phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | dual-timescale speech processing in human early auditory cortex— “Neural oscillations in auditory cortex are argued to support parsing and representing speech constituents at their corresponding temporal scales.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Altogether, we provide converging evidence from both univariate spectral analysis and decoding approaches for a dual timescale processing infrastructure in human auditory cortex, and show that it is consistent with the dynamics of a simple rate model.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We used a combination of human invasive electrophysiology, computational modeling and decoding techniques to assess the information encoding properties of brain activity and to relate them to a plausible underlying neuronal microarchitecture.” | |
| transfer | from dynamical systems theory and control theory: The fast-to-slow negative feedback loop is adopted as a circuit motif because control-theoretic arguments identify it as a building block giving both sensitivity and stability.— “This choice is motivated by dynamical systems and control theoretical arguments indicating that negative feedback loops from fast to slow subsystems constitute dynamical building blocks for fast and stable responses to inputs” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from machine learning: Regularized Least-Square Classifiers, explicitly described as a machine learning technique, are used to quantify how much stimulus information the neural signal carries.— “Regularized Least-Square Classification is a machine learning technique that estimates the linear separability between patterns according to their class.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory populations operating at theta and gamma timescales, coupled by a negative feedback loop, generate the two-peaked (delta-theta and gamma) spectral profile of information content.— “Hence, this profile can be explained as a consequence of the synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neural populations at theta and gamma timescales, as captured in our model.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Short-term synaptic depression of the bottom-up pathway depletes available neurotransmitter as the speech envelope arrives, producing large onset responses and attenuated responses to later syllables.— “Synaptic depression qualitatively reproduces the large responses to speech onsets and attenuated responses to subsequent syllables observed in the iEEG recordings.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | The beta peak in early auditory cortex is inherited top-down from higher cortical areas rather than generated locally, which is why a single-area microcircuit model cannot reproduce it.— “lending strong support to the hypothesis that beta oscillations as recorded in early auditory cortical areas might be largely inherited from higher cortical areas.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Excessive self-excitation drives the network into strong baseline synchronisation and saturating oscillatory responses, so different speech segments elicit near-identical patterns and stimulus information is lost.— “This impairment in coding properties likely derives from an excess of baseline synchronization in the corresponding frequency, and, perhaps more critically, a strong oscillatory responsiveness to inputs impairing selective (hence informative) modulations by the speech input” | mechanisms[3] |
| contradicts | the scale-free account of ECoG/iEEG signals (Miller et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; He, 2014; Podvalny et al., 2015)— “The current experimental findings challenge the view that extracellular field potentials in general, and electrocorticography (ECoG) and iEEG signals in particular, could be scale-free processes (Miller et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; He, 2014; Podvalny et al., 2015), and rather reveal preferred timescales in which neural responses to sensory… | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Lakatos et al., 2005— “Based on our experimental observations and consistently with previous electrophysiological studies in non-human animals (Lakatos et al., 2005), we implemented a simple rate model comprising two distinct subnetworks with different timescales, each composed of coupled excitatory and inhibitory units.” | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Doelling et al. (2019) rate network model— “This work differs from the contribution of Doelling et al. along a few dimensions: i) by exploiting the high temporal resolution of intracranial EEG, we could also assess high-frequency activity up to 200 Hz, ii) we assessed brain activity both in the pre-stimulus baseline as in response to speech, and iii) we could propose a rate network… | claim_relations[2] |
| replicates | prior reports of phase information outperforming power (Luo and Poeppel, 2007; Howard and Poeppel, 2010; Ng et al., 2013; Gross et al., 2013 and others)— “Primacy of phase information over power information, especially for distinguishing between activity patterns corresponding to different sensory stimuli, is in accordance with several prior reports in auditory, visual and tactile modalities (Luo and Poeppel, 2007; Howard and Poeppel, 2010; Ng et al., 2013; Gross et al., 2013; Schyns et al.… | claim_relations[3] |
| sense | significance threshold - AT p = 0.01: estimated separately for each classification considered— “Significance thresholds at p = 0.01 were estimated separately for each classification considered.” | senses[0] |
| sense | significance threshold - AT p = 0.001: estimated from null values POOLED across decoding types, because the per-classification estimate was not good enough at that level— “In order to improve the estimation of the significance threshold at p = 0.001, null A’ values were pooled across decoding types” | senses[1] |
| sense | model failure - treated as INFORMATIVE rather than as a defect: the features the model does not reproduce are said to highlight the limitations of the approach— “the biological features that are not appropriately reproduced by the model are also of great interest, since they highlight the limitations of the current modeling approach” | senses[2] |
| sense | model failure - treated as INFORMATIVE rather than as a defect: features the model fails to reproduce are said to highlight the limitations of the modelling approach, so a mismatch is read as a finding about the model— “the biological features that are not appropriately reproduced by the model are also of great interest, since they highlight the limitations of the current modeling approach” | senses[3] |
