phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory perceptual decision-making— “We hypothesized that the projection from the auditory cortex to the striatum carries acoustic information that drives behavioural choices during auditory discrimination.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We directly demonstrate the role of corticostriatal projection neurones in auditory decisions by specifically manipulating the activity of these neurones in rats performing an auditory frequency discrimination task.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We used tetrode recordings to characterize the activity of individual neurones in the auditory cortex and the auditory striatum while rats performed the task.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We hypothesized that the projection from the auditory cortex to the striatum carries acoustic information that drives behavioural choices during auditory discrimination.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “The neural pathways by which information about the acoustic world reaches the auditory cortex are well characterised, but how auditory representations are transformed into motor commands is not known.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Targeted Channelrhodopsin-2 1 , 2 (ChR2)-mediated stimulation of corticostriatal neurones during the task biased decisions in the direction predicted by the frequency tuning of the stimulated neurones, whereas archaerhodopsin-3 3 (Arch)-mediated inactivation biased decisions in the opposite direction.” | |
| transfer | from primate visual neurophysiology: the random-dot-motion logic of a graded two-alternative discrimination, remade for frequency using clouds of tones— “We trained rats to discriminate low and high frequency “cloud-of-tones” stimuli in a two alternative choice task” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from psychophysics and signal detection: the ideal observer, applied to single neurons so that cortical and striatal selectivity can be compared on one scale— “These observations indicate that neurones in the striatum preserve the information available to perform the ”cloud-of-tones” task.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from virology: a retrogradely transported herpes virus carrying Cre, which turns an anatomical projection into a genetically addressable cell class— “In the first strategy, we targeted ChR2 specifically to corticostriatal neurones using a Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV1) engineered to express Cre recombinase 19 , 20 , 21 ( Fig. 2a ). This virus, when injected into the auditory striatum, was transported retrogradely along the axons and drove Cre expression in corticostriatal neurones. We then… | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | The auditory cortex-to-striatum projection carries frequency-specific acoustic information that is read out to select the motor response, so changing spiking in that projection changes the choice.— “We hypothesized that the projection from the auditory cortex to the striatum carries acoustic information that drives behavioural choices during auditory discrimination.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Because exciting corticostriatal cells suppresses surrounding cortex rather than exciting it, the behavioural bias must be delivered by their long-range axons to the striatum, not by recruiting other cortical output pathways.— “Excitation of corticostriatal neurones resulted in general suppression of local cortical activity ( Fig. S6 ), favouring the hypothesis that behavioural effects of photostimulation are mediated by long-range rather than local outputs of these neurones.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | A decision bottleneck: the small number of projection neurons that actually drive the choice provides finite bandwidth, which caps the effective pool size and hence psychophysical performance.— “Our results suggest that the finite bandwidth provided by a small number of projection neurones that drive decisions constitutes an additional constraint limiting the effective pool size and therefore psychophysical performance.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | sufficiency and necessity are separated explicitly, and the direction of the necessity test is predicted before it is run— “If corticostriatal spikes are important under normal conditions, then suppressing these spikes during the task should lead to an “anti-bias,” i.e. a bias in the direction opposite that induced by ChR2 activation.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | cell-type specificity is achieved by an intersection: a retrograde virus delivers Cre from the target region, and a Cre-dependent virus supplies the opsin in the source region— “In the first strategy, we targeted ChR2 specifically to corticostriatal neurones using a Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV1) engineered to express Cre recombinase 19 , 20 , 21 ( Fig. 2a ). This virus, when injected into the auditory striatum, was transported retrogradely along the axons and drove Cre expression in corticostriatal neurones. We then… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | a failed non-specific manipulation is reported first, with three candidate explanations, and becomes the argument for targeting— “The lack of correspondence between the direction of stimulation-evoked choice biases and frequency tuning was surprising and has several possible… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | full inactivation is deliberately avoided because compensatory plasticity would confound it, so only a patch of the tonotopic map is silenced Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the same pathway is driven at two points - somata in cortex and axon terminals in striatum - so the result cannot depend on where the light went Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | recurrent cortical activity is pharmacologically removed while the axons are stimulated, which isolates the long-range output as the carrier of the effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the behavioural effect is converted into stimulus units by fitting a logistic model, so a neural manipulation and an acoustic change become comparable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | stimulation is restricted to a quarter of trials and still rewarded normally, to stop the animal adapting to the manipulation itself Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | tone intensity is randomised across trials specifically to block a loudness-based strategy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | the effect size is tied to an anatomical count by combining fluorescence, a measured inactivation space constant, and cell density Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | uninjected animals receiving identical light serve as the control for both opsins separately Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | local suppression during corticostriatal excitation is used to argue the behavioural effect travels by the long-range output rather than through local circuitry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[14] |
