phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | cognitive load in mathematical problem solving— “Cognitive load can play a key role in learners’ abilities to solve complex problems like mathematics.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “It was found that higher-prior knowledge learners performed better with completion-worked examples than full-worked examples whereas lower-prior knowledge learners performed better with full-worked examples than completion-worked examples.” | |
| method — evidence | — “One hundred and sixty participants were recruited who were randomly assigned into one of eight learning conditions.” | |
| mechanism | When extraneous load is suppressed, working memory resources are freed and become available to the germane and intrinsic load involved in solving the problem— “In other words, with the influence of extraneous cognitive load abated, the cognitive resources in the working memory become available for the efforts to solve complex mathematics problems that were related to germane (efforts) and intrinsic (content complexity) cognitive load.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | High extraneous load consumes the limited working memory resources, leaving too few for germane load, which is why extraneous load lowers both germane load and the felt probability of success— “This is further supported by the findings of negative correlation between extraneous cognitive load and probability of success in the current study, suggesting with high extraneous cognitive load the learners would have few cognitive resources left in working memory, hence making little room for germane cognitive load in learning.” | mechanisms[1] |
| replicates | expertise reversal effect findings of Kalyuga (2007), Kalyuga et al. (1998) and Pollock et al. (2002)— “Further, the significant main effects for prior knowledge indicated that high- and low-prior knowledge learners differed significantly in intrinsic cognitive load and germane cognitive load when solving complex algebraic problems with different worked examples suggesting an expertise reversal effect, which confirmed the findings in previous… | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Sweller, Van Merriënboer and Paas (1998) hypothesis of a negative relationship between extraneous and germane cognitive load— “A negative correlation between extraneous cognitive load and germane cognitive load (r = -.264, p < .01) was detected which confirms Sweller et al.’s (1998) hypothesis about the negative relationship between extraneous and germane cognitive load.” | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | cognitive load - AS MEASURED: three subscales of one ten-item self-report questionnaire, intrinsic on items 1-3, extraneous on 4-6, germane on 7-10— “The instrument measures three aspects of cognitive load: intrinsic (items 1-3), extraneous (items 4-6), and germane (items 7-10)” | senses[0] |
| sense | intrinsic cognitive load - defined by the difficulty of the material itself, which the paper says CANNOT be changed or altered— “Intrinsic cognitive load is defined by the difficulty of the instructional materials that cannot be changed or altered.” | senses[1] |
| sense | extraneous cognitive load - defined by the instructional design rather than by the material: load caused by improper design such as redundant information— “Extraneous cognitive load refers to the mental load caused by improper instructional design like imposing redundant information in learning materials that requires learners’ additional processing effort.” | senses[2] |
| control | a control condition whose learners studied the same problems WITHOUT worked examples, against a group shown half the examples first — held — rules out time on the problems, and exposure to the problem material, as the explanation of the difference - both groups meet the same problems, and only the worked examples differ— “The learners in control condition studied the problem without worked examples.” | controls[0] |
| edge | intrinsic cognitive load —is-a→ cognitive load— “Three types of cognitive load exist in learning. They are: intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load.” | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | extraneous cognitive load —is-a→ cognitive load— “Three types of cognitive load exist in learning. They are: intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load.” | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the cognitive-load analysis specifically: THE FAILURE TO OBTAIN A SIGNIFICANT THREE-WAY INTERACTION BY COGNITIVE LOAD INDICATES THAT MORE WORK IS NEEDED— “The failure to obtain a significant threeway interaction by cognitive load indicates that more work is needed to help learners understand the types of cognitive load when responding to the questionnaire.” | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every null in the paper: ANOTHER LIMITATION IS THE POWER OF THE STUDY— “Another limitation is the power of the study.” | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the prior-knowledge grouping: THE CURRENT STUDY USED THE TRI-SPLIT METHODS IN DEFINING HIGH- AND LOW PRIOR KNOWLEDGE LEARNERS WHICH COULD WEAKEN THE POWER - the middle third is discarded and the groups are constructed— “More participants may be needed, especially the current study used the tri-split methods in defining high- and lowprior knowledge learners which could weaken the power of the study.” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — reading a cognitive-load score as a predictor of performance: the paper states high load does not necessarily produce low performance and low load does not guarantee good performance— “However, high cognitive load does not necessarily end up in low performance and low cognitive load does not mean learners will always perform well in learning.” | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the cognitive-load values in this study: all three types are scored from one 10-item self-report questionnaire on a 0-10 Likert scale— “It is a 10-item self-report questionnaire with a Likert scale from 0 (Not at all the case) to 10 (Completely the case). The instrument measures three aspects of cognitive load” | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — these results as evidence about learning: the study explored immediate effects, with retention and transfer named as future work— “The current study explored the immediate effects of worked examples in relation to prior knowledge and task difficulty. Future research may examine the long-term effect by inviting participants back after a period of time to study learners’ knowledge retention and transfer.” | limitations[5] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | No significant three-way interaction was obtained for cognitive load, which the authors attribute to participants' unfamiliarity with the cognitive-load categories on the self-report questionnaire.