| sense | Dual timescale processing infrastructure - convergent auditory-cortex structure supported by spectral analysis and decoding— “Altogether, we provide converging evidence from both univariate spectral analysis and decoding approaches for a dual timescale processing infrastructure in human auditory cortex, and show that it is consistent with the dynamics of a simple rate model” | senses[4] |
| sense | Information content - bimodal spectral decoding at delta-theta and gamma rather than intermediate beta frequencies— “Using multivariate machine learning techniques, we assessed the spectral profile of information content for two aspects of speech processing: detection and discrimination. We obtained better phase than power information decoding, and a bimodal spectral profile of information content with better decoding at low (delta-theta) and high (gamma)… | senses[5] |
| sense | Speech detection - distinguishing speech from pre-stimulus neural activity— “By performing a series of spectrally-resolved decoding analyses of brain signals for speech detection and discrimination, we demonstrated that not only the information required for speech detection (i.e., distinguishing speech from pre-stimulus activity), but also information enabling speech discrimination (i.e., distinguishing between… | senses[6] |
| sense | Speech discrimination - distinguishing neural patterns for different speech segments— “By performing a series of spectrally-resolved decoding analyses of brain signals for speech detection and discrimination, we demonstrated that not only the information required for speech detection (i.e., distinguishing speech from pre-stimulus activity), but also information enabling speech discrimination (i.e., distinguishing between… | senses[7] |
| sense | Phase information - generally decodes better than power information, with detection-only exceptions— “In accordance with previous studies, we demonstrated that phase information generally outperforms power information, with the few exceptions belonging exclusively to detection decoding analyses” | senses[8] |
| sense | Power information - the comparison baseline that phase generally outperforms— “In accordance with previous studies, we demonstrated that phase information generally outperforms power information, with the few exceptions belonging exclusively to detection decoding analyses” | senses[9] |
| sense | Simple rate model - two different-timescale excitatory/inhibitory subnetworks connected by negative feedback— “These experimental data were reproduced by a simple rate model made of two subnetworks with different timescales, each composed of coupled excitatory and inhibitory units, and connected via a negative feedback loop” | senses[10] |
| sense | Negative feedback loop - reciprocal fast/slow subnetwork connectivity from Ge to Te and Te to Gi— “This inter-subnetwork connectivity scheme implements a negative feedback loop from the fast to the slow subnetwork (from Ge to Te), and back to the fast subnetwork (from Te to Gi)” | senses[11] |
| sense | Fast subnetwork - model subsystem with a natural frequency of 85.9 Hz— “imaginary parts corresponding to a natural frequency of 85.9 Hz for the fast subnetwork, and of 3.8 Hz for the slow subnetwork” | senses[12] |
| sense | Slow subnetwork - model subsystem with a natural frequency of 3.8 Hz— “imaginary parts corresponding to a natural frequency of 85.9 Hz for the fast subnetwork, and of 3.8 Hz for the slow subnetwork” | senses[13] |
| sense | Auditory perception - evidence suggests two separated frequency bands rather than scale-free dynamics— “multiple pieces of evidence suggest that auditory perception, and its associated brain activity, is not a scale-free process, but presents at least two separated frequency bands, approximately located near the classically defined delta-theta (1–8 Hz) and gamma (30–60 Hz) bands, where perception and brain entrainment surpass those observed in… | senses[14] |
| sense | Scale-free process - the auditory-processing description rejected by the two-band evidence— “multiple pieces of evidence suggest that auditory perception, and its associated brain activity, is not a scale-free process, but presents at least two separated frequency bands, approximately located near the classically defined delta-theta (1–8 Hz) and gamma (30–60 Hz) bands, where perception and brain entrainment surpass those observed in… | senses[15] |
| sense | Preferred timescales - ranges where sensory responses dominate and input information is encoded more effectively— “The current experimental findings challenge the view that extracellular field potentials in general, and electrocorticography (ECoG) and iEEG signals in particular, could be scale-free processes (Miller et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; He, 2014; Podvalny et al., 2015), and rather reveal preferred timescales in which neural responses to sensory… | senses[16] |
| sense | Delta-theta - low-frequency peak of speech information decoding— “Using multivariate machine learning techniques, we assessed the spectral profile of information content for two aspects of speech processing: detection and discrimination. We obtained better phase than power information decoding, and a bimodal spectral profile of information content with better decoding at low (delta-theta) and high (gamma)… | senses[17] |
| sense | Gamma - high-frequency peak of speech information decoding— “Using multivariate machine learning techniques, we assessed the spectral profile of information content for two aspects of speech processing: detection and discrimination. We obtained better phase than power information decoding, and a bimodal spectral profile of information content with better decoding at low (delta-theta) and high (gamma)… | senses[18] |
| control | stimuli delivered in a pseudo-randomised order at a fixed comfortable hearing level across both protocols — held — rules out order effects and adaptation - a fixed sequence would confound stimulus identity with position in the run— “Stimuli were presented monaurally in a pseudo-randomized order which was the same for every subject (P1, P1, P2, P2, P2, …) with an interstimulus interval of 4135 ms, and only the (dominant) contra-lateral response was taken into account (as the auditory ascending pathway is partly decussated).” | controls[0] |
