standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | gender gap in voting Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | observational-study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: observational-study | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The survey data do not cover consistent over-time trends for most of the countries compared, so the wider comparison is cross-sectional (1990s only). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cross-national comparison: WE LACK EVIDENCE IN THE WORLD VALUES SURVEY FOR CONSISTENT TRENDS OVER TIME IN A WIDER RANGE OF SOCIETIES | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | No systematic comparative evidence exists before the 1980s, so long-term secular change has to be inferred from age-cohort differences rather than observed directly. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the long-term secular claim: WE LACK SYSTEMATIC COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE ... FROM THE ERA PRIOR TO THE 1980S, so it is inferred rather than observed | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The analysis covers only one dimension of a multidimensional phenomenon: vote choice, not partisanship, attitudes, or civic engagement. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every use of the phrase gender gap drawn from this work: THE TERM ... CONCERNS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL POLITICAL PHENOMENON, and only vote choice is measured here | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The realignment is uneven across countries and may reflect country-specific circumstances the theory does not model. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the generality of the realignment claim: THE PROCESS IS FAR FROM UNIFORM, PROBABLY REFLECTING PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES WITHIN EACH COUNTRY | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The headline realignment is explicitly not global, although the title says global perspective: the old pattern is reported as persisting in postcommunist and developing societies. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the claim that women have realigned to the left worldwide: the paper reports the modern gap in postindustrial and some West European states, and states it was not yet evident in postcommunist or developing societies | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Sympathy for feminist ideals is measured by two proxies chosen as indicators, so the construct is interpretive rather than observed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the feminism controls in this analysis: they are confidence in the women's movement and attitudes towards abortion, described as key indicators of sympathy for feminist ideals rather than direct measures of it | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | structural controls were introduced and the gender gap re-estimated in each country Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the modern gender gap is a by-product of structural differences - education, income, labour-force participation - rather than a value shift · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): partial | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | traditional gender gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: traditional gender gap | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | modern gender gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: modern gender gap | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | World Values Surveys Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: World Values Surveys | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| senses | gender gap - TRADITIONAL: women voting more conservatively and participating less than men, the orthodoxy the article sets out to test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | gender gap - MODERN: women voting to the LEFT of men, the opposite sign under the same term, reported for postindustrial societies by the 1990s Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | sympathy for feminist ideals - operationalised as two survey items: confidence in the women's movement and attitudes towards abortion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., | alternatives.claim_type | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | method: comparative-survey-analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: observational-study — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., | alternatives.method | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | phenomenon: the gender gap in voting behaviour and its reversal as societies become postindustrial Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: gender gap in voting — note: A BLIND second reading by the project on 2026-08-25: the record's own claim type/method/phenomenon were not looked at until every value here was written and substring-verified. Not applied - a person decides. Sampling frame: the 504 staged records carrying no alternatives block, so this never re-measures the 202. All 11 records with 130+ tags were taken as a census and 19 more spread one per discipline across 22 disciplines - the dense non-neuroscience cell is the one the 202 do not contain (inside them, 94-100% of the densest bands are neuroscience; among these 11, one is)., | alternatives.phenomenon | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → Inglehart (1977) and Norris (1988) predictions that women's relative conservatism would disappear Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Studlar, McAllister and Hayes (1998) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | traditional gender gap —contrasted-with→ modern gender gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: traditional gender gap · modern gender gap | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | difference between group means Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: difference between group means | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ordinary least squares regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ordinary least squares regression | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standardized regression coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standardized regression coefficient | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | By the 1990s women in postindustrial societies voted significantly further to the left than men, and the difference survived a battery of social controls. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The leftward shift did not appear in postcommunist or developing societies, where women were still voting further right than men in the mid-1990s. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Averaged by type of society, the voting gap was +.10 (women left) in advanced industrialized democracies, -.08 in postcommunist societies and -.14 in developing societies (women right). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In postindustrial societies the modern gender gap survives structural controls but shrinks once cultural attitudes are added to the model. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The gap is therefore attributed mainly to women's and men's differing value orientations — postmaterialism and support for the women's movement — rather than to differences in their lifestyles. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Within established democracies the gap reverses across age groups: in the youngest cohort women are far to the left of men, while among the over-65s women are more conservative than men. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Country by country, the modern gap held up under structural controls in the United States, France and Germany, but only the United States kept a significant gap after cultural attitudes were controlled. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | By the 1990s women were significantly more right wing than men in only six of 57 nations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In Europe the mean female ideological position moved from 5.61 in 1973 to 5.20 in 1999. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The American gender gap is not exceptional in size; larger ideological gaps appear in Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | traditional gender gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: traditional gender gap | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | modern gender gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: modern gender gap | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | developmental theory of the gender gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | gender dealignment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gender dealignment | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ideological gap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ideological gap | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | gender Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gender | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 10-point left–right voting scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: 10-point left–right voting scale | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cultural attitudes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cultural attitudes | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | generational cohort Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: generational cohort | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | type of society Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: type of society | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | religiosity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: religiosity | content_tags.variables[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | labor force participation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: labor force participation | content_tags.variables[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | education Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: education | content_tags.variables[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | age Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: age | content_tags.variables[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | socioeconomic status Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: socioeconomic status | content_tags.variables[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | +.10 / –.08 / –.14 — Mean gender gap on the 10-point voting scale in advanced industrialized, postcommunist and developing societies respectively (positive = women further left) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | r=.46 — Correlation between respondents' left-right ideological self-placement and the expert-coded left-right position of the party they intended to vote for, used as a reliability check on the voting scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | six out of 57 nations — Number of countries in the 1990s where women were significantly more right wing than men on ideological self-placement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | fourteen countries — Number of countries in the same comparison where women were significantly more left wing than men Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | sixty societies — Number of societies compared across the three waves of the World Values Surveys Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 5.61 in 1973 to 5.20 in 1999 — Mean ideological self-placement of European women on the 10-point left-right scale at the start and end of the Eurobarometer series Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | six out of ten nations — Number of advanced industrialized countries (of the ten with a complete set of controls) where women voted significantly further left than men in the uncontrolled model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.