| builds-on | perceptual decision experiments in primate area MT (ref. 16) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | prior characterisations of auditory striatal neurones in anaesthetised and passively listening animals (refs. 14, 15) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | previous results on the laminar location of corticostriatal neurones (ref. 22) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| replicates | previously reported response-time increases on difficult trials in rats (ref. 18) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| builds-on | the known topography of corticostriatal projections (ref. 23) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | work on striatal regions receiving motor and prefrontal input, by asking what the sensory-recipient striatum does Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| critiques | non-specific optogenetic activation of mixed cortical populations as a way of testing a pathway's role Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| critiques | complete-inactivation lesion designs, whose interpretation compensatory plasticity can obscure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | primate area MT microstimulation experiments, whose logic the task design is modelled on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| extends | estimates of how few neurons animals can be trained to detect, from artificial detection to normal perception Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| supports | the account in which correlated firing limits the effective size of the neuronal pool underlying psychophysical performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[10] |
| sense | optogenetic activation - non-specific across a cortical population versus targeted to a projection-defined class; the first gives biases unrelated to tuning and degrades performance, the second gives biases predicted by tuning and spares it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | sufficiency versus necessity - activation showing the pathway CAN drive choices, inactivation showing it normally DOES; the paper separates the two claims and tests them in that order Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | stimulating the pathway at the soma versus at the axon terminal; the same cells reached from either end, which is what rules out a location artefact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | a behavioural effect measured as a choice bias versus as a shift in response time; the chronometric curve moves as if acoustic evidence had been added Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the neuronal pool limiting psychophysical performance - as constrained by correlated firing versus by the bandwidth of the few projection neurons that drive decisions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | striatal regions receiving motor and prefrontal input, whose functions are well studied, versus those receiving direct sensory cortical input, whose function was not established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | the fit re-run 100 times from RANDOM starting parameters, keeping the solution with the smallest mean square error — held — rules out a local minimum as the reported fit - a single optimisation run reports wherever it happens to stop, and its parameters would be a property of the starting point Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | complete-inactivation lesion designs, whose interpretation compensatory plasticity can obscure — THE AXIS IS THE EXTENT OF THE INACTIVATION, AND THE REASON IS NAMED. 'Rather than attempting to inactivate all corticostriatal cells - a technically difficult feat whose interpretation might be obscured by the compensatory plasticity common to lesion studies - we sought instead to silence corticostriatal neurones WITHIN A RESTRICTED REGION of the tonotopic map.' The critique of whole-population lesions is not that they fail but that the preparation answers back. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'biased subjects' choices', not 'choice biases'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither endpoint. This clause names both and states the dependence - the bias scales with how many corticostriatal neurones were silenced. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| differs in | Channelrhodopsin-2 —contrasted-with→ archaerhodopsin-3 — THE AXIS IS THE SIGN OF THE MANIPULATION, AND THE BIAS FOLLOWS IT. 'TARGETED CHANNELRHODOPSIN-2 (ChR2)-MEDIATED STIMULATION of corticostriatal neurones during the task biased decisions in the direction predicted by the frequency tuning of the stimulated neurones, WHEREAS ARCHAERHODOPSIN-3 (ARCH)-mediated inactivation biased decisions in T[HE OPPOSITE DIRECTION].' Two opsins are not being compared as tools - they are the two signs of one experiment, and the double dissociation is the evidence. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —part-of→ auditory cortex — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither endpoint. This sentence names both and places one inside the other - corticostriatal neurones IN the auditory cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · corticostriatal —part-of→ auditory cortex — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | choice biases —operationalised-as→ logistic regression — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'subjects' choices' / 'behavioural effect', not 'choice biases'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | choice biases —operationalised-as→ logistic regression — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | striatum —causes→ superior colliculus — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the relation was always stated, the endpoint names were not in the span. