Neural Mechanisms for Visual Memory and Their Role in Attention

Robert Desimone · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 1996 · neuroscience · 10.1073/pnas.93.24.13494 · record desimone1996-repetition-suppression
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית
Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. This is a colloquium review of the author's own monkey single-unit work, so 'review' is the method even though every result discussed is electrophysiological. The Nakamura and Kubota relation is tagged 'extends' as the nearest available type, but the paper's own framing is that its result explains away an apparently contradictory report - none of the four relation types names that move exactly. The review notes that other laboratories found comparable match-nonmatch effects (refs 12-18), but that concerns the author's earlier primary papers rather than this review, so replication status is left untested. TEXT PROVENANCE, 2026-08-15: the text now staged for this record was re-fetched from the PMC article page (PMC33636) on 2026-08-14, 6,189 words. IT IS NOT THE COPY THE TAGS WERE READ FROM. Of the 9 evidence strings on this record, 8 were located verbatim in it and carry anchors; 1 were not, and remain unanchored because the copy they were read from is not held. The one quote that does not resolve cannot resolve against any text: its own spaces were lost when it was recorded ("Repetitionsuppressionappearstobeanintrinsicpropertyof..."), so it is a damaged evidence string, not a missing passage. The comparison covers quoted passages only: it says nothing about the passages we did not quote from. Update, 18 September 2026: the counts above are out of date - today all 84 of this record's quotes are in the staged text and anchored.
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This record’s own method is review, and the tags below follow from that. A review’s findings, quantities and statistics are things stated IN this paper, and some of them report results obtained elsewhere. No tag on this page names a different author. Measured across every review in this corpus, 81% of a review’s tags carry no citation at all — most of them are the review speaking. The corpus does not adjudicate the rest: read an unmarked tag as a claim this paper makes, not necessarily one it made first.
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Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
representation 47 fields · attention 36 fields · memory 23 fields · working memory 4 fields · priming 2 fields · anesthesia 2 fields · and 2 more →

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 19 concept tags on this paper, 2 are grounded in a quoted sentence. 16 carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.
repetition suppression repetition priming visual memory enhancement delay activity attention memory competition IT prefrontal DMS ABBA priming working memory anesthesia representation neuron response novel stimulus review

Legend

relation to other workclaim_relationshow this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim typeclaim_typethe shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edgeconcept_edgesan asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
conceptconceptsan idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tagcontent_tagsa finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contributioncontributionwhat the paper claims to add
controlcontrolsan experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitationlimitationswhat the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanismmechanismshow the reported effect is said to come about
methodmethodhow the paper produced its evidence
object of studyobject_of_studywhat the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenonphenomenonthe effect or regularity under study
research questionresearch_questionthe question the paper sets itself
sensesensesa distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.24.13494. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 5 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 4 · concepts 2 · content_tags 11 · contribution 1 · controls 5 · limitations 7 · mechanisms 3 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 17

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facettagfieldconf.whose words
object_of_studyThe neural basis of visual memory, including how repeated stimuli elicit reduced neural responses (repetition suppression).
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object_of_studythe paper's words
research_questionWhat neural mechanisms support visual memory, and how does repeated experience with a stimulus change neuronal responses?
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research_questionthe paper's words
contributionReviews evidence that neurons in visual cortex respond less to repeated than to novel stimuli (repetition suppression), the neural mechanism underlying repetition priming and implicit memory.
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contributionthe paper's words
claim_typemechanism
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claim_typethe paper's words
phenomenonrepetition suppression (neural repetition priming)
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phenomenonthe paper's words
methodreview
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also in: review
methodthe paper's words
mechanismsTHREE COMMONLY OBSERVED NEURONAL EFFECTS IN MEMORY-DEMANDING TASKS ARE REPETITION SUPPRESSION, ENHANCEMENT, AND DELAY ACTIVITY - repeated experience LEADS TO BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM SUPPRESSION, ENHANCEMENT WORKS IN AN OPPOSITE FASHION for OBJECTS WITH LEARNED BEHAVIORAL RELEVANCE, and delay activity holds information ON-LINE
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mechanisms[0]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismsand they do not share an anatomy: REPETITION SUPPRESSION APPEARS TO BE AN INTRINSIC PROPERTY OF VISUAL CORTICAL AREAS SUCH AS INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX, whereas ENHANCEMENT AND DELAY ACTIVITY MAY DEPEND ON FEEDBACK TO TEMPORAL CORTEX FROM PREFRONTAL CORTEX
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mechanisms[1]1.0the tagger's words
mechanismsthe proposed reason suppression happens at all: REPETITION SUPPRESSION IS A BY-PRODUCT OF SHARPENING STIMULUS REPRESENTATIONS IN THE CORTEX - and STIMULUS REPETITION LEADS TO A SMALLER POPULATIONS OF ACTIVATED CELLS
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mechanisms[2]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsOnly three short-term mechanisms are covered; long-term plasticity and perceptual learning are left out.
