Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during auditory discrimination

Znamenskiy, Zador · Nature · 2013 · neuroscience · 10.1038/nature12077 · record Znamenskiy2013-corticostriatal-neurons-in-auditory-cortex-d
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (xml); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Method is recorded as electrophysiology because tetrode/optical-fibre array recordings plus optogenetic manipulation in behaving rats carry the evidence; the study is equally a behavioural experiment (a two-alternative-choice cloud-of-tones discrimination task) and the vocabulary cannot hold both. Prior work is cited only by superscript number in this text, so claim relations targets are described rather than named. 2026-08-12 and 2026-08-15 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

9 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

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Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
logistic regression 3 fields · cross-validation 3 fields · bootstrap 2 fields · confidence interval 2 fields · Confidence intervals 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 20 concept tags on this paper, none is grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

corticostriatal auditory cortex striatum perceptual decision-making cloud-of-tones two alternative choice tonotopic Channelrhodopsin-2 archaerhodopsin-3 psychometric curve chronometric choice biases anti-bias antidromic compensatory plasticity logistic regression ideal observer space constant superior colliculus reinforcement learning The auditory cortex-to-striatum projection carries frequency-specific acoustic information that is read out to select the motor response, so changing spiking in that projection changes the choice. Because exciting corticostriatal cells suppresses surrounding cortex rather than exciting it, the behavioural bias must be delivered by their long-range axons to the striatum, not by recruiting other cortical output pathways. A decision bottleneck: the small number of projection neurons that actually drive the choice provides finite bandwidth, which caps the effective pool size and hence psychophysical performance. tetrode optical fiber layer V cloud of tones stimulus stimulus strength r preferred frequency cloud of tones motor component of the response time magnitude of modulation of response times light activation target octave choice bias response time sound intensity mask LED number of Arch-expressing neurones stimulus strength response times logistic regression model Wilcoxon signed-rank test signed-rank test linear regression (ordinary least squares) linear regression using ordinary least squares method bootstrap bootstrap resampling cross-validation leave-one-out cross-validation confidence interval Confidence intervals p-value p-values standard error standard errors of regression coefficients mean squared error minimisation minimized the mean square error slope of the psychometric curve electrophysiology

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12077. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 11 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 6 · content_tags 72 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 11 · mechanisms 15 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 6 · transfers 3

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	whether the projection from auditory cortex to striatum carries the signals that drive choices during auditory discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	how auditory representations in cortex are transformed into motor commands Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	shows that activating corticostriatal neurons biases choices toward their preferred frequency and inactivating them biases choices away, establishing the pathway as both sufficient and necessary for the decision Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	auditory perceptual decision-making Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: The auditory cortex-to-striatum projection carries frequency-specific acoustic information that is read out to select the motor response, so changing spiking in that projection changes the choice.	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Because exciting corticostriatal cells suppresses surrounding cortex rather than exciting it, the behavioural bias must be delivered by their long-range axons to the striatum, not by recruiting other cortical output pathways.	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A decision bottleneck: the small number of projection neurons that actually drive the choice provides finite bandwidth, which caps the effective pool size and hence psychophysical performance.	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	sufficiency and necessity are separated explicitly, and the direction of the necessity test is predicted before it is run Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	cell-type specificity is achieved by an intersection: a retrograde virus delivers Cre from the target region, and a Cre-dependent virus supplies the opsin in the source region Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	a failed non-specific manipulation is reported first, with three candidate explanations, and becomes the argument for targeting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	full inactivation is deliberately avoided because compensatory plasticity would confound it, so only a patch of the tonotopic map is silenced Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the same pathway is driven at two points - somata in cortex and axon terminals in striatum - so the result cannot depend on where the light went Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	recurrent cortical activity is pharmacologically removed while the axons are stimulated, which isolates the long-range output as the carrier of the effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the behavioural effect is converted into stimulus units by fitting a logistic model, so a neural manipulation and an acoustic change become comparable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	stimulation is restricted to a quarter of trials and still rewarded normally, to stop the animal adapting to the manipulation itself Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	tone intensity is randomised across trials specifically to block a loudness-based strategy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the effect size is tied to an anatomical count by combining fluorescence, a measured inactivation space constant, and cell density Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	uninjected animals receiving identical light serve as the control for both opsins separately Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	local suppression during corticostriatal excitation is used to argue the behavioural effect travels by the long-range output rather than through local circuitry Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[14]`	0.95	the tagger's words