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | corticostriatal —causes→ choice biases — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the non-specific activation experiments: THE METHOD OF NON-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION OF DIVERSE NEURONAL POPULATIONS USED IN THESE EXPERIMENTS DOES NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT control over the relevant populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any session-level claim: THE BIASES WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT ON INDIVIDUAL SESSIONS (p<0.05 ON 1/33 SESSIONS), IN PART BECAUSE THE NUMBER OF STIMULATED TRIALS PER SESSION WAS TYPICALLY SMALL (70+/-24 (s.d.) TRIALS) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the chronometric result specifically: A SIMILAR TREND WAS REFLECTED IN THE SUBJECTS' CHRONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS BUT DID NOT REACH SIGNIFICANCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the cell counts for two named fibres: FOR 2 FIBERS IN ONE OF THE RATS WE COULD NOT LOCATE THE TRACKS IN HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS AND PRECISELY ESTIMATE CELL COUNTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that this pathway is the only one: OUR RESULTS DO NOT EXCLUDE THE PARTICIPATION OF OTHER PARALLEL PATHWAYS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[4] - other parallel pathways remain possible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - individual sessions are underpowered at 70+/-24 trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the sites with large choice biases: STIMULATION ALSO HAD A MODEST EFFECT ON THE SUBJECTS' PERFORMANCE AT SITES WITH LARGE CHOICE BIASES, POSSIBLY DUE TO A CEILING EFFECT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the inactivation result: it BIASED SUBJECTS' CHOICES AWAY FROM THE REWARD PORT ASSOCIATED WITH THE FREQUENCY BAND OF THE INACTIVATION SITE BUT DID NOT AFFECT the chronometric measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — every PRIOR characterisation this paper builds on: AUDITORY STRIATAL NEURONES HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN CHARACTERIZED IN ANAESTHETISED AND PASSIVELY LISTENING ANIMALS, NOT DURING BEHAVIOUR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — sensory-recipient striatal regions as a class: THE FUNCTION OF STRIATAL REGIONS WHICH RECEIVE DIRECT INPUT FROM SENSORY CORTICAL AREAS IS LESS WELL ESTABLISHED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Non-specific cortical activation did not give tuning-predicted biases and lacked adequate control over the relevant projection neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The stimulation biases were not statistically significant within individual sessions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The inactivation effect on chronometric functions did not reach significance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Cell counts could not be estimated for two fibres whose tracks were not found histologically. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Other parallel pathways contributing to the decision are not excluded. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | other parallel pathways are not excluded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | individual sessions were underpowered; the effect is visible in aggregate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | at sites with large biases, performance was also modestly affected, possibly a ceiling effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the chronometric counterpart of the inactivation result trended but did not reach significance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | auditory striatal neurons had only ever been characterised in anaesthetised or passively listening animals before this Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | the function of sensory-recipient striatal regions was poorly established at the outset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Optogenetic activation of auditory corticostriatal neurons shifted rats' choices toward the reward port associated with the frequency the stimulated neurons preferred. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Arch-mediated silencing of corticostriatal neurons pushed choices away from the port matching the inactivated site's frequency band while leaving psychometric slope (sensitivity) unchanged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Non-specific (untargeted) activation of auditory cortex produced biases whose direction did not follow the frequency tuning of neurons near the fiber. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Non-specific cortical activation also impaired task performance, flattening the psychometric curve. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Stimulating corticostriatal axons still biased choices after the auditory cortex was pharmacologically silenced, showing the effect travels through the long-range striatal projection rather than through recurrent cortical circuitry. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Silencing only about one third to eight tenths of one percent of the local neurons (roughly 1,000-2,400 Arch-expressing cells) was enough to produce robust choice biases. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Corticostriatal stimulation also shifted response-time (chronometric) curves exactly as adding real acoustic evidence for the site's preferred frequency would. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Ideal-observer analysis showed that cortical and striatal neurons had similar stimulus selectivity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | activating corticostriatal neurons biased choices toward the port associated with the stimulation site's preferred frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | inactivating them biased choices away from that port, as predicted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | non-specific cortical activation produced biases whose direction the tuning near the fiber did not predict Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | stimulating corticostriatal axons in the striatum reproduced the effect from the other end of the pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the bias survived pharmacological silencing of the cortex, so it is carried by the long-range output rather than recurrent cortical activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | stimulation shifted chronometric curves as if acoustic evidence favouring that choice had been added Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | 84% of targeted neurons were in layer V Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | robust biases appeared at sites with 1040-2444 Arch-expressing cells, 0.35-0.83% of the local population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | silencing that minute fraction changed behaviour, suggesting a privileged role for these cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | inactivation efficiency decayed with a space constant of about 564 micrometres Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | cortical and striatal neurons