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limitations[0]the tagger's words
limitationsHippocampal and medial temporal lobe memory (events, maps, scenes, episodes) is explicitly outside the scope.
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limitations[1]the tagger's words
limitationsThe direct test of whether prefrontal feedback causes the IT match-enhancement effect has not been performed.
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limitations[2]the tagger's words
limitationsthe review declares what it excludes: THE TYPES OF MEMORIES NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE STRUCTURES, INCLUDING MEMORIES OF MORE COMPLEX BEHAVIORAL EVENTS, MAPS, SCENES, EPISODES, ETC., ARE NOT CONSIDERED
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what this limits: reading this as an account of memory rather than of STIMULUS MEMORY
limitations[3]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsand that the three are a selection - WE HAVE CONSIDERED ONLY THREE SHORT-TERM MEMORY MECHANISMS IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW, and THESE ARE HARDLY EXHAUSTIVE
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what this limits: the coverage of the review: WE HAVE CONSIDERED ONLY THREE SHORT-TERM MEMORY MECHANISMS IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW ... THESE ARE HARDLY EXHAUSTIVE
limitations[4]1.0the tagger's words
limitationshalf the cells show none of it - FOR ABOUT HALF THE CELLS, RESPONSES TO THE TEST ITEMS WERE APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY ANY MNEMONIC ASPECT OF THE TASK
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what this limits: reading 'IT neurons carry the memory signal' as a statement about IT neurons rather than about half of them
limitations[5]1.0the tagger's words
limitationsthe mechanism that would complete the account is the one not established - THERE REMAINS ONE IMPORTANT REQUIREMENT FOR SOLVING THE DMS TASK THAT IS NOT ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE PROPERTIES OF IT NEURONS DESCRIBED SO FAR IN THIS REVIEW - NAMELY, A MECHANISM FOR MAINTAINING THE MEMORY OF THE SAMPLE
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what this limits: the account of how the DMS task is solved: THERE REMAINS ONE IMPORTANT REQUIREMENT ... NOT ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE PROPERTIES OF IT NEURONS DESCRIBED SO FAR IN THIS REVIEW - NAMELY, A MECHANISM FOR MAINTAINING THE MEMORY OF THE SAMPLE
limitations[6]1.0the tagger's words
controlsrepetition suppression looked for outside the task entirely
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eliminates: the effect being a product of the animal doing a memory task - REPETITION SUPPRESSION IS ALSO FOUND WHEN STIMULI ARE REPEATED DURING PASSIVE FIXATION AND IN MONKEYS UNDER ANESTHESIA · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held
controls[0]1.0the tagger's words
controlsthe same effect looked for under a drug that destroys the behavior
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eliminates: the effect depending on successful performance - REPETITION SUPPRESSION IS ALSO FOUND IN MONKEYS GIVEN SYSTEMIC SCOPOLAMINE, WHICH GREATLY IMPAIRS THEIR BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE IN THE DMS TASK · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held
controls[1]1.0the tagger's words
controlsprefrontal cortex cooled while recording in temporal cortex
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eliminates: delay activity in IT being generated there independently - IT DELAY ACTIVITY WAS Quotation withheld · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): partial
controls[2]1.0the tagger's words
controlsa task variant built so that one of the two mechanisms cannot solve it
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eliminates: an ambiguity the standard task leaves open - IN PRINCIPLE, THE ABBA TASK CANNOT BE SOLVED BY AN ANIMAL RELYING ONLY ON THE SUPPRESSIVE MECHANISM · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held
controls[3]1.0the tagger's words
controlsprefrontal cortex cooled while recording in temporal cortex [RECOVERED 2026-08-26 from facet_results_clean203.json, written for the retired id Desimone1996-neural-mechanisms-... and merged into this record; 42 of its 45 quote-bearing tags landed and this one did not, because the quote began 'ster et al.' - 'Fuster' cut in half. The gate refuses a mid-word slice, so it was correctly rejected and then lost.]