limitations	Non-specific cortical activation did not give tuning-predicted biases and lacked adequate control over the relevant projection neurons. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the non-specific activation experiments: THE METHOD OF NON-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION OF DIVERSE NEURONAL POPULATIONS USED IN THESE EXPERIMENTS DOES NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT control over the relevant populations	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The stimulation biases were not statistically significant within individual sessions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any session-level claim: THE BIASES WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT ON INDIVIDUAL SESSIONS (p<0.05 ON 1/33 SESSIONS), IN PART BECAUSE THE NUMBER OF STIMULATED TRIALS PER SESSION WAS TYPICALLY SMALL (70+/-24 (s.d.) TRIALS)	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The inactivation effect on chronometric functions did not reach significance. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the chronometric result specifically: A SIMILAR TREND WAS REFLECTED IN THE SUBJECTS' CHRONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS BUT DID NOT REACH SIGNIFICANCE	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Cell counts could not be estimated for two fibres whose tracks were not found histologically. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cell counts for two named fibres: FOR 2 FIBERS IN ONE OF THE RATS WE COULD NOT LOCATE THE TRACKS IN HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS AND PRECISELY ESTIMATE CELL COUNTS	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Other parallel pathways contributing to the decision are not excluded. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim that this pathway is the only one: OUR RESULTS DO NOT EXCLUDE THE PARTICIPATION OF OTHER PARALLEL PATHWAYS	`limitations[4]`		the tagger's words
limitations	other parallel pathways are not excluded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[4] - other parallel pathways remain possible	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	individual sessions were underpowered; the effect is visible in aggregate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - individual sessions are underpowered at 70+/-24 trials	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	at sites with large biases, performance was also modestly affected, possibly a ceiling effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the sites with large choice biases: STIMULATION ALSO HAD A MODEST EFFECT ON THE SUBJECTS' PERFORMANCE AT SITES WITH LARGE CHOICE BIASES, POSSIBLY DUE TO A CEILING EFFECT	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the chronometric counterpart of the inactivation result trended but did not reach significance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the inactivation result: it BIASED SUBJECTS' CHOICES AWAY FROM THE REWARD PORT ASSOCIATED WITH THE FREQUENCY BAND OF THE INACTIVATION SITE BUT DID NOT AFFECT the chronometric measure	`limitations[8]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	auditory striatal neurons had only ever been characterised in anaesthetised or passively listening animals before this Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every PRIOR characterisation this paper builds on: AUDITORY STRIATAL NEURONES HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN CHARACTERIZED IN ANAESTHETISED AND PASSIVELY LISTENING ANIMALS, NOT DURING BEHAVIOUR	`limitations[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the function of sensory-recipient striatal regions was poorly established at the outset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: sensory-recipient striatal regions as a class: THE FUNCTION OF STRIATAL REGIONS WHICH RECEIVE DIRECT INPUT FROM SENSORY CORTICAL AREAS IS LESS WELL ESTABLISHED	`limitations[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the random-dot-motion logic of a graded two-alternative discrimination, remade for frequency using clouds of tones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
transfers	the ideal observer, applied to single neurons so that cortical and striatal selectivity can be compared on one scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`	0.85	the tagger's words
transfers	a retrogradely transported herpes virus carrying Cre, which turns an anatomical projection into a genetically addressable cell class Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
controls	the fit re-run 100 times from RANDOM starting parameters, keeping the solution with the smallest mean square error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a local minimum as the reported fit - a single optimisation run reports wherever it happens to stop, and its parameters would be a property of the starting point · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	optogenetic activation - non-specific across a cortical population versus targeted to a projection-defined class; the first gives biases unrelated to tuning and degrades performance, the second gives biases predicted by tuning and spares it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	sufficiency versus necessity - activation showing the pathway CAN drive choices, inactivation showing it normally DOES; the paper separates the two claims and tests them in that order Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	stimulating the pathway at the soma versus at the axon terminal; the same cells reached from either end, which is what rules out a location artefact Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	a behavioural effect measured as a choice bias versus as a shift in response time; the chronometric curve moves as if acoustic evidence had been added Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the neuronal pool limiting psychophysical performance - as constrained by correlated firing versus by the bandwidth of the few projection neurons that drive decisions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	striatal regions receiving motor and prefrontal input, whose functions are well studied, versus those receiving direct sensory cortical input, whose function was not established Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: rats performing a two-alternative cloud-of-tones frequency discrimination, with tetrode recording and projection-targeted channelrhodopsin and archaerhodopsin in corticostriatal neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: perceptual decision-making - converting an auditory representation into a motor choice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: auditory perceptual decision-making — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → perceptual decision experiments in primate area MT (ref. 16) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → prior characterisations of auditory striatal neurones in anaesthetised and passively listening animals (refs. 14, 15) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → previous results on the laminar location of corticostriatal neurones (ref. 22) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → previously reported response-time increases on difficult trials in rats (ref. 18) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the known topography of corticostriatal projections (ref. 23) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → work on striatal regions receiving motor and prefrontal input, by asking what the sensory-recipient striatum does Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → non-specific optogenetic activation of mixed cortical populations as a way of testing a pathway's role Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	critiques → complete-inactivation lesion designs, whose interpretation compensatory plasticity can obscure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE EXTENT OF THE INACTIVATION, AND THE REASON IS NAMED. 