| note | speech detection —distinct-from→ speech discrimination — The paper separately defines detection as speech-vs-baseline and discrimination as segment-vs-segment, using a 'not only ... but also' construction.— “By performing a series of spectrally-resolved decoding analyses of brain signals for speech detection and discrimination, we demonstrated that not only the information required for speech detection (i.e., distinguishing speech from pre-stimulus activity), but also information enabling speech discrimination (i.e., distinguishing between… | concept_edges[2] |
| note | auditory perception —distinct-from→ scale-free process — The paper says multiple pieces of evidence suggest the non-scale-free result, so weight 0.9 preserves that hedge. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | auditory perception —distinct-from→ scale-free process — 0.9 | concept_edges[3] |
| evidence status note | concept — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| evidence status note | concept — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any functional claim built on the decoding: WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT OUR DECODING RESULTS DO NOT UNAMBIGUOUSLY IMPLY A CORRESPONDING FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN SPEECH PROCESSING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any causal reading: CAUSAL CONTRIBUTIONS ARE BEST EXPLORED WITH INTERVENTIONAL APPROACHES, WHICH ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS WORK Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the model's account of the spectral profile: A KEY FEATURE THAT OUR MODEL DOES NOT REPRODUCE IS THE PRESENCE OF A POWER PEAK IN THE BETA RANGE, WHICH IS REDUCED BY SPEECH STIMULATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the model's account of trial-to-trial variability: OUR RATE MODEL ... IS NOT EXPECTED TO FULLY CAPTURE THE EXTENT AND COMPLEXITY OF THE INTER-TRIAL VARIABILITY IN THE iEEG DATASET Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the spatial coverage of these recordings as a sample of auditory cortex: electrode location was based solely on clinical criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — these signals as free of epileptiform contamination: the authors state isolated interictal discharges could have occurred and that their properties are EXPECTED to be unrelated to the variables of interest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| evidence status note | limitation — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — comparing results reported at p = 0.01 with those at p = 0.001 in this paper: the first threshold was estimated per classification and the second required pooling null values across decoding types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| evidence status note | limitation — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| evidence status note | sense — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| evidence status note | sense — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | fast subnetwork → slow subnetwork — The model couples the fast and slow subnetworks through a negative feedback loop. Coupling-by-feedback is not is-a, part-of, same-as, distinct-from, contrasted-with, operationalised-as, causes, or renamed-across-fields. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Successful decoding does not establish that the decoded activity plays a functional role in speech processing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The study is correlational; establishing causal contributions would require intervention, which was not done. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The model fails to reproduce the baseline beta power peak and its speech-induced reduction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The model does not capture the full inter-trial variability of the iEEG data. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Where the study can record was decided by clinical need, not by the research question. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | A known contaminant is acknowledged and then set aside by expectation rather than by measurement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The two significance thresholds are not estimated the same way: the stricter one required pooling null values across decoding types. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | The paper's stricter significance threshold is estimable only by pooling null values across decoding types, so p = 0.001 and p = 0.01 in this paper are not two points on one scale but two differently-constructed tests. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Pre-stimulus spectra often showed a delta shoulder and a beta bump; speech lowered beta power and raised delta-theta and gamma power. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Single-trial decoding of speech was better from phase than from power, and information content was bimodal across frequency — high at delta-theta and at gamma, low at the intervening beta band. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Phase's decoding advantage over power grew as the discrimination got harder, from an effect size of 0.79 for easy discrimination to 1.21 for hard discrimination. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Concatenating power and phase patterns gave no decoding gain over whichever of the two was already the more informative. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Power information for speech detection generalized across low and high frequencies but not to the alpha-beta range. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Phase-based decoders trained at one frequency failed when tested at a sufficiently different frequency, showing that speech information sits in frequency-specific phase patterns. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Unlike every iEEG subject, the model showed no significant beta power reduction with speech. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Both the model-iEEG and the iEEG-iEEG similarity profiles were bimodal: high at delta-theta and gamma, low at alpha-beta. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Recurrent excitatory connection strength in either subnetwork had the largest effect on decoding performance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | For the hardest discrimination, phase gave strongly significant decoding in 9 of 10 patients while power did so in only 4 of 10. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| quantity | 10 — epilepsy patients from whom intracortical EEG was recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 3.8 Hz and 85.9 Hz — natural resonance frequencies of the slow and fast model subnetworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 9/10 vs 4/10 — patients with strongly significant hard-discrimination decoding from phase versus from power Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 7 and 22 Hz / 20 and 40 Hz — inter-individual spread of the two crossover frequencies between speech-induced activation and deactivation bands Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 100 — simulated trials per phrase used for the model decoding analyses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 0.975 / 0.951 — median phase-decoding accuracy across gamma-subnetwork parameter variations, and its worst value at the most extreme parameters Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 0.79 and 1.21 — Cohen's d for phase's advantage over power in easy and hard discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| variable | prosody (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | area under the ROC curve (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | spectral power (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | bias current (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | strength of recurrent excitatory connections (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| definition | Regularized Least-Square Classification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | A prime Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | Phase Locking Value (PLV) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | speech detection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | speech discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| concept | Electrode location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | Significance thresholds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | interictal epileptiform discharges Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | dual timescale processing infrastructure — not defined in this paper's own words; two separated processing timescales supported in human auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | information content — not defined in this paper's own words; decodable spectral information for speech detection and discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | speech detection — not defined in this paper's own words; distinguishing speech activity from pre-stimulus activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | speech discrimination — not defined in this paper's own words; distinguishing neural activity elicited by different speech segments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | phase information — not defined in this paper's own words; spectral phase patterns used for decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | power information — not defined in this paper's own words; spectral power patterns used for decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | simple rate model — not defined in this paper's own words; two-timescale excitatory/inhibitory population-rate model reproducing the data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | negative feedback loop — not defined in this paper's own words; feedback connection coupling the fast and slow subnetworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | fast subnetwork — not defined in this paper's own words; model subnetwork with an 85.9 Hz natural frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | slow subnetwork — not defined in this paper's own words; model subnetwork with a 3.8 Hz natural frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | auditory perception — not defined in this paper's own words; a process argued to concentrate in two separated frequency bands rather than be scale-free Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | scale-free process — not defined in this paper's own words; the characterization of auditory perception that the cited evidence rejects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | preferred timescales — not defined in this paper's own words; frequency ranges where sensory responses and information encoding predominate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | delta-theta — not defined in this paper's own words; the low-frequency range in the bimodal decoding profile Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | gamma — not defined in this paper's own words; the high-frequency range in the bimodal decoding profile Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test | as written: two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| effect size d | as written: effect size (Cohen’s d) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test p | as written: one-tailed t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| false discovery rate correction q | as written: FDR q value of 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| permutation test | as written: permutation-based statistics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| null distribution by label shuffling Nperm | as written: repeated Nperm = 1000 times, yielding a probability distribution of average A0 values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| evidence status note | null distribution by label shuffling — THE MATHS LAYER OF THE STAGED TEXT WAS MOJIBAKE AND HAS BEEN REPAIRED. This paper's extraction rendered '=' as U+00BC (the vulgar fraction one quarter) and '+' as U+00FE (thorn), so the quote read 'p ¼ 0.01' where the paper says 'p = 0.01'. It passed every check we own, because the staged text said the same wrong thing: the offsets were right and the recorded hash of the staged text matched. Repaired only where the character stands in an operator's place - spaced, with a number after it - because the same U+00BC is a REAL QUARTER in six other papers ('a ¼ inch condenser microphone'). Original in evidence as extracted, pre-repair file in an internal file. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| cross-validation Niter | as written: number of cross-validations Niter was set to 1000 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| cross-correlation | as written: cross-correlations were averaged across trial pairs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| z-score standardization | as written: inputs were z-transformed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| median and percentiles | as written: median, box outlines show 25th and 75th percentiles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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