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eliminates: delay activity in IT being generated there independently of prefrontal input · outcome: partial
controls[4]0.9the tagger's words
conceptsrepetition priming
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concepts[17]0.95the paper's words
conceptsvisual memory
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also in: visual memory
concepts[18]0.95the paper's words
sensesTHE DIRECTION EVERYONE ASSUMES, REVERSED IN THE SECOND SENTENCE: ATTENTION IS OFTEN THOUGHT OF AS A GATEWAY TO LEARNING AND MEMORY... HOWEVER, THE CONVERSE IS EQUALLY TRUE - MECHANISMS FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE SELECTION PROCESS THAT DETERMINES WHICH STIMULI... ARE ATTENDED
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senses[0]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand the conclusion states it as a derivation: ATTENTION DERIVES, AT LEAST IN PART, FROM THE IMPACT OF MEMORY MECHANISMS ON CORTICAL SENSORY MECHANISMS, WHICH ARE INTRINSICALLY COMPETITIVE IN NATURE. `Attention` names an outcome of a competition rather than a process of its own
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senses[1]1.0the tagger's words
sensesMEMORY DECIDES THE WINNER: ALL OF THESE MNEMONIC EFFECTS ON NEURONAL RESPONSES BIAS THE COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE BETWEEN STIMULUS REPRESENTATIONS IN THE CORTEX WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE STIMULUS IN THE VISUAL FIELD - AS A RESULT, MEMORY WILL OFTEN DETERMINE THE WINNER OF THESE COMPETITIONS AND, THUS, WILL DETERMINE WHICH STIMULUS IS ATTENDED
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senses[2]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHE TASK DESIGN DECIDES WHICH MECHANISM CAN BE INFERRED, STATED IN 1996: Quotation withheld Twenty-three years before Steinmetz2019 retires go/nogo for the same reason
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senses[3]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTWO MECHANISMS PULLING AGAINST EACH OTHER, AND AGAINST THE ANIMAL: BECAUSE THE SUPPRESSION MECHANISM BIASED RESPONSES IN FAVOR OF THE NONTARGET STIMULUS (THE ONLY UNIQUE STIMULUS IN THE TRIAL), IT WORKED AGAINST BOTH THE ENHANCEMENT MECHANISM AND, PRESUMABLY, THE ANIMAL'S GOAL IN THE TASK
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senses[4]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHE THREE EFFECTS DO NOT SHARE AN ANATOMY: Quotation withheld - BY CONTRAST, ENHANCEMENT AND DELAY ACTIVITY MAY DEPEND ON FEEDBACK TO TEMPORAL CORTEX FROM PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND ARE THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT FOR WORKING MEMORY
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senses[5]1.0the tagger's words
sensesSUPPRESSION IS NOT ABOUT THE TASK AT ALL: REPETITION SUPPRESSION IS ALSO FOUND WHEN STIMULI ARE REPEATED DURING PASSIVE FIXATION AND IN MONKEYS UNDER ANESTHESIA - and in MONKEYS GIVEN SYSTEMIC SCOPOLAMINE, WHICH GREATLY IMPAIRS THEIR BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE IN THE DMS TASK. The effect survives the removal of the behavior it is supposed to serve
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senses[6]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand the proposed reason recasts it as a by-product: REPETITION SUPPRESSION IS A BY-PRODUCT OF SHARPENING STIMULUS REPRESENTATIONS IN THE CORTEX
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
senses[7]1.0the tagger's words
sensesSEEING SOMETHING TWICE SHRINKS ITS REPRESENTATION: STIMULUS REPETITION LEADS TO A SMALLER POPULATIONS OF ACTIVATED CELLS, OR SMALLER STIMULUS REPRESENTATIONS IN THE CORTEX
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senses[8]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand the change may not be temporary: A STUDY BY BROWN AND COLLEAGUES SUGGESTS THAT THESE EFFECTS MAY BE PERMANENT - PRESENTATION OF A SET OF STIMULI ON ONE DAY LEADS TO A REDUCED INCIDENCE OF CELLS ACTIVATED BY THOSE STIMULI ON A SUBSEQUENT DAY
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senses[9]1.0the tagger's words
sensesHALF THE CELLS SHOW NONE OF IT: FOR ABOUT HALF THE CELLS, RESPONSES TO THE TEST ITEMS WERE APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY ANY MNEMONIC ASPECT OF THE TASK