showed similar stimulus selectivity, so the striatum preserves the information needed for the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | targeted stimulation left psychophysical sensitivity intact, unlike non-specific stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | no biases appeared in uninjected animals given identical light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | exciting corticostriatal neurons suppressed local cortical activity overall Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| quantity | 84% — share of ChR2-expressing neurons that lay in cortical layer V after the HSV1-Cre/AAV targeting Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 0.35–0.83% — fraction of neurons in the illuminated volume that had to be silenced to yield robust choice biases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ~564 μ m — space constant of the decay of inactivation efficiency with distance from the fiber Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 36/57 sites, p = 0.015 — proportion of non-specific cortical stimulation sites producing contralateral biases, and its significance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | p = 0.016 — significance of the choice bias from corticostriatal axon stimulation while the cortex was pharmacologically inactivated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 20–50 ms — size of the response-time increase on difficult trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 70±24 (s.d.) trials — typical number of stimulated trials per session, explaining why single-session biases rarely reached significance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 4 of 201 — cells that responded to blue-light pulses on more than half of trials, i.e. the identified light-driven corticostriatal population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 25% — proportion of trials on which photostimulation was delivered, capped to limit behavioural adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 5-40 kHz over three octaves — the stimulus range, split into low and high target octaves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 84% — targeted ChR2-expressing neurons located in layer V Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 1040-2444 neurones, 0.35-0.83% — Arch-expressing cells within 1 mm producing robust biases, as a fraction of the local population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | ~564 μ m — space constant of inactivation efficiency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 25% — share of trials carrying photostimulation, capped to prevent adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 70±24 trials — stimulated trials per session, the reason single sessions were underpowered Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 45-75 dB (SPL) — the randomised intensity range blocking a loudness strategy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 30 ms tones at 100 Hz — the cloud-of-tones stimulus timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| variable | light activation (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | target octave (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | choice bias (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | response time (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | sound intensity (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | mask LED (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | number of Arch-expressing neurones (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | stimulus strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | choice biases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | preferred frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | response times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| definition | cloud of tones stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | stimulus strength r Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | preferred frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | anti-bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | cloud of tones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | anti-bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | two alternative choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | motor component of the response time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | magnitude of modulation of response times Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | corticostriatal, auditory cortex, striatum, perceptual decision-making, cloud-of-tones, two alternative choice, tonotopic, Channelrhodopsin-2, archaerhodopsin-3, psychometric curve, chronometric, choice biases, anti-bias, antidromic, compensatory plasticity, logistic regression, ideal observer, space constant, superior colliculus, reinforcement learning, tetrode, optical fiber, layer V |
| logistic regression β | as written: logistic regression model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test p | as written: signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| linear regression (ordinary least squares) | as written: linear regression using ordinary least squares method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| bootstrap | as written: bootstrap resampling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| cross-validation | as written: leave-one-out cross-validation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| confidence interval | as written: Confidence intervals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| p-value p | as written: p-values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| standard error | as written: standard errors of regression coefficients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| mean squared error minimisation | as written: minimized the mean square error Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| logistic regression model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| signed-rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| ideal observer | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| slope of the psychometric curve | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | rats performing a two-alternative cloud-of-tones frequency discrimination, with tetrode recording and projection-targeted channelrhodopsin and archaerhodopsin in corticostriatal neurons — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | perceptual decision-making - converting an auditory representation into a motor choice — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: auditory perceptual decision-making Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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