— “The failure to obtain a significant threeway interaction by cognitive load indicates that more work is needed to help learners understand the types of cognitive load when responding to the questionnaire.” | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The study is underpowered.— “Another limitation is the power of the study.” | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Using the tri-split method to define high- and low-prior-knowledge groups discarded the middle third and may have weakened statistical power; a larger sample is needed.— “More participants may be needed, especially the current study used the tri-split methods in defining high- and lowprior knowledge learners which could weaken the power of the study.” | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The construct does not order the outcome it is used to explain, and the paper says so in both directions.— “However, high cognitive load does not necessarily end up in low performance and low cognitive load does not mean learners will always perform well in learning.” | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The whole construct is measured by asking learners, on a single ten-item self-report instrument.— “It is a 10-item self-report questionnaire with a Likert scale from 0 (Not at all the case) to 10 (Completely the case). The instrument measures three aspects of cognitive load” | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The design compares immediate effects only, and the authors name retention and transfer as what was not examined.— “The current study explored the immediate effects of worked examples in relation to prior knowledge and task difficulty. Future research may examine the long-term effect by inviting participants back after a period of time to study learners’ knowledge retention and transfer.” | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | A significant three-way interaction between prior knowledge, worked example and task difficulty was found on posttest performance, but none was found on any type of cognitive load.— “There was a significant three-way between-subjects effects by posttest (F1, 107 = 4.61, p < .05, ŋ2 = .04) (Figure 2), but no significant three-way interaction for types of cognitive load was detected.” | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Low-prior-knowledge learners scored higher with full-worked examples while high-prior-knowledge learners scored higher with completion-worked examples, an expertise reversal pattern.— “It was found that lower-prior knowledge learners performed better with full-worked examples than completion-worked examples whereas higher-prior knowledge learners performed better with completion-worked… | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Germane cognitive load was significantly positively correlated with learners' interest in the task. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Extraneous and germane cognitive load were negatively correlated, confirming the predicted trade-off between them. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Task difficulty produced significant differences in intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load but not in germane cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | High- and low-prior-knowledge learners differed significantly in intrinsic and germane cognitive load but not at all in extraneous cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Intrinsic cognitive load correlated positively with anxiety and with perceived challenge, and negatively with perceived probability of success. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Prior knowledge and worked-example type interacted significantly on germane cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| quantity | One hundred and sixty — Number of participants recruited for the study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | F1, 107 = 4.61, p < .05, ŋ2 = .04 — F-statistic, p-value and effect size for the three-way interaction on posttest performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | r = .264, p < .01 — Correlation between germane cognitive load and interest Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | r = -.264, p < .01 — Correlation between extraneous and germane cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | n = 55, m = 10.564, SD = 1.808 — Size and pretest mean/SD of the high-prior-knowledge group after the split (low group was n = 60, m = 3.458) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | t(1,26) = 1.98, p = .05, 2-tailed — Test statistic for low-prior-knowledge learners doing better on the posttest with full- than completion-worked examples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | Cronbach’s Alpha = .89 — Item reliability of the final algebra problem set in the pilot study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 23.25 — Mean age of the participants, with a standard deviation of 6.01 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| variable | worked example (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | domain prior knowledge (high vs. low) (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | cognitive load (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | performance (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| definition | intrinsic cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | extraneous cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | germane cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | expertise reversal effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | task difficulty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | completion-worked example Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | tri-split method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | production/solution step method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| concept | cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | intrinsic cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | extraneous cognitive load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| ANOVA F | as written: 2 x 2 x 2 one-way ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| correlation r | as written: correlation analyses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| t-test t | as written: t(1,26) = 1.98, p = .05, 2-tailed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Cronbach's alpha | as written: interrater reliability of Cronbach’s Alpha Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Wilks' Lambda λ | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| effect size ŋ2 | as written: ŋ2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| statistical-significance α | as written: family-wise alpha level of .05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| biserial correlation | as written: biserial correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: one-standard deviation above the mean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
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