate-and-fire model, validated against cell-attached spikes recorded sequentially from the same neuron — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | first spike latency tuned for sound frequency - a timing code whose dynamic range is about 1 ms at the input and about 4 ms at the output — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: spike latency tuning for sound frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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