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senses[10]1.0the tagger's words
sensesA PARTIAL NULL, REPORTED AS ONE: IT DELAY ACTIVITY WAS Quotation withheld. Not present-or-absent - the signal survived and lost its content
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senses[11]1.0the tagger's words
sensesTHE REVIEW NAMES WHAT IT LEAVES OUT: THE TYPES OF MEMORIES NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE STRUCTURES, INCLUDING MEMORIES OF MORE COMPLEX BEHAVIORAL EVENTS, MAPS, SCENES, EPISODES, ETC., ARE NOT CONSIDERED
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
senses[12]1.0the tagger's words
sensesand that its three mechanisms are a choice: WE HAVE CONSIDERED ONLY THREE SHORT-TERM MEMORY MECHANISMS IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW... THESE ARE HARDLY EXHAUSTIVE
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senses[13]1.0the tagger's words
sensesAND THE PART THE ACCOUNT CANNOT SUPPLY IS NAMED: THERE REMAINS ONE IMPORTANT REQUIREMENT FOR SOLVING THE DMS TASK THAT IS NOT ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE PROPERTIES OF IT NEURONS DESCRIBED SO FAR IN THIS REVIEW - NAMELY, A MECHANISM FOR MAINTAINING THE MEMORY OF THE SAMPLE
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senses[14]1.0the tagger's words
sensesthe task decomposed before any neuron is discussed: TO SOLVE THE DMS TASK THE MONKEY MUST, IN PRINCIPLE, SOLVE THREE PROBLEMS - DISCRIMINATE AMONG THE DIFFERENT STIMULI, RETAIN THE MEMORY OF THE SAMPLE, AND MAKE A DECISION ABOUT WHETHER THE CURRENT TEST STIMULUS MATCHES
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senses[15]1.0the tagger's words
sensesA PARTIAL NULL, REPORTED AS ONE: `IT delay activity was Quotation withheld.` Not present-or-absent - the signal survived and lost its content. A result with no place on a binary outcome axis. [RECOVERED 2026-08-26 from facet_results_clean203.json, written for the retired id Desimone1996-neural-mechanisms-... and merged into this record; 42 of its 45 quote-bearing tags landed and this one did not, because the quote began `ster et al.` - `Fuster` cut in half. The gate refuses a mid-word slice, so it was correctly rejected and then lost.]
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senses[16]0.95the tagger's words
claim_relationscontradicts → studies reporting that IT cells hold a sample stimulus in memory through stimulus-selective maintained delay activity (refs 27-33)
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claim_relations[0]the tagger's words
claim_relationsextends → Nakamura and Kubota (ref 33)
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claim_relations[1]the tagger's words
claim_relationscontradicts → the view that attention is the gateway to memory
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differs in: the direction of the dependence - MECHANISMS FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE SELECTION PROCESS THAT DETERMINES WHICH STIMULI... ARE ATTENDED
claim_relations[2]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationscritiques → the standard delayed matching-to-sample design as evidence for a particular memory mechanism
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differs in: which mechanisms the design leaves open - THE STANDARD VERSION OF THE DMS TASK MIGHT BE SOLVED BY A MONKEY RELYING ON EITHER ENHANCEMENT OR SUPPRESSION
claim_relations[3]1.0the tagger's words
claim_relationsbuilds-on → Brown and colleagues, that repetition effects may be permanent
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status: the paper's own hedge: SUGGESTS THAT THESE EFFECTS MAY BE PERMANENT
claim_relations[4]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesmemory —causes→ attention
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strength of the relation: 1 · note: the reversal: MECHANISMS FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE SELECTION PROCESS THAT DETERMINES WHICH STIMULI OF THE MANY STIMULI IN A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT ARE ATTENDED Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says attention derives in part from memory mechanisms; causes is loose.
