standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 3 of 3 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | A DEFINITION BUILT BY NEGATING ANOTHER DEFINITION - the symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety in DSM-IV and ICD-10, inverted one at a time by a panel of four, to give ten features of positive well-being Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | how well-being should be measured, given that a dozen conceptual definitions exist with no agreement on which to use, and that surveys routinely substitute a single life-satisfaction item for all of them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | ten features of flourishing deduced from the diagnostic criteria for the common mental disorders, an operational definition combining them in the shape DSM uses for a diagnosis, and its application to 43,000 people in 23 countries Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | a positive construct with no agreed definition, in a field that had been measuring it with one question Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: survey | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | A DEFINITION BUILT BY NEGATING ANOTHER DEFINITION, SYMPTOM BY SYMPTOM: `By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of each symptom, we identify ten features of positive well-being.` The corpus holds vocabularies revised, voted, counted and reclassified; this is one DERIVED FROM ANOTHER by inversion, and the derivation is the method section Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND IT INHERITS THE SOURCE'S BLIND SPOTS, WHICH THE AUTHORS PRINT: `Autonomy was not included in our list of features because its opposite is not specified in DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria for depression or anxiety. That is, loss of autonomy is not regarded as a symptom of these disorders. This raises the question about the necessity of autonomy as an element in positive human functioning.` A concept central to Jahoda, Ryff, and Ryan & Deci is absent for NO REASON EXCEPT THE SHAPE OF THE SOURCE VOCABULARY - and the authors turn the absence into a question about the world rather than about their method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND A WHOLE CLASS IS EXCLUDED BECAUSE THE NEGATION IS UNDEFINED: `the other categories of anxiety disorder (phobias, OCD, PTSD) do not have a polar opposite. For example, one either has a phobia (of different levels of severity) or not, but it is difficult to see what the positive pole of a distribution of phobia could be.` The method can only reach the disorders whose symptoms sit on a continuum with a positive end - and somatic symptoms go the same way, `it is not clear what the positive pole of these physical symptoms would be` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THE INVERSION WAS DONE BY FOUR PEOPLE IN PLAIN ENGLISH: `a panel of four individuals (three psychologists and one lay person) began by expressing in simple English the words or phrases which best seemed to capture the positive pole of each symptom. ... We then assigned a single word or pair of words which in our judgement best summarised each positive concept.` And the honesty that follows: `Some opposites were easier to identify with confidence than others` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THE THRESHOLD MOVED BECAUSE THE DATA WAS SKEWED: `on two of the items, the responses were so skewed that the vast majority of participants said they agreed (engagement 80.5%; positive relationships 90.2%), so in these two cases, we used the `STRONGLY AGREE` category ... We also calculated mean scores and found that for each item, the chosen cut points corresponded to the category above the mean.` The class boundary set by the response distribution, then checked against the mean afterwards Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THE OPERATIONAL DEFINITION COPIES DSM'S SHAPE, NOT ONLY ITS CONTENT: `Diagnostic criteria for depression and anxiety do not require that all symptoms be present. They do, however, require the presence of one or two key symptoms ... Following this approach, we proposed that positive emotion be a required feature ... The criterion we selected was having all but one of the features of positive characteristics and all but one of the features of positive functioning, together with positive emotion. This was met by 15.8% of the total European sample.` A required item plus a majority rule, borrowed from the classification being inverted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THE SOURCE VOCABULARY IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN OPINION: `before the advent of DSM-IV, diagnostic criteria were based more on the personal opinions of members of the DSM task force than on scientific evidence. DSM-IV improved on this situation through the use of systematic evidence to support their decisions.` The paper cites that history as the reason it seeks data rather than deduction for the COMBINING step Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND A DIAGNOSIS IS AN ARBITRARY CUT POINT, SAID PLAINLY: `It has been recognised for some time that A clinical diagnosis such as depression represents an arbitrary cut point along A CONTINUUM. The cut point is intended to represent the severity at which the person is no longer able to function in their everyday life.` The source of the inversion is itself a threshold on a continuum, chosen for a practical consequence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND A DOZEN CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS ALREADY EXISTED, OVERLAPPING AND DISAGREEING: `Quotation withheld` Every theorist disagrees with every other, and all of them disagree with the surveys Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[8] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THEIR OWN EARLIER DEFINITION IS STILL IN CIRCULATION: `In an earlier briefing document which we prepared for an OECD meeting, we used an operational definition which focused on depression as the opposite of flourishing. This document was cited by Seligman (2011) and Forgeard et al. (2011). The definition used in the present paper IS MORE COMPREHENSIVE, since it has considered the other common mental disorder, generalised anxiety, as well as depression.` Two versions of one team's definition, both cited, four years apart Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[9] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE AUTHORS PREDICT THE DIVERGENCE THEIR METHOD WILL PRODUCE: `Subjective judgements were involved in the selection of survey items to be used as indicators of these features, as well as the cut-off score on each item to establish whether it is present or absent, and the number of features required to meet the criterion of flourishing. ... Other studies which use different surveys and different items as indicators of the ten features of flourishing might reach a different conclusion about cut points and the number and combination of features required.` Three subjectivities enumerated, and the disagreement forecast in the paper that starts it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | AND THE OPERATIONALISATION IS BOUNDED BY WHAT A SURVEY HAPPENED TO ASK: `Five features of flourishing were represented by only a single item (competence, emotional stability, meaning, optimism, resilience) ... From a psychometric perspective it would have been preferable to have several good items per construct, but such data were not available.` Half the construct rests on one question each, and the reason is availability - the same shape as the gout criteria's dispensing data and EWGSOP's missing reference populations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | AND THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MEASURE OVERLAPS THE SINGLE-ITEM ONE ONLY MODESTLY: `The Spearman correlation between flourishing and life satisfaction was .34 ... around half of those who were flourishing had high life satisfaction, and around one third of those with high life satisfaction were flourishing. Quotation withheld, and a great deal would be lost by measuring life satisfaction alone, although there is frequently pressure in large scale surveys to do so.` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the country spread is fourfold: `Application of this definition to respondents from the 23 countries which participated in the European Social Survey (Round 3) reveals a four-fold difference in flourishing rate, from 41% in Denmark to less than 10% in Slovakia, Russia and Portugal` - against 15.8% for Europe as a whole under the same definition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | deducing the features from two INTERNATIONALLY AGREED diagnostic classifications (DSM-IV and ICD-10) rather than from the authors' own theory of well-being Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a list of positive features chosen to suit the investigators - 'we had no preconceptions about the nature and number of constructs which we would find' · outcome: partial | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | choosing item cut points from the response format, then checking them against the item mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a cut point chosen to produce a particular prevalence · outcome: partial | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | standardising scores within each of three European regions before comparing, and testing measurement equivalence by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: cross-regional response set - a country appearing to flourish because its respondents use the scale differently · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | flourishing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: flourishing | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | life satisfaction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: life satisfaction | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | well-being Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: well-being | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | ten features Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ten features | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | phobia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phobia | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | depression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: depression | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | autonomy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: autonomy | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | `flourishing` (this paper, conceptual) - `the mirror opposite of the symptoms of` `depression and generalised anxiety`: `competence, emotional stability, engagement, meaning, optimism, positive emotion, positive relationships, resilience, self-esteem and vitality` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `flourishing` (this paper, OPERATIONAL) - positive emotion PLUS all but one of the positive characteristics PLUS all but one of the positive functioning features; met by 15.8% of Europeans Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `flourishing` (Huppert & So 2009, the OECD briefing) - an earlier operational definition of their own, built on depression alone, cited by Seligman (2011) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `life satisfaction` - the single item that generations of surveys used for the whole construct; correlates .34 with flourishing, and .68 with the happiness item Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `autonomy` - central to Jahoda, Ryff, and Ryan & Deci, and ABSENT here because `its opposite is not specified in DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → Keyes (2007), who observed that subjective well-being research had UNINTENTIONALLY produced symptom clusters mirroring the DSM's - this paper does the mirroring intentionally and systematically Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → the practice in generations of economic and social surveys of assessing positive human experience with a single life-satisfaction or happiness item Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | flourishing —distinct-from→ life satisfaction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: 'Clearly, flourishing…' The asymmetry is in the relation field because the type cannot carry it: the overlap runs 1/2 one way and 1/3 the other · the relation stated: overlapping but distinct: half of those flourishing have high life satisfaction, one third of those with high life satisfaction are flourishing, r = .34 also in: flourishing · life satisfaction | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | phobia —distinct-from→ depression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: 'one either has…' The two disorders are distinguished by whether their NEGATION IS DEFINABLE - a property of the vocabulary, not of the patients · the relation stated: phobia has NO POLAR OPPOSITE and depression does, so only depression can be inverted into a positive construct
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but phobia and depression are both said to lack a positive pole; distinct-from is loose. also in: phobia · depression | concept_edges[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | well-being —operationalised-as→ ten features Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: 'we identify TEN…' The operationalising step is a NEGATION of another classification, which is why the ten features contain no autonomy: 'its opposite…' · the relation stated: well-being is operationalised as ten features deduced by inverting the symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety also in: well-being · ten features | concept_edges[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A DEFINITION BUILT BY NEGATING ANOTHER: `By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of each symptom, we identify ten features of positive well-being` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND IT INHERITS THE SOURCE'S BLIND SPOT: `Autonomy was not included in our list of features because its opposite is not specified in DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria ... This raises the question about the necessity of autonomy as an element in positive human functioning` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND A CLASS EXCLUDED BECAUSE THE NEGATION IS UNDEFINED: `phobias, OCD, PTSD DO NOT HAVE A POLAR OPPOSITE ... it is difficult to see what the positive pole of a distribution of phobia could be` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE THRESHOLD MOVED BECAUSE THE DATA WAS SKEWED: `the responses were so skewed ... (engagement 80.5%; positive relationships 90.2%), so in these two cases, we used the `STRONGLY AGREE` CATEGORY` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE AUTHORS FORECAST THE DISAGREEMENT: `Other studies which use different surveys and different items ... might reach a different conclusion about cut points and the number and combination of features required` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE SOURCE VOCABULARY IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN OPINION: `before the advent of DSM-IV, diagnostic criteria were based more on the personal opinions of members of the DSM task force than on scientific evidence` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | `POSITIVE EMOTION as a required feature, together with ALL BUT ONE of the features of positive characteristics and ALL BUT ONE of the features of positive functioning` - met by 15.8% of the European sample Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: flourishing | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | `competence, emotional stability, engagement, meaning, optimism, positive emotion, positive relationships, resilience, self esteem, and vitality` - the mirror opposites of the symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the ten features | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | under the operational definition adopted in this paper Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | `a four-fold difference in flourishing rate` across 23 countries under ONE definition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | `around half of those who were flourishing had high life satisfaction, and around one third of those with high life satisfaction were flourishing` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | so the threshold for those two features became `strongly agree` instead of `agree` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the statistic behind the paper's central negative claim - .34 between flourishing and life satisfaction, low enough that `a great deal would be lost by measuring life satisfaction alone` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the one feature made MANDATORY in the operational definition, `given that it is the only feature which addresses the hedonic (emotional) aspect of well-being` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: positive emotion | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.