phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | a positive construct with no agreed definition, in a field that had been measuring it with one question— “This illustrative, though far from complete, list of approaches to conceptualising well-being serves to indicate both the overlaps and the differences between existing definitions. The one thing they all have in common is the view that well-being is multi-dimensional. This contrasts sharply with the long-standing assumption, made in… | |
| claim-type | method— “A conceptual framework is offered which equates high well-being with positive mental health. Well-being is seen as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum to the common mental disorders (depression, anxiety). By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of… | |
| method — evidence | — “In order to identify the mirror opposite of the symptoms of generalised anxiety and depression, a panel of four individuals (three psychologists and one lay person) began by expressing in simple English the words or phrases which best seemed to capture the positive pole of each symptom. Somatic symptoms, such as significant weight loss, sleep… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “A conceptual framework is offered which equates high well-being with positive mental health. Well-being is seen as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum to the common mental disorders (depression, anxiety). By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of… | |
| research question — evidence | — “The dedicated study of flourishing requires an accepted definition and good quality scales by which to measure it. Although various definitions and scales exist, deriving from a variety of theoretical and empirical perspectives (see below), there is no current agreement on which should be used in research, or to inform policy. In the same way… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Following this approach, we proposed that positive emotion be a required feature, given that it is the only feature which addresses the hedonic (emotional) aspect of well-being. We also proposed that the majority of the symptoms in each of the ‘positive characteristics’ and ‘positive functioning’ factors be present. The criterion we selected… | |
| mechanism | A DEFINITION BUILT BY NEGATING ANOTHER DEFINITION, SYMPTOM BY SYMPTOM: `By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of each symptom, we identify ten features of positive well-being.` The corpus holds vocabularies revised, voted, counted and reclassified; this is one DERIVED FROM ANOTHER by inversion, and the derivation is the method section— “A conceptual framework is offered which equates high well-being with positive mental health. Well-being is seen as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum to the common mental disorders (depression, anxiety). By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | AND IT INHERITS THE SOURCE'S BLIND SPOTS, WHICH THE AUTHORS PRINT: `Autonomy was not included in our list of features because its opposite is not specified in DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria for depression or anxiety. That is, loss of autonomy is not regarded as a symptom of these disorders. This raises the question about the necessity of autonomy as an element in positive human functioning.` A concept central to Jahoda, Ryff, and Ryan & Deci is absent for NO REASON EXCEPT THE SHAPE OF THE SOURCE VOCABULARY - and the authors turn the absence into a question about the world rather than about their method— “However, what the ten features do not include is psychodynamic constructs such as ‘personal growth’ or ‘self acceptance’ (Ryff 1989 ), or the construct of autonomy or self-determination, which is a central concept for Jahoda ( 1958 ), Ryan and Deci ( 2001 ), Ryff ( 1989 ), and Ryff and Keyes ( 1995 ). Autonomy was not included in our list of… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | AND A WHOLE CLASS IS EXCLUDED BECAUSE THE NEGATION IS UNDEFINED: `the other categories of anxiety disorder (phobias, OCD, PTSD) do not have a polar opposite. For example, one either has a phobia (of different levels of severity) or not, but it is difficult to see what the positive pole of a distribution of phobia could be.` The method can only reach the disorders whose symptoms sit on a continuum with a positive end - and somatic symptoms go the same way, `it is not clear what the positive pole of these physical symptoms would be`— “The second reason is that the other categories of anxiety disorder (phobias, OCD, PTSD) do not have a polar opposite. For example, one either has a phobia (of different levels of severity) or not, but it is difficult to see what the positive pole of a distribution of phobia could be. The same applies to OCD and PTSD. In contrast, for… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | AND THE INVERSION WAS DONE BY FOUR PEOPLE IN PLAIN ENGLISH: `a panel of four individuals (three psychologists and one lay person) began by expressing in simple English the words or phrases which best seemed to capture the positive pole of each symptom. ... We then assigned a single word or pair of words which in our judgement best summarised each positive concept.` And the honesty that follows: `Some opposites were easier to identify with confidence than others`— “In order to identify the mirror opposite of the symptoms of generalised anxiety and depression, a panel of four individuals (three psychologists and one lay person) began by expressing in simple English the words or phrases which best seemed to capture the positive pole of each symptom. Somatic symptoms, such as significant weight loss, sleep… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | AND THE THRESHOLD MOVED BECAUSE THE DATA WAS SKEWED: `on two of the items, the responses were so skewed that the vast majority of participants said they agreed (engagement 80.5%; positive relationships 90.2%), so in these two cases, we used the `STRONGLY AGREE` category ... We also calculated mean scores and found that for each item, the chosen cut points corresponded to the category above the mean.` The class boundary set by the response distribution, then checked against the mean afterwards— “Categorising a feature as present or absent required choosing an appropriate cut point, and this was largely determined by the type of response scale used. In the case of the seven items using the agree/disagree format, respondents were required to indicate that they agreed. However, on two of the items, the responses were so skewed that the… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | AND THE OPERATIONAL DEFINITION COPIES DSM'S SHAPE, NOT ONLY ITS CONTENT: `Diagnostic criteria for depression and anxiety do not require that all symptoms be present. They do, however, require the presence of one or two key symptoms ... Following this approach, we proposed that positive emotion be a required feature ... The criterion we selected was having all but one of the features of positive characteristics and all but one of the features of positive functioning, together with positive emotion. This was met by 15.8% of the total European sample.