'Rather than attempting to inactivate all corticostriatal cells - a technically difficult feat Quotation withheld - we sought instead to silence corticostriatal neurones WITHIN A RESTRICTED REGION of the tonotopic map.' The critique of whole-population lesions is not that they fail but that the preparation answers back.	`claim_relations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → primate area MT microstimulation experiments, whose logic the task design is modelled on Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[8]`	0.85	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → estimates of how few neurons animals can be trained to detect, from artificial detection to normal perception Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[9]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → the account in which correlated firing limits the effective size of the neuronal pool underlying psychophysical performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[10]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither endpoint. This clause names both and states the dependence - the bias scales with how many corticostriatal neurones were silenced. — strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'biased subjects' choices', not 'choice biases'. also in: corticostriatal · choice biases	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	Channelrhodopsin-2 —contrasted-with→ archaerhodopsin-3 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE SIGN OF THE MANIPULATION, AND THE BIAS FOLLOWS IT. 'TARGETED CHANNELRHODOPSIN-2 (ChR2)-MEDIATED STIMULATION of corticostriatal neurones during the task biased decisions in the direction predicted by the frequency tuning of the stimulated neurones, WHEREAS ARCHAERHODOPSIN-3 (ARCH)-mediated inactivation biased decisions in T[HE OPPOSITE DIRECTION].' Two opsins are not being compared as tools - they are the two signs of one experiment, and the double dissociation is the evidence. · strength of the relation: 1 also in: Channelrhodopsin-2 · archaerhodopsin-3	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —part-of→ auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither endpoint. This sentence names both and places one inside the other - corticostriatal neurones IN the auditory cortex. — strength of the relation: 0.9 also in: corticostriatal · auditory cortex	`concept_edges[2]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	choice biases —operationalised-as→ logistic regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'subjects' choices' / 'behavioural effect', not 'choice biases'. also in: choice biases · logistic regression	`concept_edges[4]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	striatum —causes→ superior colliculus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.75 also in: striatum · superior colliculus	`concept_edges[5]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the relation was always stated, the endpoint names were not in the span. also in: corticostriatal · choice biases	`concept_edges[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	logistic regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logistic regression	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon signed-rank test	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	linear regression (ordinary least squares) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: linear regression (ordinary least squares)	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	bootstrap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bootstrap	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-validation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-validation	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mean squared error minimisation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean squared error minimisation	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	logistic regression model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logistic regression model	`content_tags.statistics[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: signed-rank test	`content_tags.statistics[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	ideal observer Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ideal observer	`content_tags.statistics[11]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	slope of the psychometric curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: slope of the psychometric curve	`content_tags.statistics[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Optogenetic activation of auditory corticostriatal neurons shifted rats' choices toward the reward port associated with the frequency the stimulated neurons preferred. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Arch-mediated silencing of corticostriatal neurons pushed choices away from the port matching the inactivated site's frequency band while leaving psychometric slope (sensitivity) unchanged. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Non-specific (untargeted) activation of auditory cortex produced biases whose direction did not follow the frequency tuning of neurons near the fiber. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Non-specific cortical activation also impaired task performance, flattening the psychometric curve. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Stimulating corticostriatal axons still biased choices after the auditory cortex was pharmacologically silenced, showing the effect travels through the long-range striatal projection rather than through recurrent cortical circuitry. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Silencing only about one third to eight tenths of one percent of the local neurons (roughly 1,000-2,400 Arch-expressing cells) was enough to produce robust choice biases. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Corticostriatal stimulation also shifted response-time (chronometric) curves exactly as adding real acoustic evidence for the site's preferred frequency would. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Ideal-observer analysis showed that cortical and striatal neurons had similar stimulus selectivity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	activating corticostriatal neurons biased choices toward the port associated with the stimulation site's preferred frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	inactivating them biased choices away from that port, as predicted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	non-specific cortical activation produced biases whose direction the tuning near the fiber did not predict Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	stimulating corticostriatal axons in the striatum reproduced the effect from the other end of the pathway Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the bias survived pharmacological silencing of the cortex, so it is carried by the long-range output rather than recurrent cortical activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	stimulation shifted chronometric curves as if acoustic evidence favouring that choice had been added Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	84% of targeted neurons were in layer V Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	robust biases appeared at sites with 1040-2444 Arch-expressing cells, 0.35-0.83% of the local population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	silencing that minute fraction changed behaviour, suggesting a privileged role for these cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	inactivation efficiency decayed with a space constant of about 564 micrometres Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[17]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	cortical and striatal neurons showed similar stimulus selectivity, so the striatum preserves the information needed for the task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[18]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	targeted stimulation left psychophysical sensitivity intact, unlike non-specific stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[19]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	no biases appeared in uninjected animals given identical light Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[20]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	exciting corticostriatal neurons suppressed local cortical activity overall Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[21]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	cloud of tones stimulus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cloud of tones stimulus	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	stimulus strength r Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stimulus strength r	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	preferred frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferred frequency	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	anti-bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: anti-bias	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cloud of tones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cloud of tones	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	anti-bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: anti-bias	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	two alternative choice Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: two alternative choice	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	motor component of the response time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: motor component of the response time	`content_tags.definitions[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	magnitude of modulation of response times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: magnitude of modulation of response times	`content_tags.definitions[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	light activation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: light activation	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	target octave Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: target octave	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	choice bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: choice bias	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	response time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: response time	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sound intensity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sound intensity	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mask LED Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mask LED	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	number of Arch-expressing neurones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: number of Arch-expressing neurones	`content_tags.variables[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	stimulus strength Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stimulus strength	`content_tags.variables[7]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	choice biases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: choice biases	`content_tags.variables[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	preferred frequency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferred frequency	`content_tags.variables[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	response times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: response times	`content_tags.variables[10]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	84% — share of ChR2-expressing neurons that lay in cortical layer V after the HSV1-Cre/AAV targeting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.35–0.83% — fraction of neurons in the illuminated volume that had to be silenced to yield robust choice biases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	~564 μ m — space constant of the decay of inactivation efficiency with distance from the fiber Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	36/57 sites, p = 0.015 — proportion of non-specific cortical stimulation sites producing contralateral biases, and its significance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p = 0.016 — significance of the choice bias from corticostriatal axon stimulation while the cortex was pharmacologically inactivated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	20–50 ms — size of the response-time increase on difficult trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	70±24 (s.d.) trials — typical number of stimulated trials per session, explaining why single-session biases rarely reached significance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	4 of 201 — cells that responded to blue-light pulses on more than half of trials, i.e. the identified light-driven corticostriatal population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	25% — proportion of trials on which photostimulation was delivered, capped to limit behavioural adaptation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	5-40 kHz over three octaves — the stimulus range, split into low and high target octaves Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	84% — targeted ChR2-expressing neurons located in layer V Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	1040-2444 neurones, 0.35-0.83% — Arch-expressing cells within 1 mm producing robust biases, as a fraction of the local population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	~564 μ m — space constant of inactivation efficiency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[12]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	25% — share of trials carrying photostimulation, capped to prevent adaptation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	70±24 trials — stimulated trials per session, the reason single sessions were underpowered Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	45-75 dB (SPL) — the randomised intensity range blocking a loudness strategy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	30 ms tones at 100 Hz — the cloud-of-tones stimulus timing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[16]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.