Converging intracortical signatures of two separated processing timescales in human early auditory cortex

Baroni, Morillon, Trébuchon, Liégeois-Chauvel, Olasagasti, Giraud · bioRxiv · 2019 · neuroscience · 10.1101/730002 · record baroni2019-converging-intracortical-signature
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Method is genuinely hybrid and the single-value facet cannot show it: invasive human iEEG, multivariate decoding (regularised least-square classifiers), and a Wilson-Cowan population rate-model simulation. I recorded 'electrophysiology' because the empirical claims rest on the iEEG recordings; 'simulation' would be equally defensible for the second half of the paper. The queue metadata says bioRxiv 2019, but the text below the marker is the published version, NeuroImage 218 (2020) 116882. Several apt sentences straddle page-header artefacts in the extraction ('...across neighboring / it / 12 / F. Baroni et al. / frequency bands...'), so I restricted quotes to sentences lying wholly inside one extracted line - which is why the Podvalny 'rotation of the power spectrum' contrast, an explicit relation to named prior work, is not recorded as a claim_relation. 2026-08-14, 2026-08-15 and 2026-08-25 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
information content 3 fields · cross-validation 3 fields · area under the ROC curve 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 20 concept tags on this paper, all 20 are grounded in a quoted sentence. 15 carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

Electrode location Significance thresholds interictal epileptiform discharges decoding auditory cortex dual timescale processing infrastructure information content speech detection speech discrimination phase information power information simple rate model negative feedback loop fast subnetwork slow subnetwork auditory perception scale-free process preferred timescales delta-theta gamma Synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory populations operating at theta and gamma timescales, coupled by a negative feedback loop, generate the two-peaked (delta-theta and gamma) spectral profile of information content. Short-term synaptic depression of the bottom-up pathway depletes available neurotransmitter as the speech envelope arrives, producing large onset responses and attenuated responses to later syllables. The beta peak in early auditory cortex is inherited top-down from higher cortical areas rather than generated locally, which is why a single-area microcircuit model cannot reproduce it. Excessive self-excitation drives the network into strong baseline synchronisation and saturating oscillatory responses, so different speech segments elicit near-identical patterns and stimulus information is lost. Regularized Least-Square Classification A prime Phase Locking Value (PLV) prosody area under the ROC curve spectral power bias current strength of recurrent excitatory connections Wilcoxon signed-rank test two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test effect size effect size (Cohen’s d) t-test one-tailed t-test false discovery rate correction permutation test permutation-based statistics null distribution by label shuffling cross-validation cross-correlation cross-correlations were averaged across trial pairs z-score standardization inputs were z-transformed median and percentiles electrophysiology

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field
unrecordable relation	`unhoused_relations`	a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1101/730002. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 4 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 2 · concepts 20 · content_tags 37 · controls 1 · limitations 8 · mechanisms 4 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 19 · transfers 2 · unhoused_relations 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 2 of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	dual-timescale speech processing in human early auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory populations operating at theta and gamma timescales, coupled by a negative feedback loop, generate the two-peaked (delta-theta and gamma) spectral profile of information content.	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Short-term synaptic depression of the bottom-up pathway depletes available neurotransmitter as the speech envelope arrives, producing large onset responses and attenuated responses to later syllables.	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: The beta peak in early auditory cortex is inherited top-down from higher cortical areas rather than generated locally, which is why a single-area microcircuit model cannot reproduce it.	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Excessive self-excitation drives the network into strong baseline synchronisation and saturating oscillatory responses, so different speech segments elicit near-identical patterns and stimulus information is lost.	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Successful decoding does not establish that the decoded activity plays a functional role in speech processing. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any functional claim built on the decoding: WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT OUR DECODING RESULTS DO NOT UNAMBIGUOUSLY IMPLY A CORRESPONDING FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN SPEECH PROCESSING	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The study is correlational; establishing causal contributions would require intervention, which was not done. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any causal reading: CAUSAL CONTRIBUTIONS ARE BEST EXPLORED WITH INTERVENTIONAL APPROACHES, WHICH ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS WORK	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The model fails to reproduce the baseline beta power peak and its speech-induced reduction. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the model's account of the spectral profile: A KEY FEATURE THAT OUR MODEL DOES NOT REPRODUCE IS THE PRESENCE OF A POWER PEAK IN THE BETA RANGE, WHICH IS REDUCED BY SPEECH STIMULATION	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The model does not capture the full inter-trial variability of the iEEG data. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the model's account of trial-to-trial variability: OUR RATE MODEL ... IS NOT EXPECTED TO FULLY CAPTURE THE EXTENT AND COMPLEXITY OF THE INTER-TRIAL VARIABILITY IN THE iEEG DATASET	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Where the study can record was decided by clinical need, not by the research question. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the spatial coverage of these recordings as a sample of auditory cortex: Quotation withheld	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	A known contaminant is acknowledged and then set aside by expectation rather than by measurement. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: these signals as free of epileptiform contamination: the authors state isolated interictal discharges could have occurred and that their properties are EXPECTED to be unrelated to the variables of interest	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The two significance thresholds are not estimated the same way: the stricter one required pooling null values across decoding types. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. · what this limits: comparing results reported at p = 0.01 with those at p = 0.001 in this paper: the first threshold was estimated per classification and the second required pooling null values across decoding types	`limitations[6]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	The paper's stricter significance threshold is estimable only by pooling null values across decoding types, so p = 0.001 and p = 0.01 in this paper are not two points on one scale but two differently-constructed tests. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file.	`limitations[7]`	0.85	the tagger's words