` A required item plus a majority rule, borrowed from the classification being inverted— “Following this approach, we proposed that positive emotion be a required feature, given that it is the only feature which addresses the hedonic (emotional) aspect of well-being. We also proposed that the majority of the symptoms in each of the ‘positive characteristics’ and ‘positive functioning’ factors be present. The criterion we selected… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | AND THE SOURCE VOCABULARY IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN OPINION: `before the advent of DSM-IV, diagnostic criteria were based more on the personal opinions of members of the DSM task force than on scientific evidence. DSM-IV improved on this situation through the use of systematic evidence to support their decisions.` The paper cites that history as the reason it seeks data rather than deduction for the COMBINING step— “For instance, before the advent of DSM-IV, diagnostic criteria were based more on the personal opinions of members of the DSM task force than on scientific evidence. DSM-IV improved on this situation through the use of systematic evidence to support their decisions (Widiger and Clark 2000 ). Likewise, in order to decide how to combine… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | AND A DIAGNOSIS IS AN ARBITRARY CUT POINT, SAID PLAINLY: `It has been recognised for some time that A clinical diagnosis such as depression represents an arbitrary cut point along A CONTINUUM. The cut point is intended to represent the severity at which the person is no longer able to function in their everyday life.` The source of the inversion is itself a threshold on a continuum, chosen for a practical consequence— “It has been recognised for some time (e.g. Anderson et al. 1993 ; Whittington and Huppert 1996 ) that a clinical diagnosis such as depression represents an arbitrary cut point along a continuum. The cut point is intended to represent the severity at which the person is no longer able to function in their everyday life.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | AND A DOZEN CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS ALREADY EXISTED, OVERLAPPING AND DISAGREEING: `This illustrative, though far from complete, list of approaches to conceptualising well-being serves to indicate both the overlaps and the differences between existing definitions. The one thing they all have in common is the view that well-being is multi-dimensional. This contrasts sharply with the long-standing assumption, made in generations of economic and social surveys, that positive human experience can be adequately assessed using a single item about life satisfaction or happiness.` Every theorist disagrees with every other, and all of them disagree with the surveys— “This illustrative, though far from complete, list of approaches to conceptualising well-being serves to indicate both the overlaps and the differences between existing definitions. The one thing they all have in common is the view that well-being is multi-dimensional. This contrasts sharply with the long-standing assumption, made in… | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | AND THEIR OWN EARLIER DEFINITION IS STILL IN CIRCULATION: `In an earlier briefing document which we prepared for an OECD meeting, we used an operational definition which focused on depression as the opposite of flourishing. This document was cited by Seligman (2011) and Forgeard et al. (2011). The definition used in the present paper IS MORE COMPREHENSIVE, since it has considered the other common mental disorder, generalised anxiety, as well as depression.` Two versions of one team's definition, both cited, four years apart— “In an earlier briefing document which we prepared for an OECD meeting (Huppert and So 2009 ), we used an operational definition which focused on depression as the opposite of flourishing. This document was cited by Seligman ( 2011 ) and Forgeard et al. ( 2011 ). The definition used in the present paper is more comprehensive, since it has… | mechanisms[9] |
| extends | Keyes (2007), who observed that subjective well-being research had UNINTENTIONALLY produced symptom clusters mirroring the DSM's - this paper does the mirroring intentionally and systematically— “A conceptual framework is offered which equates high well-being with positive mental health. Well-being is seen as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum to the common mental disorders (depression, anxiety). By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of… | claim_relations[0] |
| critiques | the practice in generations of economic and social surveys of assessing positive human experience with a single life-satisfaction or happiness item— “This illustrative, though far from complete, list of approaches to conceptualising well-being serves to indicate both the overlaps and the differences between existing definitions. The one thing they all have in common is the view that well-being is multi-dimensional.… | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | `flourishing` (this paper, conceptual) - `the mirror opposite of the symptoms of` `depression and generalised anxiety`: `competence, emotional stability, engagement, meaning, optimism, positive emotion, positive relationships, resilience, self-esteem and vitality` Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | `flourishing` (this paper, OPERATIONAL) - positive emotion PLUS all but one of the positive characteristics PLUS all but one of the positive functioning features; met by 15.8% of Europeans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | `flourishing` (Huppert & So 2009, the OECD briefing) - an earlier operational definition of their own, built on depression alone, cited by Seligman (2011) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | `life satisfaction` - the single item that generations of surveys used for the whole construct; correlates .34 with flourishing, and .68 with the happiness item Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | `autonomy` - central to Jahoda, Ryff, and Ryan & Deci, and ABSENT here because `its opposite is not specified in DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria` Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | deducing the features from two INTERNATIONALLY AGREED diagnostic classifications (DSM-IV and ICD-10) rather than from the authors' own theory of well-being — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a list of positive features chosen to suit the investigators - 'we had no preconceptions about the nature and number of constructs which we would find' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | choosing item cut points from the response format, then checking them against the item mean — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a cut point chosen to produce a particular prevalence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | standardising