standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | cognitive load in mathematical problem solving Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: behavioural-experiment | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | No significant three-way interaction was obtained for cognitive load, which the authors attribute to participants' unfamiliarity with the cognitive-load categories on the self-report questionnaire. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cognitive-load analysis specifically: THE FAILURE TO OBTAIN A SIGNIFICANT THREE-WAY INTERACTION BY COGNITIVE LOAD INDICATES THAT MORE WORK IS NEEDED | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The study is underpowered. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every null in the paper: ANOTHER LIMITATION IS THE POWER OF THE STUDY | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Using the tri-split method to define high- and low-prior-knowledge groups discarded the middle third and may have weakened statistical power; a larger sample is needed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the prior-knowledge grouping: THE CURRENT STUDY USED THE TRI-SPLIT METHODS IN DEFINING HIGH- AND LOW PRIOR KNOWLEDGE LEARNERS WHICH COULD WEAKEN THE POWER - the middle third is discarded and the groups are constructed | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The construct does not order the outcome it is used to explain, and the paper says so in both directions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: reading a cognitive-load score as a predictor of performance: the paper states high load does not necessarily produce low performance and low load does not guarantee good performance | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The whole construct is measured by asking learners, on a single ten-item self-report instrument. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cognitive-load values in this study: all three types are scored from one 10-item self-report questionnaire on a 0-10 Likert scale | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The design compares immediate effects only, and the authors name retention and transfer as what was not examined. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: these results as evidence about learning: the study explored immediate effects, with retention and transfer named as future work | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | a control condition whose learners studied the same problems WITHOUT worked examples, against a group shown half the examples first Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: time on the problems, and exposure to the problem material, as the explanation of the difference - both groups meet the same problems, and only the worked examples differ · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cognitive load | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | intrinsic cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intrinsic cognitive load | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | extraneous cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: extraneous cognitive load | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| senses | cognitive load - AS MEASURED: three subscales of one ten-item self-report questionnaire, intrinsic on items 1-3, extraneous on 4-6, germane on 7-10 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | intrinsic cognitive load - defined by the difficulty of the material itself, which the paper says CANNOT be changed or altered Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | extraneous cognitive load - defined by the instructional design rather than by the material: load caused by improper design such as redundant information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | replicates → expertise reversal effect findings of Kalyuga (2007), Kalyuga et al. (1998) and Pollock et al. (2002) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Sweller, Van Merriënboer and Paas (1998) hypothesis of a negative relationship between extraneous and germane cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | intrinsic cognitive load —is-a→ cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: intrinsic cognitive load · cognitive load | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | extraneous cognitive load —is-a→ cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: extraneous cognitive load · cognitive load | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cronbach's alpha Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Cronbach's alpha | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Wilks' Lambda Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Wilks' Lambda | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | effect size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: effect size | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | statistical-significance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical-significance | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | biserial correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biserial correlation | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | A significant three-way interaction between prior knowledge, worked example and task difficulty was found on posttest performance, but none was found on any type of cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Low-prior-knowledge learners scored higher with full-worked examples while high-prior-knowledge learners scored higher with completion-worked examples, an expertise reversal pattern. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Germane cognitive load was significantly positively correlated with learners' interest in the task. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Extraneous and germane cognitive load were negatively correlated, confirming the predicted trade-off between them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Task difficulty produced significant differences in intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load but not in germane cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | High- and low-prior-knowledge learners differed significantly in intrinsic and germane cognitive load but not at all in extraneous cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Intrinsic cognitive load correlated positively with anxiety and with perceived challenge, and negatively with perceived probability of success. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Prior knowledge and worked-example type interacted significantly on germane cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | intrinsic cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intrinsic cognitive load | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | extraneous cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: extraneous cognitive load | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | germane cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: germane cognitive load | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | expertise reversal effect Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: expertise reversal effect | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | task difficulty Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: task difficulty | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | completion-worked example Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: completion-worked example | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | tri-split method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: Liu and Reed (1994) proposed - THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS ROW ATTRIBUTES THE WORK TO SOMEBODY ELSE. The cited name is the subject of a result verb and the sentence carries no first-person marker, so the finding, quantity or definition is the CITED author's rather than this record's. The claim is true and the quote is verbatim - what is wrong is whose result the corpus says it is. Nothing edited, nothing withdrawn: the row is marked so a page can name the source. Where the record is a commentary or review, its claim relations layer usually already names the paper being discussed - the record knows at one layer and forgets at another. also in: tri-split method | content_tags.definitions[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | production/solution step method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: production/solution step method | content_tags.definitions[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | worked example Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: worked example | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | domain prior knowledge (high vs. low) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cognitive load | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: performance | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | One hundred and sixty — Number of participants recruited for the study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | F1, 107 = 4.61, p < .05, ŋ2 = .04 — F-statistic, p-value and effect size for the three-way interaction on posttest performance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r = .264, p < .01 — Correlation between germane cognitive load and interest Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r = -.264, p < .01 — Correlation between extraneous and germane cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | n = 55, m = 10.564, SD = 1.808 — Size and pretest mean/SD of the high-prior-knowledge group after the split (low group was n = 60, m = 3.458) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t(1,26) = 1.98, p = .05, 2-tailed — Test statistic for low-prior-knowledge learners doing better on the posttest with full- than completion-worked examples Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cronbach’s Alpha = .89 — Item reliability of the final algebra problem set in the pilot study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 23.25 — Mean age of the participants, with a standard deviation of 6.01 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.