also in: memory · attention
concept_edges[0]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesrepetition suppression —causes→ priming
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status: SAME SENTENCE, SECOND EDGE: 'Repetition suppression ... Quotation withheld.' One hedged review sentence supplies three 'causes' edges on this record ([3], [4] and [5]), and all three inherit its hedge. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: Quotation withheld Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but repetition suppression is thought important for priming; causes states a hypothesis.
concept_edges[4]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesdelay activity —causes→ working memory
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status: SAME SENTENCE, THIRD EDGE: 'By contrast, enhancement and DELAY ACTIVITY MAY DEPEND ON feedback' - the weakest clause of the three, carrying 'may depend on' rather than a reported result. · strength of the relation: 1 · note: ENHANCEMENT AND DELAY ACTIVITY... ARE THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT FOR WORKING MEMORY Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but enhancement and delay activity 'are thought to be important' for working memory; hedged.
concept_edges[5]1.0the tagger's words
concept_edgesprefrontal —causes→ delay activity
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status: A PARTIAL NULL, AND THE EFFECT IS ON SELECTIVITY RATHER THAN PRESENCE: 'not eliminated ... but it became less selective'. Cooling did not abolish the activity, so prefrontal input is not necessary for delay activity to occur - only for it to carry the stimulus. · strength of the relation: 0.5 — the record marks this weak · note: DIRECTION CORRECTED ON RECOVERY. The unmerged row read 'delay activity -causes-> prefrontal'. The experiment COOLED PREFRONTAL CORTEX and MEASURED IT DELAY ACTIVITY, so the manipulation is prefrontal and the readout is delay activity. The original arrow pointed from the readout to the manipulation. [RECOVERED 2026-08-26 from an internal file, written for the retired id Desimone1996-neural-mechanisms-... and merged into this record; 42 of its 45 quote-bearing tags landed and this one did not, because the quote began 'ster et al.' - 'Fuster' cut in half. The gate refuses a mid-word slice, so it was correctly rejected and then lost.] Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but IT delay activity was reduced but not eliminated during prefrontal cooling; causes is loose.
concept_edges[10]0.85the tagger's words
content_tagsabout half — the cells whose responses were UNAFFECTED BY ANY MNEMONIC ASPECT OF THE TASK
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content_tags.quantities[0]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsMEMORY WILL OFTEN DETERMINE THE WINNER OF THESE COMPETITIONS AND, THUS, WILL DETERMINE WHICH STIMULUS IS ATTENDED
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content_tags.findings[1]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsIN PRINCIPLE, Quotation withheld
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content_tags.findings[2]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsREPETITION SUPPRESSION IS ALSO FOUND WHEN STIMULI ARE REPEATED DURING PASSIVE FIXATION AND IN MONKEYS UNDER ANESTHESIA, and in MONKEYS GIVEN SYSTEMIC SCOPOLAMINE, WHICH GREATLY IMPAIRS THEIR BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.findings[3]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsSTIMULUS REPETITION LEADS TO A SMALLER POPULATIONS OF ACTIVATED CELLS, OR SMALLER STIMULUS REPRESENTATIONS IN THE CORTEX
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content_tags.findings[4]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsFOR ABOUT HALF THE CELLS, RESPONSES TO THE TEST ITEMS WERE APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY ANY MNEMONIC ASPECT OF THE TASK
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content_tags.findings[5]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsIT DELAY ACTIVITY WAS Quotation withheld
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.findings[6]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsBECAUSE THE SUPPRESSION MECHANISM BIASED RESPONSES IN FAVOR OF THE NONTARGET STIMULUS, IT WORKED AGAINST BOTH THE ENHANCEMENT MECHANISM AND, PRESUMABLY, THE ANIMAL'S GOAL IN THE TASK
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content_tags.findings[7]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsrepetition suppression
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.variables[0]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsREPEATED EXPERIENCE WITH THE SAME VISUAL STIMULUS LEADS TO BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM SUPPRESSION OF NEURONAL RESPONSES IN SUBPOPULATIONS OF VISUAL NEURONS
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.definitions[0]1.0the tagger's words
content_tagsFOUND IN TASKS IN WHICH ANIMALS ARE REQUIRED TO ACTIVELY HOLD SPECIFIC INFORMATION “on-line” FOR SHORT PERIODS
Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.
content_tags.definitions[1]1.0the tagger's words

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