scores within each of three European regions before comparing, and testing measurement equivalence by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out cross-regional response set - a country appearing to flourish because its respondents use the scale differently Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| weight | Keyes (2007), who observed that subjective well-being research had UNINTENTIONALLY produced symptom clusters mirroring the DSM's - this paper does the mirroring intentionally and systematically — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | the practice in generations of economic and social surveys of assessing positive human experience with a single life-satisfaction or happiness item — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| note | flourishing —distinct-from→ life satisfaction — 'Clearly, flourishing…' The asymmetry is in the relation field because the type cannot carry it: the overlap runs 1/2 one way and 1/3 the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | flourishing —distinct-from→ life satisfaction — overlapping but distinct: half of those flourishing have high life satisfaction, one third of those with high life satisfaction are flourishing, r = .34 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | flourishing —distinct-from→ life satisfaction — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | phobia —distinct-from→ depression — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but phobia and depression are both said to lack a positive pole; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | phobia —distinct-from→ depression — 'one either has…' The two disorders are distinguished by whether their NEGATION IS DEFINABLE - a property of the vocabulary, not of the patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| relation | phobia —distinct-from→ depression — phobia has NO POLAR OPPOSITE and depression does, so only depression can be inverted into a positive construct Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | phobia —distinct-from→ depression — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | well-being —operationalised-as→ ten features — 'we identify TEN…' The operationalising step is a NEGATION of another classification, which is why the ten features contain no autonomy: 'its opposite…' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | well-being —operationalised-as→ ten features — well-being is operationalised as ten features deduced by inverting the symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | well-being —operationalised-as→ ten features — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| limitation | THE AUTHORS PREDICT THE DIVERGENCE THEIR METHOD WILL PRODUCE: `Subjective judgements were involved in the selection of survey items to be used as indicators of these features, as well as the cut-off score on each item to establish whether it is present or absent, and the number of features required to meet the criterion of flourishing. ... Other studies which use different surveys and different items as indicators of the ten features of flourishing might reach a different conclusion about cut points and the number and combination of features required.` Three subjectivities enumerated, and the disagreement forecast in the paper that starts it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | AND THE OPERATIONALISATION IS BOUNDED BY WHAT A SURVEY HAPPENED TO ASK: `Five features of flourishing were represented by only a single item (competence, emotional stability, meaning, optimism, resilience) ... From a psychometric perspective it would have been preferable to have several good items per construct, but such data were not available.` Half the construct rests on one question each, and the reason is availability - the same shape as the gout criteria's dispensing data and EWGSOP's missing reference populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | AND THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MEASURE OVERLAPS THE SINGLE-ITEM ONE ONLY MODESTLY: `The Spearman correlation between flourishing and life satisfaction was .34 ... around half of those who were flourishing had high life satisfaction, and around one third of those with high life satisfaction were flourishing. Clearly, flourishing and life satisfaction are overlapping but distinct concepts, and a great deal would be lost by measuring life satisfaction alone, although there is frequently pressure in large scale surveys to do so.` Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | and the country spread is fourfold: `Application of this definition to respondents from the 23 countries which participated in the European Social Survey (Round 3) reveals a four-fold difference in flourishing rate, from 41% in Denmark to less than 10% in Slovakia, Russia and Portugal` - against 15.8% for Europe as a whole under the same definition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | 15.8% — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 41% in Denmark to under 10% in Slovakia, Russia and Portugal — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | Spearman .34 — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | engagement 80.5%, positive relationships 90.2% agreeing — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| variable | positive emotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| definition | flourishing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | the ten features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | flourishing — not defined in this paper's own words; high mental well-being, defined here as the mirror opposite of the common mental disorders Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | life satisfaction — not defined in this paper's own words; the single-item measure the paper argues cannot substitute for the multi-dimensional construct Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | well-being — not defined in this paper's own words; the construct the ten features operationalise, combining hedonic and eudaimonic aspects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | ten features — competence, emotional stability, engagement, meaning, optimism, positive emotion, positive relationships, resilience, self esteem, and vitality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | phobia — not defined in this paper's own words; a disorder excluded from the inversion because it has no positive pole Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | depression — not defined in this paper's own words; a disorder whose symptoms sit on a continuum with a positive end, and therefore one the method can invert Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | autonomy — not defined in this paper's own words; the construct four major theorists put at the centre of well-being, and which this method cannot reach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| correlation between two well-being measures | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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