transfers	The fast-to-slow negative feedback loop is adopted as a circuit motif because control-theoretic arguments identify it as a building block giving both sensitivity and stability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`		the tagger's words
transfers	Regularized Least-Square Classifiers, explicitly described as a machine learning technique, are used to quantify how much stimulus information the neural signal carries. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`		the tagger's words
controls	stimuli delivered in a pseudo-randomised order at a fixed comfortable hearing level across both protocols Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: order effects and adaptation - a fixed sequence would confound stimulus identity with position in the run · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	Electrode location Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Electrode location	`concepts[0]`		the paper's words
concepts	Significance thresholds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. also in: Significance thresholds	`concepts[1]`	0.85	the paper's words
concepts	interictal epileptiform discharges Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interictal epileptiform discharges	`concepts[2]`		the paper's words
concepts	decoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. also in: decoding	`concepts[3]`	0.85	the paper's words
concepts	auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: auditory cortex	`concepts[4]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	dual timescale processing infrastructure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dual timescale processing infrastructure	`concepts[5]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	information content Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: information content	`concepts[6]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	speech detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: speech detection	`concepts[7]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	speech discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: speech discrimination	`concepts[8]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	phase information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase information	`concepts[9]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	power information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: power information	`concepts[10]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	simple rate model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: simple rate model	`concepts[11]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	negative feedback loop Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: negative feedback loop	`concepts[12]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	fast subnetwork Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fast subnetwork	`concepts[13]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	slow subnetwork Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: slow subnetwork	`concepts[14]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	auditory perception Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: auditory perception	`concepts[15]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	scale-free process Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: scale-free process	`concepts[16]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	preferred timescales Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferred timescales	`concepts[17]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	delta-theta Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: delta-theta	`concepts[18]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	gamma Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gamma	`concepts[19]`	0.95	the paper's words
unhoused_relations	fast subnetwork → slow subnetwork Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. The model couples the fast and slow subnetworks through a negative feedback loop. Coupling-by-feedback is not is-a, part-of, same-as, distinct-from, contrasted-with, operationalised-as, causes, or renamed-across-fields.	`unhoused_relations[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	significance threshold - AT p = 0.01: estimated separately for each classification considered Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file.	`senses[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
senses	significance threshold - AT p = 0.001: estimated from null values POOLED across decoding types, because the per-classification estimate was not good enough at that level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file.	`senses[1]`	0.85	the tagger's words
senses	model failure - treated as INFORMATIVE rather than as a defect: the features the model does not reproduce are said to highlight the limitations of the approach Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	model failure - treated as INFORMATIVE rather than as a defect: features the model fails to reproduce are said to highlight the limitations of the modelling approach, so a mismatch is read as a finding about the model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Dual timescale processing infrastructure - convergent auditory-cortex structure supported by spectral analysis and decoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Information content - bimodal spectral decoding at delta-theta and gamma rather than intermediate beta frequencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Speech detection - distinguishing speech from pre-stimulus neural activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Speech discrimination - distinguishing neural patterns for different speech segments Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Phase information - generally decodes better than power information, with detection-only exceptions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Power information - the comparison baseline that phase generally outperforms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Simple rate model - two different-timescale excitatory/inhibitory subnetworks connected by negative feedback Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Negative feedback loop - reciprocal fast/slow subnetwork connectivity from Ge to Te and Te to Gi Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[11]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Fast subnetwork - model subsystem with a natural frequency of 85.9 Hz Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[12]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Slow subnetwork - model subsystem with a natural frequency of 3.8 Hz Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[13]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Auditory perception - evidence suggests two separated frequency bands rather than scale-free dynamics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[14]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Scale-free process - the auditory-processing description rejected by the two-band evidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[15]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Preferred timescales - ranges where sensory responses dominate and input information is encoded more effectively Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[16]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Delta-theta - low-frequency peak of speech information decoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[17]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Gamma - high-frequency peak of speech information decoding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[18]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the scale-free account of ECoG/iEEG signals (Miller et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; He, 2014; Podvalny et al., 2015) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Lakatos et al., 2005 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Doelling et al. (2019) rate network model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → prior reports of phase information outperforming power (Luo and Poeppel, 2007; Howard and Poeppel, 2010; Ng et al., 2013; Gross et al., 2013 and others) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	speech detection —distinct-from→ speech discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · note: The paper separately defines detection as speech-vs-baseline and discrimination as segment-vs-segment, using a 'not only ... but also' construction. also in: speech detection · speech discrimination	`concept_edges[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	auditory perception —distinct-from→ scale-free process Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: The paper says multiple pieces of evidence suggest the non-scale-free result, so weight 0.9 preserves that hedge. also in: auditory perception · scale-free process	`concept_edges[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilcoxon signed-rank test	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	effect size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: effect size	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	false discovery rate correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false discovery rate correction	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	permutation test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permutation test	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	null distribution by label shuffling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. also in: null distribution by label shuffling	`content_tags.statistics[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-validation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-validation	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlation	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	z-score standardization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: z-score standardization	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	median and percentiles Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: median and percentiles	`content_tags.statistics[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Pre-stimulus spectra often showed a delta shoulder and a beta bump; speech lowered beta power and raised delta-theta and gamma power. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Single-trial decoding of speech was better from phase than from power, and information content was bimodal across frequency — high at delta-theta and at gamma, low at the intervening beta band. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Phase's decoding advantage over power grew as the discrimination got harder, from an effect size of 0.79 for easy discrimination to 1.21 for hard discrimination. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Concatenating power and phase patterns gave no decoding gain over whichever of the two was already the more informative. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Power information for speech detection generalized across low and high frequencies but not to the alpha-beta range. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Phase-based decoders trained at one frequency failed when tested at a sufficiently different frequency, showing that speech information sits in frequency-specific phase patterns. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Unlike every iEEG subject, the model showed no significant beta power reduction with speech. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Both the model-iEEG and the iEEG-iEEG similarity profiles were bimodal: high at delta-theta and gamma, low at alpha-beta. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Recurrent excitatory connection strength in either subnetwork had the largest effect on decoding performance. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	For the hardest discrimination, phase gave strongly significant decoding in 9 of 10 patients while power did so in only 4 of 10. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Regularized Least-Square Classification Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Regularized Least-Square Classification	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	A prime Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: A prime	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Phase Locking Value (PLV) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Phase Locking Value (PLV)	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	speech detection Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: speech detection	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	speech discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: speech discrimination	`content_tags.definitions[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	prosody Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: prosody	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	area under the ROC curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: area under the ROC curve	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spectral power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spectral power	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	bias current Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bias current	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	strength of recurrent excitatory connections Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: strength of recurrent excitatory connections	`content_tags.variables[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	10 — epilepsy patients from whom intracortical EEG was recorded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	3.8 Hz and 85.9 Hz — natural resonance frequencies of the slow and fast model subnetworks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	9/10 vs 4/10 — patients with strongly significant hard-discrimination decoding from phase versus from power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	7 and 22 Hz / 20 and 40 Hz — inter-individual spread of the two crossover frequencies between speech-induced activation and deactivation bands Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	100 — simulated trials per phrase used for the model decoding analyses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.975 / 0.951 — median phase-decoding accuracy across gamma-subnetwork parameter variations, and its worst value at the most extreme parameters Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	0.79 and 1.21 — Cohen's d for phase's advantage over power in easy and hard discrimination Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.